Declining incidence of candidemia and the shifting epidemiology of Candida resistance in two US metropolitan areas, 2008–2013: results from population-based surveillance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recent reports have demonstrated a decline in bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) following adherence to central line insertion practices; however, declines have been less evident for BSIs due to Candida species. METHODS: We conducted active, population-based laboratory surveillance for candidemia in metropolitan Atlanta, GA and Baltimore, MD over a 5-year period. We calculated annual candidemia incidence and antifungal drug resistance rates. RESULTS: We identified 3,848 candidemia cases from 2008-2013. Compared with 2008, candidemia incidence per 100,000 person-years decreased significantly by 2013 in both locations (GA: 14.1 to 9.5, p<0.001; MD: 30.9 to 14.4, p<0.001). A total of 3,255 cases (85%) had a central venous catheter (CVC) in place within 2 days before the BSI culture date. In both locations, the number of CVC-associated cases declined (GA: 473 to 294; MD: 384 to 151). Candida albicans (CA, 36%) and Candida glabrata (CG, 27%) were the most common species recovered. In both locations, the proportion of cases with fluconazole resistance decreased (GA: 8.0% to 7.1%, -10%; MD: 6.6% to 4.9%, -25%), while the proportion of cases with an isolate resistant to an echinocandin increased (GA: 1.2% to 2.9%, +147%; MD: 2.0% to 3.5%, +77%). Most (74%) echinocandin-resistant isolates were CG; 17 (<1%) isolates were resistant to both drug categories (multidrug resistant [MDR], 16/17 were CG). The proportion of CG cases with MDR Candida increased from 1.8% to 2.6%. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant decline in the incidence of candidemia over a five-year period, and increases in echinocandin-resistant and MDR Candida. Efforts to strengthen infection control practices may be preventing candidemia among high-risk patients. Further surveillance for resistant Candida is warranted.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Findings from EIP surveillance data have indicated a decrease in overall candidemia incidence in their longest-running surveillance sites of Atlanta, GA, and Baltimore, MD, with the incidence of all species decreasing except C. tropicalis.
“Findings from EIP surveillance data have indicated a decrease in overall candidemia incidence in their longest-running surveillance sites of Atlanta, GA, and Baltimore, MD, with the incidence of all species decreasing except C. tropicalis [8].”
From Invasive candidiasis species distribution and trends, United States, 2009-2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
The Abstract reports declining overall candidemia incidence in both Atlanta and Baltimore. The “Changes in species distribution” section says species-specific incidence decreased in both locations except for C. tropicalis in Atlanta, where it increased 4%; the claim omits that the exception applies only to Atlanta. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredActive population-based surveillance showed the incidence of candidemia decreased from 2008 to 2017 across multiple US sites, with a coincident increase in the incidence of invasive candidiasis from non-blood sources, including abdominal sterile sites, from 2009-2017.
“A more nuanced assessment using data from active population-based surveillance showed the incidence of candidemia decreased from 2008 to 2017 across multiple US sites,25,27,35 with a coincident increase in the incidence of IC from non-blood sources, including abdominal sterile sites, from 2009–2017.34”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn population-based surveillance performed in the metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Georgia, and Baltimore, Maryland, candidemia incidence (primarily among adults) increased 10%-40% from the early 1990s and the late 2000s, which was followed by more recent reports of decreases in these areas.
“In population-based surveillance performed in the metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Georgia, and Baltimore, Maryland, candidemia incidence (primarily among adults) increased 10%–40% from the early 1990s and the late 2000s, which was followed by more recent reports of decreases in these areas (6,28–30).”
From Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia — Four Sites, United States, 2012–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the early 1990s, infants had the highest incidence of candidemia, followed by substantial decreases by the late 2000s.
“This contrasts with data from the early 1990s, when infants had the highest incidence (6), followed by substantial decreases by the late 2000s (26,28).”
From Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia — Four Sites, United States, 2012–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
The Changes in Incidence Rates section (page unavailable) reports substantial declines among infants in Atlanta and Baltimore from 2008 to 2013. It does not establish that those declines had occurred by the late 2000s. The early-1990s statement is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredC. glabrata has been reported to represent more than 30% of the non-albicans Candida in some geographic areas.
“although C. glabrata has been reported to represent more than 30% of the non-albicans Candida in some geographic areas [4, 6–9].”
From Invasive candidiasis species distribution and trends, United States, 2009-2017 (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Population-based surveillance in two U.S. metropolitan areas found that annual candidemia incidence per 100,000 population declined during 2008-2013 (from 14.1 to 9.5 in Atlanta and 30.9 to 14.4 in Baltimore), likely because of improved infection prevention and control practices.
“Population-based surveillance in two U.S. metropolitan areas found that annual candidemia incidence per 100,000 population declined during 2008–2013 (from 14.1 to 9.5 in Atlanta and 30.9 to 14.4 in Baltimore), likely because of improved infection prevention and control practices (17).”
From Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia — 10 Sites, United States, 2017–2021 (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Limited data from resource-limited settings suggest that timely administration of antimicrobials in patients with sepsis and septic shock is beneficial and potentially feasible.
“Limited data from resource-limited settings suggest that timely administration of antimicrobials in patients with sepsis and septic shock is beneficial and potentially feasible (121-126).”
From Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. (2021) · cites this paper as [122]
The Introduction and Discussion address US candidemia surveillance, antifungal resistance, and catheter care, not antimicrobial timing for sepsis or septic shock in resource-limited settings. Searches for timely antimicrobial administration and sepsis treatment in low-resource settings found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe increase in Black patients affected by candidemia likely mirrors the disproportionate effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black patients.
“The percentage of Black patients affected by candidemia increased during the study period, likely mirroring the disproportionate effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black patients (3,17,25).”
From Population-Based Active Surveillance for Culture-Confirmed Candidemia — 10 Sites, United States, 2017–2021 (2025) · cites this paper as [17]
Case-Patient Characteristics reports that approximately 60% of candidemia cases in the 2008–2013 surveillance period were among Black patients, but it does not report whether that percentage increased. The paper does not address COVID-19 or a pandemic-related explanation for such an increase; the race and COVID-19 passages searched do not substantiate the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCandida strains with acquired resistance to echinocandins, specifically C. glabrata, while still generally infrequent, are increasing in incidence in some hospitals.
“Candida strains with acquired resistance to echinocandins, specifically C. glabrata, while still generally infrequent, are increasing in incidence in some hospitals [10,14].”
From Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
C. glabrata has become an important pathogen in North America, Europe (with the exception of Spain), and Australia, whereas C. parapsilosis is the dominant non-albicans species in South America, Japan, and Spain.
“Specifically, C. glabrata has become an important pathogen in North America, Europe (with the exception of Spain), and Australia, whereas C. parapsilosis is the dominant non-albicans species in South America, Japan, and Spain [8,9,10].”
From Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Signs of multidrug resistance amongst azoles and echinocandins have already been described.
“The use of echinocandins and development of cross-resistance is creating apprehension, for the signs of multidrug resistance amongst azoles and echinocandins have already been described [168,169,170].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [170]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., Tallent, S. M., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R. P., & Edmond, M. B. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/421946 · Cited by 4,496 · see citing works
An Intervention to Decrease Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the ICU
Pronovost, P., Needham, D., Berenholtz, S., Sinopoli, D., Chu, H., Cosgrove, S., Sexton, B., Hyzy, R., Welsh, R., Roth, G., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa061115 · Cited by 4,387 · see citing works
Pappas, P. G., Kauffman, C. A., Andes, D., Benjamin, D. K., Calandra, T. F., Edwards, J. E., Filler, S. G., Fisher, J. F., Kullberg, B.-J., Zeichner, L. O., et al. (2009) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/596757 · Cited by 3,191 · see citing works
Health Care–Associated Infections
Zimlichman, E., Henderson, D., Tamir, O., Franz, C., Song, P., Yamin, C. K., Keohane, C. A., Denham, C. R., & Bates, D. W. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.9763 · Cited by 1,867 · see citing works
<i>Candida</i> Infections of Medical Devices
Kojic, E. M., & Darouiche, R. O. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.17.2.255-267.2004 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Alexander, B. D., Johnson, M. D., Pfeiffer, C. D., Jiménez-Ortigosa, C., Catania, J., Booker, R., Castanheira, M., Messer, S. A., Perlin, D. S., & Pfaller, M. A. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit136 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Vital Signs: Central Line–Associated Blood Stream Infections—United States, 2001, 2008, and 2009
Liang, S. Y., & Marschall, J. (2011) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.035 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Pfaller, M. A., Castanheira, M., Lockhart, S. R., Ahlquist, A. M., Messer, S. A., & Jones, R. N. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.06112-11 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationCleveland, A. A., Farley, M. M., Harrison, L. H., Stein, B., Hollick, R., Lockhart, S. R., Magill, S. S., Derado, G., Park, B. J., & Chiller, T. M. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis697 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-citationSchulman, J. D., Stricof, R. L., Stevens, T. P., Horgan, M. J., Gase, K., Holzman, I. R., Koppel, R. I., Nafday, S. M., Gibbs, K., Angert, R. M., et al. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2873 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
The Long-Term Effect of Premier Pay for Performance on Patient Outcomes
Jha, A. K., Joynt, K. E., Orav, E. J., & Epstein, A. M. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1112351 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Lockhart, S. R., Iqbal, N., Cleveland, A. A., Farley, M. M., Harrison, L. H., Bolden, C. B., Baughman, W., Stein, B., Hollick, R., Park, B. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01283-12 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationPfaller, M. A., Messer, S. A., Woosley, L. N., Jones, R. N., & Castanheira, M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00308-13 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Effect of Nonpayment for Preventable Infections in U.S. Hospitals
Lee, G. M., KLEINMAN, K. P., Soumerai, S. B., Kawai, A. T., Cole, D. S., Fridkin, S. K., Horan, T. C., Platt, R. G., Gay, C., Kassler, W. J., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1202419 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Espinel-Ingroff, A., Arendrup, M. C., Pfaller, M. A., Bonfietti, L. X., Bustamante, B., Canton, E., Chryssanthou, E., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Dannaoui, E., Fothergill, A., et al. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01519-13 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationReagan, D. R., Pfaller, M. A., Hollis, R. J., & Wenzel, R. P. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.28.12.2733-2738.1990 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Vital signs: central line-associated blood stream infections--United States, 2001, 2008, and 2009.
(2011) · PubMed · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Lewis, J. S., Wiederhold, N. P., Wickes, B. L., Patterson, T. F., & Jorgensen, J. H. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01144-13 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Marcos, M., Soriano, À., Iñurrieta, A., Martínez, J. A., Romero, A. R., Cobos, N., Hernandez, C., Almela, M., Marco, F., & Mensa, J. (2011) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkr231 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Fagan, R. P., Edwards, J. R., Park, B. J., Fridkin, S. K., & Magill, S. S. (2013) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/671724 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationPham, C. D., Bolden, C. B., Kuykendall, R. J., & Lockhart, S. R. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.03378-13 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPeasah, S. K., McKay, N. L., Harman, J. S., Al‐Amin, M., & Cook, R. (2013) · Medicare & Medicaid Research Review · doi:10.5600/mmrr.003.03.a08 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
National Estimates of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in Critical Care Patients
Wise, M. E., Scott, R. D., Baggs, J. M., Edwards, J. R., Ellingson, K., Fridkin, S. K., McDonald, L. C., & Jernigan, J. A. (2013) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/670629 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Trends in Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Trauma-Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Ong, A. W. (2011) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.2011.9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hammarskjöld, F., Mernelius, S., Andersson, R. E., Berg, S., Hanberger, H., Löfgren, S., Malmvall, B., Petzold, M., & Matussek, A. (2013) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2013.06.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
When Counting Central Line Infections Counts
Dixon‐Woods, M., & Perencevich, E. N. (2013) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/670630 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [18]18. Institute CaLS. M27-A3 Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: Approved standard-third edition. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA2008.
- [22]22. Schulman J, Stricof R, Stevens TP, Horgan M, Gase K, Holzman IR, et al. Statewide NICU Central- Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection Rates Decline After Bundles and Checklists. Pediatrics. 2011 March 1, 2011; 127(3):436-44. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2873 PMID: 21339265 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021
Evans, L., Rhodes, A., Alhazzani, W., Antonelli, M., Coopersmith, C. M., French, C., Machado, F. R., Mcintyre, L., Ostermann, M., Prescott, H. C., et al. (2021) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y · Cited by 5,082 · see citing works
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021.
Evans, L., Rhodes, A., Alhazzani, W., Antonelli, M., Coopersmith, C. M., French, C., Machado, F. R., Mcintyre, L., Ostermann, M., Prescott, H. C., et al. (2021) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005337 · Cited by 2,935 · see citing works
Pappas, P. G., Lionakis, M. S., Arendrup, M. C., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., & Kullberg, B. J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.26 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
Kullberg, B. J., & Arendrup, M. C. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1315399 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Azole Antifungal Resistance in Candida albicans and Emerging Non-albicans Candida Species
Whaley, S. G., Berkow, E. L., Rybak, J. M., Nishimoto, A. T., Barker, K. S., & Rogers, P. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.02173 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Turnidge, J. D., Castanheira, M., & Jones, R. N. (2019) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy358 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive candidiasis
Lamoth, F., Lockhart, S. R., Berkow, E. L., & Calandra, T. (2018) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkx444 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Self-citationFluconazole resistance in <em>Candida</em> species: a current perspective
Berkow, E., & Lockhart, S. (2017) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s118892 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Infections
Enoch, D., Yang, H., Aliyu, S. H., & Micallef, C. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6515-1_2 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Dadar, M., Tiwari, R., Karthik, K., Chakraborty, S., Shahali, Y., & Dhama, K. (2018) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.028 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
The global burden of fungal diseases
Vallabhaneni, S., Mody, R. K., Walker, T., & Chiller, T. (2016) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.004 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCarty, T. P., & Pappas, P. G. (2016) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.013 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Disease in Children
Pana, Z. D., Roilides, E., Warris, A., Groll, A. H., & Zaoutis, T. E. (2017) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/pix046 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Douglass, A., Offei, B., Braun‐Galleani, S., Coughlan, A. Y., Martos, A. A. R., Ortiz‐Merino, R. A., Byrne, K. P., & Wolfe, K. H. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007138 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Toda, M., Williams, S. R., Berkow, E. L., Farley, M. M., Harrison, L. H., Bonner, L., Marceaux, K. M., Hollick, R., Zhang, A. Y., Schaffner, W., et al. (2019) · MMWR Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6808a1 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationVallabhaneni, S., Cleveland, A. A., Farley, M. M., Harrison, L. H., Schaffner, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Derado, G., Pham, C. D., Lockhart, S. R., & Smith, R. M. (2015) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv163 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology and Clinical Features of Invasive Fungal Infection in a US Health Care Network
Webb, B. J., Ferraro, J. P., Rea, S., Kaufusi, S., Goodman, B., & Spalding, J. R. (2018) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy187 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in Candida and Aspergillus
Gonçalves, S. S., Souza, A. C. R., Chowdhary, A., Meis, J. F. G. M., & Colombo, A. L. (2016) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12469 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Biofilm formation in medically important Candida species
Malinovská, Z., Čonková, E., & Váczi, P. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9100955 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Changing epidemiology of candidaemia in Australia
Chapman, B., Slavin, M., Marriott, D., Halliday, C., Kidd, S., Arthur, I., Bak, N., Heath, C. H., Kennedy, K., Morrissey, C. O., et al. (2016) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkw422 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Govender, N. P., Patel, J., Magobo, R. E., Naicker, S. D., Wadula, J., Whitelaw, A. C., Coovadia, Y. M., Kularatne, R. S., Govind, C., Lockhart, S. R., et al. (2016) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkw091 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging issues, challenges, and changing epidemiology of fungal disease outbreaks
Benedict, K., Richardson, M. D., Vallabhaneni, S., Jackson, B. R., & Chiller, T. M. (2017) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30443-7 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology of hospitalizations associated with invasive candidiasis, United States, 2002-20121
Strollo, S., Lionakis, M. S., Adjemian, J., Steiner, C. A., & Prevots, D. R. (2016) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2301.161198 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come?
Rodrigues, C., Rodrigues, M., Silva, S., & Henriques, M. (2017) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof3010011 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Astvad, K. M. T., Johansen, H. K., Røder, B. L., Rosenvinge, F. S., Knudsen, J. D., Lemming, L., Schønheyder, H. C., Hare, R. K., Kristensen, L., Nielsen, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01564-17 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of invasive candidiasis in the ICU: an updated approach to an old enemy
Calandra, T., Roberts, J. A., Antonelli, M. M., Bassetti, M., & Vincent, J. (2016) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1313-6 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Antifungal stewardship considerations for adults and pediatrics
Hamdy, R. F., Zaoutis, T. E., & Seo, S. K. (2016) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1226721 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Preclinical Evaluation of the Stability, Safety, and Efficacy of CD101, a Novel Echinocandin
Ong, V. S., Hough, G., Schlosser, M., Bartizal, K. F., Balkovec, J. M., James, K. D., & Krishnan, B. R. (2016) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00701-16 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Invasive candidiasis species distribution and trends, United States, 2009-2017
Ricotta, E. E., Lai, Y. L., Babiker, A., Strich, J. R., Kadri, S. S., Lionakis, M. S., Prevots, D. R., & Adjemian, J. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa502 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hu, L., He, C. H., Chen, Z., Chen, X., Hua, H., & Yan, Z. (2019) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103575 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Xiao, M., Chen, S. C.-A., Kong, F., Xu, X.-L., Yan, L., Kong, H.-S., Fan, X., Hou, X., Cheng, J.-W., Zhou, M.-L., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz573 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sensitivity of Candida albicans to essential oils: are they an alternative to antifungal agents?
Bona, E., Cantamessa, S., Pavan, M., Novello, G., Massa, N., Rocchetti, A., Berta, G., & Gamalero, E. (2016) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.13282 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Quindós, G., Marcos‐Arias, C., San-Millán, R., Mateo, E., & Eraso, E. (2018) · International Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s10123-018-0014-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis: A Narrative Review
Ben-Ami, R. (2018) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof4030097 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis
Bays, D., Jenkins, E., Lyman, M., Chiller, T., Strong, N., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Hoenigl, M., Pappas, P., & Thompson, G. (2024) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s459600 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“…more nuanced assessment using data from active population-based surveillance showed the incidence of candidemia decreased from 2008 to 2017 across multiple US sites, 25,27,35 with a coincident increase in the incidence of IC from non-blood sources, including abdominal sterile sites, from 2009–2017.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPfaller, M. A., Messer, S. A., Rhomberg, P. R., Jones, R. N., & Castanheira, M. (2016) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkw214 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The current treatment landscape: Candidiasis
Bassetti, M., Peghin, M., & Timsit, J.-F. (2016) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkw392 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Recent Trends in the Epidemiology of Fungal Infections
Seagle, E. E., Williams, S., & Chiller, T. M. (2021) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2021.03.001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationTwenty-two years of candidaemia surveillance: results from a Norwegian national study
Hesstvedt, L., Gaustad, P., Andersen, C. T., Haarr, E., Hannula, R., Haukland, H. H., Hermansen, N. O., Larssen, K. W., Mylvaganam, H., Ranheim, T. E., et al. (2015) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Benedict, K., Roy, M., Kabbani, S., Anderson, E. J., Farley, M. M., Harb, S., Harrison, L. H., Bonner, L., Wadu, V. L., Marceaux, K., et al. (2018) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piy009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationRajendran, R., Sherry, L., Deshpande, A., Johnson, E. M., Hanson, M., Williams, C., Munro, C. A., Jones, B., & Ramage, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00915 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Angioinvasive fungal infections impacting the skin
Shields, B. E., Rosenbach, M. A., Brown‐Joel, Z. O., Berger, A. P., Ford, B. A., & Wanat, K. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.04.059 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wu, P.-F., Liu, W., Hsieh, M.-H., Hii, I.-M., Lee, Y.-L., Lin, Y.-T., Ho, M., Liu, C.-E., Chen, Y., & Wang, F. (2017) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1038/emi.2017.74 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Vaezi, A., Fakhim, H., Khodavaisy, S., Alizadeh, A., Nazeri, M., Soleimani, A., Boekhout, T., & Badali, H. (2017) · Journal de Mycologie Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.02.007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Cinnamaldehyde incorporated gellan/PVA electrospun nanofibers for eradicating Candida biofilm
Mishra, P., Gupta, P., & Pruthi, V. (2020) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.111450 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Epidemiology and reporting of candidaemia in Belgium: a multi-centre study
Trouvé, C., Blot, S. I., Hayette, M., Jonckheere, S., Patteet, S., Rodriguez‐Villalobos, H., Symoens, F., Wijngaerden, E. V., & Lagrou, K. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-016-2841-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Analysis of Candida auris fungemia at a single facility in Kenya
Adam, R. D., Revathi, G., Okinda, N., Fontaine, M., Shah, J., Kagotho, E., Castanheira, M., Pfaller, M. A., & Maina, D. (2019) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.06.001 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rodriguez, L., Bustamante, B., Huaroto, L., Agurto, C., Illescas, R., Ramírez, R., Díaz, A., & Hidalgo, J. A. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175172 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bassetti, M., Peghin, M., Carnelutti, A., Righi, E., Merelli, M., Ansaldi, F., Trucchi, C., Alicino, C., Sartor, A., Toniutto, P., et al. (2017) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4717-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Candidemia in children: Epidemiology, prevention and management
Mantadakis, E., Pana, Z. D., & Zaoutis, T. E. (2018) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12792 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Canela, H. M. S., Cardoso, B., Vitali, L. H., Coêlho, H. C., Martínez, R., & Ferreira, M. E. D. S. (2017) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12695 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Khan, Z., Ahmad, S., Al‐Sweih, N., Mokaddas, E. M., Al-Banwan, K., Alfouzan, W. A., Al‐Obaid, I., Alobaid, K., Asadzadeh, M., Jeragh, A., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216250 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Candidemia in the Intensive Care Unit
Epelbaum, O., & Chasan, R. (2017) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2017.04.010 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gómez-Gaviria, M., Ramírez-Sotelo, U., & Mora-Montes, H. M. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9010011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Inhibition of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens by the Orphaned Drug Auranofin
Fuchs, B. B., Rajamuthiah, R., Souza, A. C. R., Eatemadpour, S., Rossoni, R. D., Santos, D. A., Junqueira, J. C., Rice, L. B., & Mylonakis, E. E. (2016) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.15.182 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Pfaller, M. A., Rhomberg, P. R., Wiederhold, N. P., Gibas, C. F. C., Sanders, C. J., Fan, H., Mele, J., Kovanda, L. L., & Castanheira, M. (2018) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01230-18 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Baldesi, O., Bailly, S., Ruckly, S., Lepape, A., L'Heriteau, F., Aupee, M., Boussat, S., Bervas, C., Machut, A., Berger-Carbonne, A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2017.03.011 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ding, L., Xia, R., Zhang, Q., Bai, C., Li, Z., & Zhang, P. (2017) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2636-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Saracino, I. M., Foschi, C., Pavoni, M., Spigarelli, R., Valerii, M. C., & Spisni, E. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11010073 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Arastehfar, A. A., Fang, W., Pan, W., Lackner, M., Liao, W., Badiee, P., Zomorodian, K., Badali, H., Hagen, F., Lass‐Flörl, C., et al. (2018) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.09.007 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antifungal activity of 5-nitro-thiophene-thiosemicarbazones derivatives
de Araújo Neto, L. N., do Carmo Alves de Lima, M., de Oliveira, J. F., de Souza, E. R., Buonafina, M. D. S., Vitor Anjos, M. N., Brayner, F. A., Alves, L. C., Neves, R. P., & Mendonça-Junior, F. J. B. (2017) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Eldesouky, H. E., Salama, E. A., Li, X., Hazbun, T. R., Mayhoub, A. S., & Seleem, M. N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64571-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Zhang, A. Y., Shrum, S., Williams, S., Petnic, S., Nadle, J., Johnston, H., Barter, D., Vonbank, B., Bonner, L., Hollick, R., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz1061 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic Performance of T2Candida Among ICU Patients With Risk Factors for Invasive Candidiasis
Arendrup, M. C., Andersen, J. S., Holten, M., Krarup, K. B., Reiter, N., Schierbeck, J., & Helleberg, M. (2019) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz136 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The epidemiology of Candida species in the Middle East and North Africa
Ghazi, S., Rafei, R., Osman, M., El Safadi, D., Mallat, H., Papon, N., Dabboussi, F., Bouchara, J.-P., & Hamze, M. (2019) · Journal de Mycologie Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.07.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis: From Gold Standard Methods to Promising Leading-edge Technologies
Pitarch, A., Nombela, C., & Gil, C. (2018) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026618666181025093146 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Deciphering the epidemiology of invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit: is it possible?
Soulountsi, V., Schizodimos, T., & Kotoulas, S. (2021) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-021-01640-7 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Candida Bloodstream Infections: Changes in Epidemiology and Increase in Drug Resistance
Kotey, F. C. N., Dayie, N. T. K. D., Tetteh‐Quarcoo, P. B., & Donkor, E. S. (2021) · Infectious Diseases Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/11786337211026927 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Parslow, B. Y., & Thornton, C. R. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061208 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Khatib, R., Johnson, L. B., Fakih, M. G., Riederer, K., & Briski, L. (2016) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12531 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Green, B., Benoit, N. E., Schatz, M. C., Wheelan, S. J., & Cormack, B. P. (2020) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.14488 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fuller, J., Dingle, T. C., Bull, A., Shokoples, S., Laverdière, M., Baxter, M. R., Adam, H. J., Karlowsky, J. A., Zhanel, G. G., Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (CARA) and CANWARD, et al. (2019) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkz287 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Angoulvant, A., Guitard, J., & Hennequin, C. (2015) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1093/femsyr/fov114 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Song, Y., Chen, X., Yan, Y., Wan, Z., Liu, W. Y., & Li, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01401 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Trends in antifungal use in US hospitals, 2006–12
Vallabhaneni, S., Baggs, J., Tsay, S., Srinivasan, A. R., Jernigan, J. A., & Jackson, B. R. (2018) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dky270 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Jenkins, E. N., Gold, J. A. W., Benedict, K., Lockhart, S. R., Berkow, E. L., Dixon, T., Shack, S. L., Witt, L. S., Harrison, L. H., Seopaul, S., et al. (2025) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss7404a1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The percentage of Black patients affected by candidemia increased during the study period, likely mirroring the disproportionate effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black patients ( 3 , 17 , 25 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationVeilleux, M.-P., & Grenier, D. (2019) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2730-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Secular trends of candidemia at a Brazilian tertiary care teaching hospital
Braga, P. R., Cruz, I. L., Ortiz, I., Barreiros, G., Nouér, S. A., & Nucci, M. (2018) · The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2018.07.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
O’Leary, E. N., Edwards, J. R., Srinivasan, A., Neuhauser, M. M., Webb, A. K., Soe, M. M., Hicks, L. A., Wise, W., Wu, H., & Pollock, D. A. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa326 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Culture-confirmed Candidemia Among Hospitalized Children in South Africa, 2012–2017
Shuping, L., Mpembe, R. S., Mhlanga, M., Naicker, S. D., Maphanga, T. G., Tsotetsi, E., Wadula, J., Velaphi, S., Nakwa, F. L., Chibabhai, V., et al. (2021) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003151 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Verma, N., Singh, S., Singh, M., Chauhan, A., Pradhan, P., Jaiswal, N., Chakrabarti, A., & Singh, M. (2021) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13387 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Oliva, A., Rosa, F. G. D., Mikulska, M., Pea, F., Sanguinetti, M., Tascini, C., & Venditti, M. (2023) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2023.2240956 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Biofilm-Associated Candidiasis: Pathogenesis, Prevalence, Challenges and Therapeutic Options
Amann, V., Kissmann, A., Firacative, C., & Rosenau, F. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18040460 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dectin-1 multimerization and signaling depends on fungal β-glucan structure and exposure
Anaya, E. U., Amin, A. E., Wester, M. J., Danielson, M. E., Michel, K. S., & Neumann, A. K. (2023) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2023.07.021 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Кirov, М. Y., Владимирович, К. В., Николаевич, П. Д., Щеголев, А. В., Babaev, M. A., Belotserkovskiy, B. Z., Bykov, A. O., Gritsan, A. I., Кулабухов, В. В., Kulikov, A. V., et al. (2023) · Annals of critical care · doi:10.21320/1818-474x-2023-4-7-42 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Arbefeville, S. S., Harris, A. D., & Ferrieri, P. (2017) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2017.06.015 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
McTaggart, L. R., Cabrera, A. L., Cronin, K. I., & Kus, J. V. (2020) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00402-20 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Proton pump inhibitors act synergistically with fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans
Lü, M., Yan, H., Yu, C., Yuan, L., & Sun, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57174-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rodrigues, F. F. G., Colares, A. V., Nonato, C. D. F. A., Rodrigues, F. F. G., Mota, M. L., Morais‐Braga, M. F. B., & da Costa, J. G. M. (2018) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.024 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
INCREASE IN CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS CANDIDEMIA IN CANCER PATIENTS
Sun, M., Chen, C., Xiao, W., Chang, Y., Liu, C., & Xu, Q. (2019) · Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.4084/mjhid.2019.012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fungal Colonization and Infections—Interactions with Other Human Diseases
Mahalingam, S. S., Jayaraman, S., & Pandiyan, P. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11020212 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Barber, A. E., Weber, M., Kaerger, K., Linde, J., Gölz, H., Duerschmied, D., Markert, A., Guthke, R., Walther, G., & Kurzai, O. (2019) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01628-18 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Protective Roles of Honey in Reproductive Health: A Review
Zaid, S. S. M., Ruslee, S. S., & Mokhtar, M. H. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26113322 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Candida diagnostic techniques: a review
Arafa, S., Elbanna, K., Osman, G. E. H., & Abulreesh, H. H. (2023) · Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43994-023-00049-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Khakhina, S., Šimoničová, L., & Moye-Rowley, S. (2018) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.13913 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sadozai, S. K., Khan, S. A., Baseer, A., Ullah, R., Zeb, A., & Schneider, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.909851 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Candidemia in non-ICU surgical wards: Comparison with medical wards
Vena, A., Bouza, E., Valerio, M., Padilla, B., Paño‐Pardo, J. R., Fernández‐Ruiz, M., Martín, A. D., Salavert, M., Mularoni, A., Puig‐Asensio, M., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185339 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ala‐Houhala, M., Valkonen, M. M., Kolho, E., Friberg, N., & Anttila, V.-J. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/23744235.2019.1662941 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pais, P., Califórnia, R., Galocha, M., Viana, R., Ola, M., Cavalheiro, M., Takahashi‐Nakaguchi, A., Chibana, H., Butler, G., & Teixeira, M. C. (2020) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00554-20 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Müderris, T., Kaya, S., Örmen, B., Gökmen, A. A., Akpınar, C. V., & Gül, S. (2020) · Journal de Mycologie Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cleveland, A. A., Harrison, L. H., Farley, M. M., Hollick, R., Stein, B., Chiller, T. M., Lockhart, S. R., & Park, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cleveland, Angela Ahlquist
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-03-30
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e0120452
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4378850
- OpenAlex
- W2044502735
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 26.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Infective Endocarditis Diagnosis and Management
- Keywords
- candidemia, candidemia incidence, antifungal resistance, echinocandin resistance, fluconazole resistance, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, multidrug resistance, central venous catheters, bloodstream infection, infection control, Atlanta, Baltimore, population-based surveillance, central line-associated bloodstream infection
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antifungal Agents, Candida, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Georgia, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Baltimore, Incidence, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Young Adult, Candidemia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
