A validated intrinsic religious motivation scale
Abstract
Research on intrinsic and extrinsic religion has been troubled by conceptual diffuseness and questionable scale validity. Hunt and King have proposed greater specificity in conceptualization and measurement in future work. This paper attempts to specify and measure a single crucial dimension identified by Hunt and King, namely ultimate versus instrumental religious motivation. Two validation studies were done utilizing persons nominated by ministers as having either ultimate (intrinsic) or instrumental (extrinsic) religious motivation. A new 10-item Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale is proposed, and measurement problems are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
If someone provides Position 1 and 2 level responses on LAMP-C and responds 'Definitely not true' to the statement 'My religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life' on the DUREL and Hoge scales, they probably cannot imagine a 'whole approach' to their life, since they perceive life as more concrete and episodic.
“For example, if someone provides Position 1 and 2 level responses on LAMP-C and responds 'Definitely not true' to the statement 'My religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life' found in both the DUREL and the Hoge scales, we might conclude that they probably cannot imagine a 'whole approach' to their life, since they perceive life as more concrete and episodic (Hoge 1972”
From A Reframing of Meaning-Making and Its Measurement Among Emerging Adults (2025) · cites this paper as Hoge 1972
Scales like the 10-item Hoge scale on intrinsic religiosity or the DUREL could provide interpretable feedback on the observed correlation between LAMP-C and religious practice, affiliation, and belief.
“Scales like the 10-item Hoge scale on intrinsic religiosity or the DUREL could provide interpretable feedback on the observed correlation (Hoge 1972; Koenig and Büssing 2010).”
From A Reframing of Meaning-Making and Its Measurement Among Emerging Adults (2025) · cites this paper as Hoge 1972
Cites
A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047358 · Cited by 8,686 · see citing works
Personal religious orientation and prejudice.
Āllport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021212 · Cited by 4,177 · see citing works
The individual and his religion
Āllport, G. W. (1950) · Cited by 673 · see citing works
The Intrinsic-Extrinsic Concept: A Review and Evaluation
Hunt, R. A., & King, M. B. (1971) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384780 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Prejudice and Relegious Types: A Focused Study of Southern Fundamentalists
Feagin, J. R. (1964) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1385200 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Measuring the Religious Variable: Nine Proposed Dimensions
King, M. B. (1967) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384044 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Measuring the Religious Variable: Amended Findings
King, M. B., & Hunt, R. A. (1969) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384345 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Religiosity and Prejudice in Northern and Southern Churches
Hoge, R., & Carroll, J. W. (1973) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384888 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationTyping the Typologies: Some Parallels in the Career of Church-Sect and Extrinsic-Intrinsic
Dittes, J. E. (1971) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384784 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hood, R. W. (1971) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384783 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Classifications of Religious Orientation
Brown, L. B. (1964) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1385209 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Religion and spirituality: unfuzzying the fuzzy
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., Hipp, K. M., Scott, A. B., & Kadar, J. L. (1997) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387689 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): A Five-Item Measure for Use in Epidemological Studies
Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel1010078 · Cited by 1,113 · see citing works
Religiosity and remission of depression in medically ill older patients
Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., & Peterson, B. L. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.536 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Religion, Conscience, and Controversial Clinical Practices
Curlin, F. A., Lawrence, R. E., Chin, M. H., & Lantos, J. D. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa065316 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Religion and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly.
Oman, D., & Reed, D. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.10.1469 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Ironson, G., Solomon, G. F., Balbin, E. G., O’Cleirigh, C., George, A., Kumar, M., Larson, D., & Woods, T. E. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2401_05 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Curlin, F. A., Chin, M. H., Sellergren, S. A., Roach, C. J., & Lantos, J. D. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000207434.12450.ef · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Mean Gods Make Good People: Different Views of God Predict Cheating Behavior
Shariff, A. F., & Norenzayan, A. (2011) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2011.556990 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Religious Activities and Attitudes of Older Adults in a Geriatric Assessment Clinic
Koenig, H. G., Moberg, D. O., & Kvale, J. N. (1988) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb02365.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Contrada, R. J., Goyal, T. M., Cather, C., Rafalson, L., Idler, E. L., & Krause, T. J. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.227 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Cohen, L., Cole, S. W., Sood, A. K., Prinsloo, S., Kirschbaum, C., Arevalo, J. M. G., Jennings, N. B., Scott, S., Vence, L., Wei, Q., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042324 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
An 83-Year-Old Woman With Chronic Illness and Strong Religious Beliefs
Koenig, H. G. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.4.487 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Religion and Remission of Depression in Medical Inpatients With Heart Failure/Pulmonary Disease
Koenig, H. G. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31802f58e3 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Psychiatry and Religion Among U.S. Physicians
Curlin, F. A., Odell, S. V., Lawrence, R. E., Chin, M. H., Lantos, J. D., Meador, K. G., & Koenig, H. G. (2007) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2007.58.9.1193 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Spirituality as a scientific construct: testing its universality across cultures and languages
MacDonald, D. A., Friedman, H. L., Brewczynski, J., Holland, D., Salagame, K. K. K., Mohan, K. K., Gubrij, Z. O., & Cheong, H. W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117701 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Church-Based Volunteering, Providing Informal Support at Church, and Self-Rated Health in Late Life
Krause, N. (2009) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264308328638 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Religious Involvement and Telomere Length in Women Family Caregivers.
Koenig, H. G., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Saxena, S., & Cohen, H. J. (2016) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000443 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Fitchett, G., Leung, K., Volturo, G., Boudreaux, E., Crawford, S., Ockene, I., & Curlin, F. (2016) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.01.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Palitsky, R., & Kaplan, D. M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01253-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sources of spiritual well-being in advanced cancer
Lo, C., Zimmermann, C., Gagliese, L., Li, M., & Rodin, G. (2011) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2011-000005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Pérez, J. E., & Rex Smith, A. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9593-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Reynolds, C. J., Makhanova, A., Ng, B. K. L., & Conway, P. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109632 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shin, J. H., Yoon, J. D., Rasinski, K. A., Koenig, H. G., Meador, K. G., & Curlin, F. A. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2224-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Reframing of Meaning-Making and Its Measurement Among Emerging Adults
O’Keefe, T. A., Warner, L., Matz, C., Ludlow, L. H., & Braun, H. I. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16111431
“Scales like the 10-item Hoge scale on intrinsic religiosity or the DUREL could provide interpretable feedback on the observed correlation (Hoge 1972; Koenig and Büssing 2010).”
- Authors
- Hoge, R.
- Corresponding author
- Hoge, R.
- Venue
- Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1972-12
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 369
- ISSN
- 0021-8294 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2335623894
- Cited by
- 704
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- intrinsic religiosity, scale validation, concept of religion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review