Effects of Step-Wise Increases in Dietary Carbohydrate on Circulating Saturated Fatty Acids and Palmitoleic Acid in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Recent meta-analyses have found no association between heart disease and dietary saturated fat; however, higher proportions of plasma saturated fatty acids (SFA) predict greater risk for developing type-2 diabetes and heart disease. These observations suggest a disconnect between dietary saturated fat and plasma SFA, but few controlled feeding studies have specifically examined how varying saturated fat intake across a broad range affects circulating SFA levels. Sixteen adults with metabolic syndrome (age 44.9±9.9 yr, BMI 37.9±6.3 kg/m2) were fed six 3-wk diets that progressively increased carbohydrate (from 47 to 346 g/day) with concomitant decreases in total and saturated fat. Despite a distinct increase in saturated fat intake from baseline to the low-carbohydrate diet (46 to 84 g/day), and then a gradual decrease in saturated fat to 32 g/day at the highest carbohydrate phase, there were no significant changes in the proportion of total SFA in any plasma lipid fractions. Whereas plasma saturated fat remained relatively stable, the proportion of palmitoleic acid in plasma triglyceride and cholesteryl ester was significantly and uniformly reduced as carbohydrate intake decreased, and then gradually increased as dietary carbohydrate was re-introduced. The results show that dietary and plasma saturated fat are not related, and that increasing dietary carbohydrate across a range of intakes promotes incremental increases in plasma palmitoleic acid, a biomarker consistently associated with adverse health outcomes.
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Mechanisms linking diet quality to metabolic risk appear to include calorie-independent effects of different types of foods on satiety, glucose-insulin responses, liver fat synthesis, adipocyte function, visceral adiposity, brain craving and reward, and metabolic expenditure.
“Mechanisms appear to include calorie-independent effects of different types of foods on satiety, glucose-insulin responses,45 liver fat synthesis,46 adipocyte function,47 visceral adiposity,48 brain craving and reward,49 and even metabolic expenditure.50”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
Rapidly digested, low-fiber carbohydrates drive many obesogenic pathways.
“Such rapidly digested, low-fiber carbohydrates drive many obesogenic pathways. 45, 46, 48-50”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
Tissue levels of even-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., 14:0, 16:0), that appear most harmful, commonly result from endogenous hepatic synthesis in response to dietary carbohydrate; 14:0 and 16:0 blood levels correlate more with dietary starches and added sugars than meats or dairy.
“Furthermore, tissue levels of even-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., 14:0, 16:0), that appear most harmful, commonly result from endogenous hepatic synthesis in response to dietary carbohydrate;46 14:0 and 16:0 blood levels correlate more with dietary starches and added sugars than meats or dairy.61”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Volk, B. M., Kunces, L. J., Freidenreich, D. J., Kupchak, B. R., Saenz, C., Artistizabal, J. C., Fernandez, M. L., Bruno, R. S., Maresh, C. M., Kraemer, W. J., Phinney, S. D., & Volek, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Volek, Jeff S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-11-21
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e113605
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4240601
- OpenAlex
- W1982129099
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 9.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rowan Digitals Works (Rowan University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ohio State University
- Egg Nutrition Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- dietary carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid, metabolic syndrome, plasma lipids, low-carbohydrate diet, dietary fat intake, plasma triglycerides, cholesterol esters, cardiovascular risk markers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids, Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome
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