Cited by 181Gut microbiota and healthFood composition and propertiesMicrobial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology

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Effects of Arabinoxylan and Resistant Starch on Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Crossover Study

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Hald, Stine, Schioldan, Anne Grethe, Moore, Mary E., Dige, Anders, Lærke, Helle Nygaard, Agnholt, Jørgen, Bach Knudsen, Knud Erik, Hermansen, Kjeld, Marco, Maria L., Gregersen, Søren, Dahlerup, Jens F.·2016·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0159223PMC PMC4951149

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Abstract

Recently, the intestinal microbiota has been emphasised as an important contributor to the development of metabolic syndrome. Dietary fibre may exert beneficial effects through modulation of the intestinal microbiota and metabolic end products. We investigated the effects of a diet enriched with two different dietary fibres, arabinoxylan and resistant starch type 2, on the gut microbiome and faecal short-chain fatty acids. Nineteen adults with metabolic syndrome completed this randomised crossover study with two 4-week interventions of a diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch and a low-fibre Western-style diet. Faecal samples were collected before and at the end of the interventions for fermentative end-product analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial gene amplification for identification of bacterial taxa. Faecal carbohydrate residues were used to verify compliance. The diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch resulted in significant reductions in the total species diversity of the faecal-associated intestinal microbiota but also increased the heterogeneity of bacterial communities both between and within subjects. The proportion of Bifidobacterium was increased by arabinoxylan and resistant starch consumption (P<0.001), whereas the proportions of certain bacterial genera associated with dysbiotic intestinal communities were reduced. Furthermore, the total short-chain fatty acids (P<0.01), acetate (P<0.01) and butyrate concentrations (P<0.01) were higher by the end of the diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch compared with those resulting from the Western-style diet. The concentrations of isobutyrate (P = 0.05) and isovalerate (P = 0.03) decreased in response to the arabinoxylan and resistant starch enriched diet, indicating reduced protein fermentation. In conclusion, arabinoxylan and resistant starch intake changes the microbiome and short-chain fatty acid compositions, with potential beneficial effects on colonic health and metabolic syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01618526.

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Fig 1 Subject flow.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 2 A Principal coordinate analysis of weighted UniFrac values between faecal microbial communities. The green and red arrows represent bacterial communities before and at the end of healthy-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and Western-style diet (WSD) consumption, respectively. The dotted lines connect the microbiota present during consumption of the two baseline diets for each individual. B Box plot of the weighted UniFrac distances. Intra-individual microbiota distances are shown on the left, and inter-individual distances are shown on the right. * P< 0.05, **** P< 0.0001 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 3 Box plot of the log2-transformed fold-changes in the relative abundances of taxa in the faeces collected at the end of consumption of the healthy-carbohydrate diet (HCD) compared with that of the Western-style diet (WSD). Only taxa that were significantly affected by diet (P < 0.05) are shown. Family, order, and genus distinctions are represented by (f), (o), and (g), respectively. The boxes and text are coloured according to the phyla as follows: Actinobacteria (blue), Bacteroidetes (green), Firmicutes (purple), and Proteobacteria (red). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 4 Faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations. A, C Differences between Western-style diet (WSD) and healthy-carbohydrate diet (HCD) concentrations are indicated by NS; non significant, *P < 0.05 and **P< 0.01 (ANOVA for repeated measurements using subject, diet, period and baseline values as covariates). The values are the medians with interquartile ranges (n = 19) as the data were log-transformed. B Individual faecal butyrate concentration before (Pre-HCD) and after HCD. The solid line represents the median pre-HCD concentration and the dashed lines indicate the interquartile range of the pre-HCD concentrations.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Background
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Alterations in gut microbiota composition and metabolic parameters after dietary intervention with barley beta glucans in patients with high risk for metabolic syndrome development
Velikonja, A., Lipoglavšek, L., Zorec, M., Orel, R., & Avguštin, G. (2018) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.11.002 · Cited by 121
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“…metabolic syndrome, the group that consumed a fiber-rich diet derived from whole grains, wheat bran, corn starch, and potato starch (64 g/kg) had significantly increased contents of acetate and butyrate in the stool compared to the group receiving a fiber-poor diet (17.6 g/kg) (Hald et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
27-Hydroxycholesterol contributes to cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice through microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction
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Classifying compounds as prebiotics — scientific perspectives and recommendations
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BackgroundInfluential
Metagenomic Insights into the Degradation of Resistant Starch by Human Gut Microbiota
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Method
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“[53] found that a combination of arabinoxylan and naturally resistant starch-enriched diet increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and production of butyrate and acetate in adults with metabolic syndrome.”
Background
Synbiotic encapsulation of probiotic Latobacillus plantarum by alginate -arabinoxylan composite microspheres
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Background
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“Previous studies supported that Prevotella [55,56], Roseburia [57] and Bacteroides [58] could synthetize SCFAs using carbohydrate as substrate, and HFD-fed significantly reduced the proportion of these bacteria.”
Result
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“The effect of a diet enriched with RS2 from both potato and maize with arabinoxylan was studied in adults with metabolic syndrome who consumed a low fibre diet and compared to the low-fibre diet as control (Hald et al., 2016).”
Background
Prebiotic Potential of Dietary Beans and Pulses and Their Resistant Starch for Aging-Associated Gut and Metabolic Health
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Background
The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression
Jach, M. E., Serefko, A., Szopa, A., Sajnaga, E., Golczyk, H., Santos, L. S., Borowicz, K. K., & Sieniawska, E. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28073213 · Cited by 75
Deciphering the Anti-obesity Benefits of Resveratrol: The “Gut Microbiota-Adipose Tissue” Axis
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High-Amylose Maize, Potato, and Butyrylated Starch Modulate Large Intestinal Fermentation, Microbial Composition, and Oncogenic miRNA Expression in Rats Fed A High-Protein Meat Diet
Nielsen, T. S., Bendiks, Z., Thomsen, B., Wright, M. E., Theil, P. K., Scherer, B. L., & Marco, M. L. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20092137 · Cited by 60
“This finding was in agreement with our prior studies, wherein reductions in alpha-diversity were found in humans [32] and rodents [33], following RS consumption.”
Result
Resistant starches: A smart alternative for the development of functional bread and other starch-based foods
Arp, C. G., Correa, M. J., & Ferrero, C. (2021) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106949 · Cited by 59
Ferulic acid mediates prebiotic responses of cereal-derived arabinoxylans on host health
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“Humans and animals do not secret endogenous digestive enzymes to degrade feruloylated arabinoxylan, but it can be fermented by intestinal microbiota in the caecum and colon to produce SCFA (Hald et al., 2016).”
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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Dietary Interventions Modulating Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Diseases—Striving for New Standards in Microbiome Studies
Attaye, I., Warmbrunn, M. V., Boot, A. N. A. F., van der Wolk, S. C., Hutten, B. A., Daams, J. G., Herrema, H., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2022) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.02.011 · Cited by 53
Gut microbial utilization of xylan and its implication in gut homeostasis and metabolic response
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The Athlete and Gut Microbiome: Short-chain Fatty Acids as Potential Ergogenic Aids for Exercise and Training
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“reported that a 4-week diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch resulted in a significant increase in the Bifidobacterium proportion as well as acetate and butyrate concentrations and a decrease in the levels of isobutyrate and isovalerate, indicating reduced protein fermentation [123].”
Background
Diet-Related Changes of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Blood and Feces in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Ilyés, T., Silaghi, C. N., & Craciun, A. M. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11111556 · Cited by 59
“Arabinoxylan ↑bAc, bBu [171] ↑fAc, fBu [163] ↑fProp [93] Inulin ↑bAc [134] Grape pomace ↓fBu [83] Rye ↑bBu [36] Yacon flour ↓fSCFA [63]”
The effects and benefits of arabinoxylans on human gut microbiota – A narrative review
Schupfer, E., Pak, S. C., Wang, S., Micalos, P. S., Jeffries, T. C., Ooi, S. L., Golombick, T., Harris, G., & El-Omar, E. M. (2021) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101267 · Cited by 56
Dietary fiber and polyphenols from whole grains: effects on the gut and health improvements
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Arabinoxylan combined with different glucans improve lipid metabolism disorder by regulating bile acid and gut microbiota in mice fed with high-fat diet
Chen, H., Cheng, J., Zhou, S., Chen, D., Qin, W., Li, C., Li, H., Lin, D., Zhang, Q. R., Liu, Y., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.036 · Cited by 51
Succession of Bifidobacterium longum Strains in Response to a Changing Early Life Nutritional Environment Reveals Dietary Substrate Adaptations
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Tolerability and SCFA production after resistant starch supplementation in humans: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies
Sobh, M., Montroy, J. R., Daham, Z., Sibbald, S., Lalu, M. M., Stintzi, A., Mack, D. R., & Fergusson, D. A. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab402 · Cited by 54
Substitution of Refined Conventional Wheat Flour with Wheat High in Resistant Starch Modulates the Intestinal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Gondalia, S. V., Wymond, B., Benassi-Evans, B., Berbezy, P., Bird, A. R., & Belobrajdic, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac021 · Cited by 46
Understanding the interplay between food structure, intestinal bacterial fermentation and appetite control
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“Diets high in resistant starch were found to stimulate the growth of R. bromii and Bi ﬁ dobacterium (141,157,159,162 – 165) .”
Role of the gut microbiota in tumorigenesis and treatment
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“The combination of resistant starch with arabinoxylan increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium while decreasing the abundance of other undesirable genera in the gut microbiota, thus modulating the concentration of SCFAs in the gut and exerting beneficial effects on colon health [243].”
Background
Insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease: The genetics and metabolomics links
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Isobutyric acid enhances the anti-tumour effect of anti-PD-1 antibody
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The Mothers, Infants, and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study: A Multi-Center Collaboration
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“is indicative of diminished protein fermentation, possibly due to observed reduction in Bacteroides abundance, a bacterial genus containing species responsible for BCFA production [44].”
Background
A review: Resistant starch, a promising prebiotic for obesity and weight management
Thompson, M. S., Yan, T. H., Saari, N., & Sarbini, S. R. (2022) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101965 · Cited by 43
Gut microbial features and dietary fiber intake predict gut microbiota response to resistant starch supplementation
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Effects of a diet rich in arabinoxylan and resistant starch compared with a diet rich in refined carbohydrates on postprandial metabolism and features of the metabolic syndrome
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Effects of Dietary Fibres on Acute Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Hyperpermeability in the Elderly: A Randomised Placebo Controlled Parallel Clinical Trial
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“Arabinoxylan, a dietary fibre originating from the wheat endosperm, has been shown to increase the amount of butyrate-producing bacteria in both animal and human studies [5,6,8,9].”
BackgroundResult
Impact of synbiotic supplementation on cardiometabolic and anthropometric indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Arabi, S. M., Bahrami, L. S., Rahnama, I., & Sahebkar, A. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106061 · Cited by 42
In vitro Colon Fermentation of Soluble Arabinoxylan Is Modified Through Milling and Extrusion
Demuth, T., Edwards, V., Bircher, L., Lacroix, C., Nyström, L., & Geirnaert, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.707763 · Cited by 34
“The CM 2 microbiota showed a stronger bifidogenic and butyrogenic response upon WBAX compared to CM 1, which is in line with previous findings in vivo (22, 63).”
Result
Optimizing Secondary Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) for the Analysis of Volatile Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiome
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“At the genus level, the most frequently reported decreased taxa were Parabacteroides ( N = 7) [32, 36, 39, 40, 43], Ruminococcus ( N = 4) [32, 33, 39, 42], Lach-nospira ( N = 4) [37, 39], and Bacteroides ( N = 4) [39, 43] following the plant-rich diets, Roseburia ( N = 3) [30, 31], Alistipes ( N =…”
Influential
Effect of resistant wheat starch on subjective appetite and food intake in healthy adults
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Whole Grains, Dietary Fibers and the Human Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature
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Koirala, P., Costantini, A., Maina, N. H., Rizzello, C. G., Verni, M., Beni, V. D., Polo, A., Katina, K., Cagno, R. D., & Coda, R. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation8100487 · Cited by 29
“Tailored fermentation of BSG represents an effective strategy to increase the overall value of this nutritious and underutilized by-product and facilitate its use as food ingredient.”
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Short-Chain Fatty Acids as a Therapeutic Strategy in Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Neurodegeneration
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“Acetate, the key SCFA, plays a pivotal role in environmental acidification, providing LAB with a competitive advantage by inhibiting the growth of less acid-tolerant pathogens (Hald et al. 2016).”
Green banana flour supplementation improves obesity-associated systemic inflammation and regulates gut microbiota profile in mice fed high-fat diets
Rosado, C. P., Rosa, V. H. C., Martins, B. C., Soares, A. C., Almo, A., Monteiro, E. B., Mulder, A. D. R. P., Moura‐Nunes, N., & Daleprane, J. B. (2021) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0288 · Cited by 25
Adjuvant Effect of Orally Applied Preparations Containing Non-Digestible Polysaccharides on Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Seniors: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Pilot Trial
Laue, C., Stevens, Y., van Erp, M., Papazova, E., Soeth, E., Pannenbeckers, A., Stolte, E. H., Böhm, R., Gall, S. L., Falourd, X., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082683 · Cited by 23
“Faecal pH and SCFA were analysed for OBG and AX compared to CTRL.”
Influential
Exploring the relationship between nutritional properties and structure of chestnut resistant starch constructed by extrusion with starch-proanthocyanidins interactions
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Regulation of the gut barrier by carbohydrates from diet – Underlying mechanisms and possible clinical implications
Bischoff, S. C., Kaden-Volynets, V., Rosa, L. F., Guseva, D., & Seethaler, B. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151499 · Cited by 23
A systematic review on the impact of gastrointestinal microbiota composition and function on cognition in healthy infants and children
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“therefore, higher BCFAs may be indirectly representative of low fiber intake, since, in the absence of this preferred source, microbes may switch to fermentation of proteins (François et al., 2014; Hald et al., 2016).”
Background
Preparation of xylooligosaccharides from rice husks and their structural characterization, antioxidant activity, and probiotic properties
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In Vitro Studies Toward the Use of Chitin as Nutraceutical: Impact on the Intestinal Epithelium, Macrophages, and Microbiota
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Effects of dietary fibre and protein content on intestinal fibre degradation, short-chain fatty acid and microbiota composition in a high-fat fructose-rich diet induced obese Göttingen Minipig model
Xu, Y., Curtasu, M. V., Bendiks, Z. A., Marco, M. L., Nørskov, N. P., Knudsen, K. E. B., Hedemann, M. S., & Lærke, H. N. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02252g · Cited by 21
Novel Phocaeicola Strain Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis in Mice
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“Thus, the prevalence of these genes in P. faecalis FXJYN30E22 and B. fragilis NCTC9343 relative to P. vulgatus ATCC8482 could promote SCFA secretion.”
BackgroundInfluential
Dietary Galacto‐Oligosaccharides and Resistant Starch Protect Against Altered CB1 and 5‐HT1A and 2A Receptor Densities in Rat Brain: Implications for Preventing Cognitive and Appetite Dysfunction During a High‐Fat Diet
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Development of Attenuated Total Reflectance Mid-Infrared (ATR-MIR) and Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy for the Determination of Resistant Starch Content in Wheat Grains
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“Owing to its indigestion, RS can increase satiety and reduce calorie intake, which could reduce postprandial blood glucose levels [2], regulate the intestinal metabolism [3], reduce colon cancer risk [4], control bodyweight [5], and absorb minerals [6].”
Background

Authors: Hald, S., Schioldan, A. G., Moore, M. E., Dige, A., Lærke, H. N., Agnholt, J., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Hermansen, K., Marco, M. L., Gregersen, S., & Dahlerup, J. F.
Affiliations: Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
University of California, Davis (US)
Aarhus University (DK)
Corresponding author: Hald, Stine
Schioldan, Anne Grethe
ORCID: Hald, Stine
Moore, Mary E.
Dige, Anders
Lærke, Helle Nygaard
Agnholt, Jørgen
Hermansen, Kjeld
Marco, Maria L.
Gregersen, Søren
Dahlerup, Jens F.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2016-07-19
Volume: 11
Issue: 7
Pages: e0159223
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159223
PMC: PMC4951149
OpenAlex: W2501184989
Cited by: 180
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8
FWCI: 4.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: The Danish Strategic Research Council (10-093526)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
Keywords: arabinoxylan, dietary fiber, metabolic syndrome, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, Bifidobacterium, gut dysbiosis, butyrate, acetate, protein fermentation, Western diet
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Aged, Bifidobacterium, Dietary Fiber, Energy Metabolism, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Starch, Xylans, Cross-Over Studies, Metabolic Syndrome, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota

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Effects of Arabinoxylan and Resistant Starch on Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Crossover Study

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