Spirituality as a scientific construct: testing its universality across cultures and languages
Open accessAbstract
Using data obtained from 4004 participants across eight countries (Canada, India, Japan, Korea, Poland, Slovakia, Uganda, and the U.S.), the factorial reliability, validity and structural/measurement invariance of a 30-item version of Expressions of Spirituality Inventory (ESI-R) was evaluated. The ESI-R measures a five factor model of spirituality developed through the conjoint factor analysis of several extant measures of spiritual constructs. Exploratory factor analyses of pooled data provided evidence that the five ESI-R factors are reliable. Confirmatory analyses comparing four and five factor models revealed that the five dimensional model demonstrates superior goodness-of-fit with all cultural samples and suggest that the ESI-R may be viewed as structurally invariant. Measurement invariance, however, was not supported as manifested in significant differences in item and dimension scores and in significantly poorer fit when factor loadings were constrained to equality across all samples. Exploratory analyses with a second adjective measure of spirituality using American, Indian, and Ugandan samples identified three replicable factors which correlated with ESI-R dimensions in a manner supportive of convergent validity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the meaning of the findings and directions needed for future research.
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Spirituality can be analyzed through multiple dimensions, and identifying these dimensions may clarify how individuals interact with their spirituality and which aspects have greater impact on health and treatment.
“Spirituality can be analyzed through multiple dimensions, which identification may clarify how individuals interact with their spirituality, and which aspects greater impact more on health and treatment (Lunder et al., 2011; MacDonald et al., 2015).”
From Defining spirituality in healthcare: a systematic review and conceptual framework. (2021) · cites this paper as MacDonald et al., 2015
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Defining spirituality in healthcare: a systematic review and conceptual framework.
de Brito Sena, M. A., Damiano, R. F., Lucchetti, G., & Peres, M. F. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756080 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
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- Authors
- MacDonald, D. A., Friedman, H. L., Brewczynski, J., Holland, D., Salagame, K. K. K., Mohan, K. K., Gubrij, Z. O., & Cheong, H. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Detroit Mercy (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Mysore (IN)
- Mahidol University (TH)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacDonald, Douglas A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-03-03
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e0117701
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4348483
- OpenAlex
- W2040012545
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 18.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Keywords
- spirituality, cross-cultural invariance, convergent validity, cross-cultural universality, spirituality measurement, factor structure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Models, Theoretical, Spirituality, Young Adult
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