Cited by 134Cardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionNon-Invasive Vital Sign MonitoringHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

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Digital Photoplethysmography for Assessment of Arterial Stiffness: Repeatability and Comparison with Applanation Tonometry

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von Wowern, Emma, Östling, Gerd, Nilsson, Peter M., Olofsson, Per·2015·PLOS ONE

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and can be assessed by applanation tonometry by measuring pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIX) by pressure pulse wave analysis (PWA). As an inexpensive and operator independent alternative, photoelectric plethysmography (PPG) has been introduced with analysis of the digital volume pulse wave (DPA) and its second derivatives of wave reflections. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the repeatability of arterial stiffness parameters measured by digital pulse wave analysis (DPA) and the associations to applanation tonometry parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS: 112 pregnant and non-pregnant individuals of different ages and genders were examined with SphygmoCor arterial wall tonometry and Meridian DPA finger photoplethysmography. Coefficients of repeatability, Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients and correlations to heart rate (HR) and body height were calculated for DPA variables, and the DPA variables were compared to tonometry variables left ventricular ejection time (LVET), PWV and AIX. No DPA variable showed any systematic measurement error or excellent repeatability, but dicrotic index (DI), dicrotic dilatation index (DDI), cardiac ejection elasticity index (EEI), aging index (AI) and second derivatives of the crude pulse wave curve, b/a and e/a, showed good repeatability. Overall, the correlations to AIX were better than to PWV, with correlations coefficients >0.70 for EEI, AI and b/a. Considering the level of repeatability and the correlations to tonometry, the overall best DPA parameters were EEI, AI and b/a. The two pansystolic time parameters, ejection time compensated (ETc) by DPA and LVET by tonometry, showed a significant but weak correlation. CONCLUSION: For estimation of the LV function, ETc, EEI and b/a are suitable, for large artery stiffness EEI, and for small arteries DI and DDI. The only global parameter, AI, showed a high repeatability and the overall best correlations with AIX and PWV.

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Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0135659

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Fig 1 Digital photoplethysmograms and acceleration photoplethysmograms. Authentic digital photoplethysmograms (upper panels) of a 33-year old healthy woman (left panel, heart rate 65 bpm, aging index -0.87) and a 66-year old healthy man (right panel, heart rate 61, aging index -0.09). S = starting point of systole; P = peak of percussion wave; T = tidal wave; C = incisura wave; D = dicrotic wave. Note the absence of a distinct incisura and dicrotic notch in the right plethysmogram, and differences in negative amplitudes of b and d peaks in the acceleration plethysmograms (lower panels).
Fig 1 Digital photoplethysmograms and acceleration photoplethysmograms. Authentic digital photoplethysmograms (upper panels) of a 33-year old healthy woman (left panel, heart rate 65 bpm, aging index -0.87) and a 66-year old healthy man (right panel, heart rate 61, aging index -0.09). S = starting point of systole; P = peak of percussion wave; T = tidal wave; C = incisura wave; D = dicrotic wave. Note the absence of a distinct incisura and dicrotic notch in the right plethysmogram, and differences in negative amplitudes of b and d peaks in the acceleration plethysmograms (lower panels).CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 2 Repeatability of aging index. Bland-Altman plot of two consecutive measurements of aging index (AI) by the Meridian DPA apparatus, depicting the relationship of difference of measurements (Delta AI) and mean value of measurements.
Fig 2 Repeatability of aging index. Bland-Altman plot of two consecutive measurements of aging index (AI) by the Meridian DPA apparatus, depicting the relationship of difference of measurements (Delta AI) and mean value of measurements.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 3 Association between ETc and LVET@60. Simple linear regression analysis of ejection time compensated (ETc) measured by photoplethysmography, and left ventricular ejection time adjusted to a heart rate of 60 bpm (LVET@60) measured by tonometry (r 0.46). The solid line represents the regression line and the interrupted line the line of identity.
Fig 3 Association between ETc and LVET@60. Simple linear regression analysis of ejection time compensated (ETc) measured by photoplethysmography, and left ventricular ejection time adjusted to a heart rate of 60 bpm (LVET@60) measured by tonometry (r 0.46). The solid line represents the regression line and the interrupted line the line of identity.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 4 Agreement between ETc and LVET@60. Bland-Altman plot of left ventricular ejection time adjusted to a heart rate of 60 bpm (LVET@60) by tonometry and left ventricular ejection time compensated (ETc) by photoplethysmography, depicting the relationship of difference of measurements (Delta LVET@60 –ETc) and mean value of measurements.
Fig 4 Agreement between ETc and LVET@60. Bland-Altman plot of left ventricular ejection time adjusted to a heart rate of 60 bpm (LVET@60) by tonometry and left ventricular ejection time compensated (ETc) by photoplethysmography, depicting the relationship of difference of measurements (Delta LVET@60 –ETc) and mean value of measurements.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. R Gonzales, 2008, A computer base photoplethysmographic vascular analyser through derivatives, Comp Cardiol, 35, 177
  2. T Ozawa, 1978, Pattern of second derivative of volume pulse wave, the relation between non-invasive index of ventricular function and peak acceleration and effect of preloading to peak velocity, Myakuha (Pulse Wave), 8, 22
  3. HC Bazett, 1920, An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms, Heart, 7, 35

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Metadata

Authors
von Wowern, E., Östling, G., Nilsson, P. M., & Olofsson, P.
Affiliations
Lund University (SE)
Venue
PLOS ONE
Published
2015-08-20
Volume
10
Issue
8
Pages
e0135659
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1784071036
Cited by
134
References
53
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7
FWCI
7.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Lunds Universitet
  • Region Skåne
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Keywords
arterial stiffness, digital photoplethysmography, applanation tonometry, pulse wave analysis, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, repeatability, aging index, left ventricular ejection time, pregnancy, cardiovascular risk
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aorta, Arteries, Blood Pressure, Elasticity, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Manometry, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pulse, Risk Factors, Photoplethysmography, Young Adult, Vascular Stiffness, Pulse Wave Analysis

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