Echinocandin and Triazole Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles for Clinical Opportunistic Yeast and Mold Isolates Collected from 2010 to 2011: Application of New CLSI Clinical Breakpoints and Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Characterization of Geographic and Temporal Trends of Antifungal Resistance
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The SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program monitors global susceptibility and resistance rates of newer and established antifungal agents. We report the echinocandin and triazole antifungal susceptibility patterns for 3,418 contemporary clinical isolates of yeasts and molds. The isolates were obtained from 98 laboratories in 34 countries during 2010 and 2011. Yeasts not presumptively identified by CHROMagar, the trehalose test, or growth at 42°C and all molds were sequence identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S (yeasts) or ITS, translation elongation factor (TEF), and 28S (molds) genes. Susceptibility testing was performed against 7 antifungals (anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole) using CLSI methods. Rates of resistance to all agents were determined using the new CLSI clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff value criteria, as appropriate. Sequencing of fks hot spots was performed for echinocandin non-wild-type (WT) strains. Isolates included 3,107 from 21 Candida spp., 146 from 9 Aspergillus spp., 84 from Cryptococcus neoformans, 40 from 23 other mold species, and 41 from 9 other yeast species. Among Candida spp., resistance to the echinocandins was low (0.0 to 1.7%). Candida albicans and Candida glabrata that were resistant to anidulafungin, caspofungin, or micafungin were shown to have fks mutations. Resistance to fluconazole was low among the isolates of C. albicans (0.4%), Candida tropicalis (1.3%), and Candida parapsilosis (2.1%); however, 8.8% of C. glabrata isolates were resistant to fluconazole. Among echinocandin-resistant C. glabrata isolates from 2011, 38% were fluconazole resistant. Voriconazole was active against all Candida spp. except C. glabrata (10.5% non-WT), whereas posaconazole showed decreased activity against C. albicans (4.4%) and Candida krusei (15.2% non-WT). All agents except for the echinocandins were active against C. neoformans, and the triazoles were active against other yeasts (MIC90, 2 μg/ml). The echinocandins and triazoles were active against Aspergillus spp. (MIC90/minimum effective concentration [MEC90] range, 0.015 to 2 μg/ml), but the echinocandins were not active against other molds (MEC90 range, 4 to >16 μg/ml). Overall, echinocandin and triazole resistance rates were low; however, the fluconazole and echinocandin coresistance among C. glabrata strains warrants continued close surveillance.
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The emergence of resistant Candida strains, including those resistant to multiple drugs, has been increasingly reported in recent years.
“The emergence of resistant strains, including those becoming resistant to multiple drugs, has been increasingly reported in recent years [14,15,16].”
From Evolutionary Emergence of Drug Resistance in Candida Opportunistic Pathogens (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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Zhao, Y., Perez, W. B., Jiménez‐Ortigosa, C., Hough, G., Locke, J. B., Ong, V., Bartizal, K., & Perlin, D. S. (2016) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.12640 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Pfaller, M. A., Messer, S. A., Diekema, D. J., Jones, R. N., & Castanheira, M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02481-13 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
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<i>UPC2A</i> Is Required for High-Level Azole Antifungal Resistance in Candida glabrata
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- Authors
- Pfaller, M. A., Messer, S. A., Woosley, L. N., Jones, R. N., & Castanheira, M.
- Affiliations
- JMI Laboratories (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2571-2581
- ISSN
- 0095-1137 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-660X
- PMC
- PMC3719648
- OpenAlex
- W2017522599
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 23.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Astellas Pharma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Keywords
- echinocandins, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, fluconazole resistance, voriconazole resistance, caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, epidemiological cut-off values, clinical breakpoints, opportunistic fungal infection, SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program
- MeSH terms
- Antifungal Agents, Fungi, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mycoses, Triazoles, Global Health, Yeasts, Echinocandins
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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