Cited by 181Gut microbiota and healthFood composition and propertiesMicrobial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology

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Effects of Arabinoxylan and Resistant Starch on Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Crossover Study

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Hald, Stine, Schioldan, Anne Grethe, Moore, Mary E., Dige, Anders, Lærke, Helle Nygaard, Agnholt, Jørgen, Bach Knudsen, Knud Erik, Hermansen, Kjeld, Marco, Maria L., Gregersen, Søren, Dahlerup, Jens F.·2016·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0159223PMC PMC4951149

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Abstract

Recently, the intestinal microbiota has been emphasised as an important contributor to the development of metabolic syndrome. Dietary fibre may exert beneficial effects through modulation of the intestinal microbiota and metabolic end products. We investigated the effects of a diet enriched with two different dietary fibres, arabinoxylan and resistant starch type 2, on the gut microbiome and faecal short-chain fatty acids. Nineteen adults with metabolic syndrome completed this randomised crossover study with two 4-week interventions of a diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch and a low-fibre Western-style diet. Faecal samples were collected before and at the end of the interventions for fermentative end-product analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial gene amplification for identification of bacterial taxa. Faecal carbohydrate residues were used to verify compliance. The diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch resulted in significant reductions in the total species diversity of the faecal-associated intestinal microbiota but also increased the heterogeneity of bacterial communities both between and within subjects. The proportion of Bifidobacterium was increased by arabinoxylan and resistant starch consumption (P<0.001), whereas the proportions of certain bacterial genera associated with dysbiotic intestinal communities were reduced. Furthermore, the total short-chain fatty acids (P<0.01), acetate (P<0.01) and butyrate concentrations (P<0.01) were higher by the end of the diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch compared with those resulting from the Western-style diet. The concentrations of isobutyrate (P = 0.05) and isovalerate (P = 0.03) decreased in response to the arabinoxylan and resistant starch enriched diet, indicating reduced protein fermentation. In conclusion, arabinoxylan and resistant starch intake changes the microbiome and short-chain fatty acid compositions, with potential beneficial effects on colonic health and metabolic syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01618526.

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Fig 1 Subject flow.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 2 A Principal coordinate analysis of weighted UniFrac values between faecal microbial communities. The green and red arrows represent bacterial communities before and at the end of healthy-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and Western-style diet (WSD) consumption, respectively. The dotted lines connect the microbiota present during consumption of the two baseline diets for each individual. B Box plot of the weighted UniFrac distances. Intra-individual microbiota distances are shown on the left, and inter-individual distances are shown on the right. * P< 0.05, **** P< 0.0001 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 3 Box plot of the log2-transformed fold-changes in the relative abundances of taxa in the faeces collected at the end of consumption of the healthy-carbohydrate diet (HCD) compared with that of the Western-style diet (WSD). Only taxa that were significantly affected by diet (P < 0.05) are shown. Family, order, and genus distinctions are represented by (f), (o), and (g), respectively. The boxes and text are coloured according to the phyla as follows: Actinobacteria (blue), Bacteroidetes (green), Firmicutes (purple), and Proteobacteria (red). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 4 Faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations. A, C Differences between Western-style diet (WSD) and healthy-carbohydrate diet (HCD) concentrations are indicated by NS; non significant, *P < 0.05 and **P< 0.01 (ANOVA for repeated measurements using subject, diet, period and baseline values as covariates). The values are the medians with interquartile ranges (n = 19) as the data were log-transformed. B Individual faecal butyrate concentration before (Pre-HCD) and after HCD. The solid line represents the median pre-HCD concentration and the dashed lines indicate the interquartile range of the pre-HCD concentrations.CC BY · PubMed Central

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1 retracted

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Background
Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice
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Background
Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance
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Background
GSRS—A clinical rating scale for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease
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Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon
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“[6–8] SCFA production depends on the type of ingested DF, the microbiota, the colonic transit time and the colonic pH.[9] Resistant starch (RS) is a homo-polysaccharide of glucose[10] resistant to digestion in the upper gastro-intestinal tract[11] because of physical indigestibility (type 1), granularity (type 2), ret…”
Background
Determination of the non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods by gas-liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates
Englyst, H. N., Wiggins, H. S., & Cummings, J. H. (1982) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/an9820700307 · Cited by 856
Two Routes of Metabolic Cross-Feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Butyrate-Producing Anaerobes from the Human Gut
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Misreporting of energy and micronutrient intake estimated by food records and 24 hour recalls, control and adjustment methods in practice
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“[3, 16] Fermentation of an AX concentrate can be expected to be rapid and accompanied by a pH drop, mainly in the caecum,[66] whereas the fermentation of AX from a whole-grain matrix will be slower, with pH drops not only in the caecum but also in the proximal and mid colon.”
BackgroundInfluential
Resistant Starches Types 2 and 4 Have Differential Effects on the Composition of the Fecal Microbiota in Human Subjects
Martínez, I., Kim, J., Duffy, P. R., Schlegel, V. L., & Walter, J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015046 · Cited by 645 · cited 4×
“[54] The capacity of DF to promote Bifidobacterium has been found in many studies.[14, 15, 55] Bifidobacterium is a saccharolytic bacterium that produces acetate and lactic acid as a result of fermentative growth.”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men
Salonen, A., Lahti, L., Salojärvi, J., Holtrop, G., Korpela, K., Duncan, S. H., Date, P., Farquharson, F., Johnstone, A. M., Lobley, G. E., et al. (2014) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.63 · Cited by 626 · cited 2×
“This finding corroborates that of a previous study reporting that a diet high in RS is associated with decreased bacterial diversity relative to other diets.[52] However, we also found that HCD consumption increased the inter- and intra-individual variation of the intestinal microbiota.”
Result
Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis
Tojo, R. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15163 · Cited by 533 · cited 1×
“[54] The capacity of DF to promote Bifidobacterium has been found in many studies.”
Background
Prebiotic Effects of Wheat Arabinoxylan Related to the Increase in Bifidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides/Prevotella in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Neyrinck, A. M., Possemiers, S., Druart, C., Van de Wiele, T., De Backer, F., Cani, P. D., Larondelle, Y., & Delzenne, N. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020944 · Cited by 465 · cited 1×
“[3, 21] The proportions of Bacteroides, Prevotella, Roseburia and Bifidobacterium species have been shown to be increased after an AXenriched high-fat diet in mice,[22] whereas AX provided in a whole-grain rye diet in a human intervention study failed to show changes in the microbiota.”
Background
Contribution of acetate to butyrate formation by human faecal bacteria
Duncan, S. H., Holtrop, G., Lobley, G. E., Calder, A. G., Stewart, C. S., & Flint, H. J. (2004) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041150 · Cited by 449 · cited 1×
“[60, 61] An in vitro study has also found that up to 90% of produced butyrate is derived from acetate.[62] The explanation why we did not find a diet effect on lactic acid may Fig 4.”
Background
Wheat arabinoxylans: Exploiting variation in amount and composition to develop enhanced varieties
Saulnier, L., Sado, P.-E., Branlard, G., Charmet, G., & Guillon, F. (2007) · Journal of Cereal Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.014 · Cited by 429 · cited 4×
“[20] In the present study, this situation was even more complex because the RS provided from raw potato starch was degraded more rapidly than that from high-amylose corn starch, which was degraded at a slower rate at more distal locations.[20] Based on the results of Nielsen et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Digestion and physiological properties of resistant starch in the human large bowel
Cummings, J. H., Beatty, E. R., Kingman, S. M., Bingham, S. A., & Englyst, H. N. (1996) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19960177 · Cited by 409 · cited 1×
“Cummings et al.[71] have also reported decreased BCFAs after RS-enriched diet consumption.”
Background
Measurement of resistant starch
McCleary, B. V., & Monaghan, D. A. (2002) · Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL · doi:10.1093/jaoac/85.3.665 · Cited by 379 · cited 2×
“The total RS levels in foods were determined by the AOAC method (AOAC Official Method 2002.02), as described by McCleary & Monaghan[35] and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in foods and faeces, as described by Bach Knudsen[36] except that acid hydrolysis was performed in 2 M H 2 SO 4 for one hour instead of in 1 M H…”
Influential
Enhanced butyrate formation by cross-feeding between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Rios-Covian, D., Gueimonde, M., Duncan, S. H., Flint, H. J., & de los Reyes-Gavilan, C. G. (2015) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1093/femsle/fnv176 · Cited by 371 · cited 1×
“Acetate production by Bifidobacterium confers protection against gastrointestinal pathogens[58, 59] and it may be consumed by butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut.[60, 61] An in vitro study has also found that up to 90% of produced butyrate is derived from acetate.”
Background
Lactate is mainly fermented to butyrate by human intestinal microfloras but inter-individual variation is evident
Bourriaud, C., Robins, R. J., Martin, L., Kozlowski, F., Tenailleau, E., Cherbut, C., & Michel, C. (2005) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02605.x · Cited by 345 · cited 1×
“be that it is readily fermented whereby it also acts as a precursor for butyrate synthesis.[63] Therefore, the increased faecal butyrate concentration is most likely the result of increased acetate and lactic acid produced by Bifidobacterium rather than stimulation of butyrate-producing microorganisms.”
Background
A Diet High in Resistant Starch Modulates Microbiota Composition, SCFA Concentrations, and Gene Expression in Pig Intestine
Haenen, D., Zhang, J., Souza da Silva, C., Bosch, G., van der Meer, I. M., van Arkel, J., van den Borne, J. J. G. C., Pérez Gutiérrez, O., Smidt, H., Kemp, B., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.169672 · Cited by 341 · cited 2×
“Previously, RS type 2 has been shown to augment butyrate production[12, 13] and to modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota[5, 14 – 16] typically by increasing the proportions of Bifidobacterium species , Ruminococcus bromii [14, 17] and Eubacterium rectale .”
Microbial production of skatole in the hind gut of pigs given different diets and its relation to skatole deposition in backfat
Jensen, M. T., Cox, R. P., & Jensen, B. B. (1995) · Animal Science · doi:10.1017/s1357729800013837 · Cited by 309
Improvement of Obesity and Glucose Tolerance by Acetate in Type 2 Diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) Rats
YAMASHITA, H., FUJISAWA, K., ITO, E., IDEI, S., KAWAGUCHI, N., KIMOTO, M., HIEMORI, M., & TSUJI, H. (2007) · Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.60668 · Cited by 297 · cited 1×
“[6 – 8] SCFA production depends on the type of ingested DF, the microbiota, the colonic transit time and the colonic pH .”
Starch utilization by the human large intestinal microflora
Macfarlane, G. T., & Englyst, H. N. (1986) · Journal of Applied Bacteriology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01073.x · Cited by 265
Arabinoxylan fibre improves metabolic control in people with Type II diabetes
Lu, Z. X., Walker, K., Muir, J., & O’Dea, K. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601857 · Cited by 258
Acetate-producing bifidobacteria protect the host from enteropathogenic infection via carbohydrate transporters
Fukuda, S., Toh, H., Taylor, T. D., Ohno, H., & Hattori, M. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.21214 · Cited by 257 · cited 1×
“Acetate production by Bifidobacterium confers protection against gastrointestinal pathogens[58, 59] and it may be consumed by butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut.”
Background
Effect of resistant starch on colonic fermentation, bile acid metabolism, and mucosal proliferation
van Munster, I. P., Tangerman, A., & Nagengast, F. M. (1994) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02087431 · Cited by 247 · cited 1×
“Previously, RS type 2 has been shown to augment butyrate production[12, 13] and to modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota[5, 14 – 16] typically by increasing the proportions of Bifidobacterium species , Ruminococcus bromii [14, 17] and Eubacterium rectale .”
Phylotypes related to Ruminococcus bromii are abundant in the large bowel of humans and increase in response to a diet high in resistant starch
Abell, G. C. J., Cooke, C. M., Bennett, C. N., Conlon, M. A., & McOrist, A. L. (2008) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00527.x · Cited by 239 · cited 1×
“Previously, RS type 2 has been shown to augment butyrate production[12, 13] and to modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota[5, 14–16] typically by increasing the proportions of Bifidobacterium species, Ruminococcus bromii[14, 17] and Eubacterium rectale.”
Background
The intestinal microbiota in aged mice is modulated by dietary resistant starch and correlated with improvements in host responses
Tachon, S., Zhou, J., Keenan, M. J., Martin, R. J., & Marco, M. L. (2012) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01475.x · Cited by 212
Arabinoxylan consumption decreases postprandial serum glucose, serum insulin and plasma total ghrelin response in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
Garcia, A. L., Otto, B., Reich, S.-C., Weickert, M. O., Steiniger, J., Machowetz, A., Rudovich, N. N., Möhlig, M., Katz, N., Speth, M., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602525 · Cited by 203
Fluorescent hybridisation combined with flow cytometry and hybridisation of total RNA to analyse the composition of microbial communities in human faeces using 16S rRNA probes
Rigottier‐Gois, L., Bourhis, A.-G. L., Gramet, G., Rochet, V., & Dore, J. M. (2003) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01063.x · Cited by 169 · cited 1×
“[68] Bacteroides, an abundant human gut resident[69] Arabinoxylan, Resistant Starch and SCFA”
Background
Whole-grain rye and wheat foods and markers of bowel health in overweight middle-aged men
McIntosh, G. H., Noakes, M., Royle, P. J., & Foster, P. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.4.967 · Cited by 169 · cited 3×
“[20] It is the main DF component in wheat and rye[20] and has also been shown to enhance SCFA and butyrate production.[3, 21] The proportions of Bacteroides, Prevotella, Roseburia and Bifidobacterium species have been shown to be increased after an AXenriched high-fat diet in mice,[22] whereas AX provided in a whole-g…”
BackgroundInfluential
Diets high in resistant starch and arabinoxylan modulate digestion processes and SCFA pool size in the large intestine and faecal microbial composition in pigs
Nielsen, T. S., Lærke, H. N., Theil, P. K., Sørensen, J. F., Saarinen, M., Forssten, S. D., & Knudsen, K. E. B. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451400302x · Cited by 136 · cited 7×
“[20] Based on the results of Nielsen et al.[15], we speculate that the RS from high-amylose corn starch was responsible for the higher RS levels found in the faeces after HCD consumption.”
Influential
Cornstarch fermentation by the colonic microbial community yields more butyrate than does cabbage fiber fermentation; cornstarch fermentation rates correlate negatively with methanogenesis
Weaver, G. A., Krause, J., Miller, T., & Wolin, M. J. (1992) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.1.70 · Cited by 133
Nutrition, the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome
Kovatcheva‐Datchary, P., & Arora, T. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.017 · Cited by 122
Rye Bread Enhances the Production and Plasma Concentration of Butyrate but Not the Plasma Concentrations of Glucose and Insulin in Pigs
Knudsen, K. E. B., Serena, A., Kjær, A. K. B., Jørgensen, H. J. H., & Engberg, R. M. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.7.1696 · Cited by 115 · cited 1×
“[3, 21] The proportions of Bacteroides , Pre-votella , Roseburia and Bifidobacterium species have been shown to be increased after an AX-enriched high-fat diet in mice,[22] whereas AX provided in a whole-grain rye diet in a human intervention study failed to show changes in the microbiota.”
Effects of concentrated arabinoxylan and β-glucan compared with refined wheat and whole grain rye on glucose and appetite in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomized study
Hartvigsen, M. L., Gregersen, S., Lærke, H. N., Holst, J. J., Knudsen, K. E. B., & Hermansen, K. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.236 · Cited by 104
Intake of Whole-Grain and Fiber-Rich Rye Bread Versus Refined Wheat Bread Does Not Differentiate Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Finnish Adults with Metabolic Syndrome
Lappi, J., Salojärvi, J., Kolehmainen, M., Mykkänen, H. M., Poutanen, K. S., de Vos, W. M., & Salonen, A. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.172668 · Cited by 102
Short health scale: A valid, reliable, and responsive instrument for subjective health assessment in Crohnʼs disease
Stjernman, H., Grännö, C., Järnerot, G., Ockander, L., Tysk, C., Blomberg, B., Ström, M., & Hjortswang, H. (2007) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.20255 · Cited by 90 · cited 1×
“An internally validated questionnaire based on verified scoring systems and rating scales[31 – 34] was used to assess general wellbeing and gastrointestinal symptoms.”
Analysis of raw goat milk microbiota: Impact of stage of lactation and lysozyme on microbial diversity
McInnis, E. A., Kalanetra, K. M., Mills, D. A., & Maga, E. A. (2014) · Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.fm.2014.07.021 · Cited by 88 · cited 1×
“The 16S rRNA V4 region was amplified by PCR using the barcoded F515 forward primer and R806.[39, 40] Amplification was performed using Ex Taq DNA Polymerase (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan) for 30 cycles of 94°C for 45 seconds, 54°C for 60 seconds, and 72°C for 30 seconds.”
Resistant starch and arabinoxylan augment SCFA absorption, but affect postprandial glucose and insulin responses differently
Ingerslev, A. K., Theil, P. K., Hedemann, M. S., Lærke, H. N., & Knudsen, K. E. B. (2014) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513004066 · Cited by 82
Arabinoxylan fibre consumption improved glucose metabolism, but did not affect serum adipokines in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
Garcia, A., Steiniger, J., Reich, S., Weickert, M., Harsch, I., Machowetz, A., Mohlig, M., Spranger, J., Rudovich, N., Meuser, F., et al. (2006) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2006-955089 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“[23] Both RS and AX have been found to improve metabolic parameters in humans,[24 – 26] but there is little knowledge of how these fibres in combination influence the microbiome and SCFA production in predia-betic subjects, i.e. those with MetS.”
ESTIMATING SAMPLE SIZES FOR CONTINUOUS, BINARY, AND ORDINAL OUTCOMES IN PAIRED COMPARISONS: PRACTICAL HINTS
Julious, S. A., Campbell, M. J., & Altman, D. G. (1999) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1081/bip-100101174 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“The power calculation was done using software developed by Schoenfeld[48] and by formulas given by Julious et al.[49] The total number of subjects needed to obtain a statistical power of 90% for a type I error of 5% in a crossover trial was calculated to be 13.”
Method
Impact of Dietary Fiber Fermentation from Cereal Grains on Metabolite Production by the Fecal Microbiota from Normal Weight and Obese Individuals
Yang, J., Keshavarzian, A., & Rose, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2012.0292 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“[54] The capacity of DF to promote Bifidobacterium has been found in many studies.[14, 15, 55] Bifidobacterium is a saccharolytic bacterium that produces acetate and lactic acid as a result of fermentative growth.”
Background
An arabinoxylan-rich fraction from wheat enhances caecal fermentation and protects colonocyte DNA against diet-induced damage in pigs
Belobrajdic, D. P., Bird, A. R., Conlon, M. A., Williams, B. A., Kang, S., McSweeney, C. S., Zhang, D., Bryden, W. L., Gidley, M. J., & Topping, D. L. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511004338 · Cited by 48 · cited 2×
“[15, 30] However, a concentrate of AX from wheat has been demonstrated not to affect the colonic butyrate concentration or the caecal digesta butyrate pool in pigs.[65] The reasons for these differences in butyrate response among these studies cannot be determined with certainty but may potentially be related to the m…”
Background
Synergistic effects of Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 and selected prebiotics on inhibition of Salmonella colonization in the swine proximal colon PolyFermS model
Tanner, S. A., Chassard, C., Zihler, A., & Lacroix, C. (2014) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-014-0044-y · Cited by 46
Colonic Production of Butyrate in Patients with Previous Colonic Cancer during Long-Term Treatment with Dietary Fibre (Plantago ovataSeeds)
Nordgaard, I., Hove, H., Clausen, M. R., & Mortensen, P. B. (1996) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365529609003122 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“Based on a Danish study population treated with approximately 18 g of dietary fibre (Plantago ovata seeds) for 4 weeks,[47] we anticipated that the standard deviation of the mean difference in butyrate concentrations between the diets would be 7.”
Method
Selection of a Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Strain with a Decreased Ability To Produce Acetic Acid
Margollés, A., & Sánchez, B. (2012) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00129-12 · Cited by 35
Resistant Starch. Proceedings for the 2nd plenary meeting of EURESTA: European FLAIR Concerted Action No. 11 on physiological implications of the consumption of resistant starch in man. Crete, 29 May-2 June 1991.
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 25
Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Significant Bacterial Diversity of Botrytized Wine
Bokulich, N. A., Joseph, C. M. L., Allen, G., Benson, A. K., & Mills, D. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036357 · Cited by 25 · cited 1×
“The 16S rRNA V4 region was amplified by PCR using the barcoded F515 forward primer and R806.[39, 40] Amplification was performed using Ex Taq DNA Polymerase (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan) for 30 cycles of 94°C for 45 seconds, 54°C for 60 seconds, and 72°C for 30 seconds.”
Adherence to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations in a Nordic population with metabolic syndrome: high salt consumption and low dietary fibre intake (The SYSDIET study)
Jonsdottir, S. E., Brader, L., Gunnarsdóttir, I., Magnúsdóttir, Ó. K., Schwab, U., Kolehmainen, M., Risérus, U., Herzig, K., Cloetens, L., Helgegren, H., et al. (2013) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21391 · Cited by 18 · cited 1×
“[66] Still, Jonsdottir et al.[67] found a mean DF intake of 22 g/d in a Nordic population with MetS, which is similar to the reported baseline intake among the subjects reported here.”
Result

Sorted by citations

Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health
Blaak, E. E., Canfora, E. E., Theis, S., Frost, G., Groen, A. K., Mithieux, G., Nauta, A., Scott, K., Stahl, B., van Harsselaar, J., et al. (2020) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2020.0057 · Cited by 1,103
“Of note, an increased saccharolytic fermentation in the distal colon may also decrease microbial products derived from proteolytic fermentation (Hald et al. , 2016), such as the branched SCFA isobutyrate and isovalerate, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide.”
Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis
Portincasa, P., Bonfrate, L., Vacca, M., Angelis, M. D., Farella, I., Lanza, E., Khalil, M., Wang, D. Q. ‐., Sperandio, M., & Ciaula, A. D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031105 · Cited by 1,053
“[117] investigated, in MetS subjects, the effects of arabinoxylan (from whole grain rye and wheat bran) and resistant starch type 2 (from raw potato starch and maize starch) on intestinal microbiota and also included a specific focus onto SCFAs.”
Background
Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation
Bach Knudsen, K. E., Lærke, H. N., Hedemann, M. S., Nielsen, T. S., Ingerslev, A. K., Gundelund Nielsen, D. S., Theil, P. K., Purup, S., Hald, S., Schioldan, A. G., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101499 · Cited by 572
“AX + RS Human MetS Faecal SCFA ↑ Faecal butyrate ↑ MCP1 ↓ IL-23A ↓ F-calprotectin ↓ [50,52]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Aspects of Gut Microbiota and Immune System Interactions in Infectious Diseases, Immunopathology, and Cancer
Lazăr, V., Diţu, L.-M., Pîrcălăbioru, G. G., Gheorghe, I., Curuțiu, C., Holban, A. M., Picu, A. A., Petcu, L. M., & Chifiriuc, M. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01830 · Cited by 552
Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
Yang, Q., Liang, Q., Balakrishnan, B., Belobrajdic, D. P., Feng, Q.-J., & Zhang, W. Y. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020381 · Cited by 487
“Arabinoxylan Hald et al. (2016) Arabinoxylan (AX)-enriched diet (whole-grain rye and enzyme-treated wheat bran) for 4 weeks and baseline as reference/clinical trials (24 subjects: 39–75 years with metabolic syndrome) [174] ↑ ↓ Arabinoxylan (AX)-enriched diet (whole-grain rye and enzyme-treated…”
Method

See all 181

Authors: Hald, S., Schioldan, A. G., Moore, M. E., Dige, A., Lærke, H. N., Agnholt, J., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Hermansen, K., Marco, M. L., Gregersen, S., & Dahlerup, J. F.
Affiliations: Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
University of California, Davis (US)
Aarhus University (DK)
Corresponding author: Hald, Stine
Schioldan, Anne Grethe
ORCID: Hald, Stine
Moore, Mary E.
Dige, Anders
Lærke, Helle Nygaard
Agnholt, Jørgen
Hermansen, Kjeld
Marco, Maria L.
Gregersen, Søren
Dahlerup, Jens F.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2016-07-19
Volume: 11
Issue: 7
Pages: e0159223
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159223
PMC: PMC4951149
OpenAlex: W2501184989
Cited by: 180
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8
FWCI: 4.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: The Danish Strategic Research Council (10-093526)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
Keywords: arabinoxylan, dietary fiber, metabolic syndrome, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, Bifidobacterium, gut dysbiosis, butyrate, acetate, protein fermentation, Western diet
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Aged, Bifidobacterium, Dietary Fiber, Energy Metabolism, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Starch, Xylans, Cross-Over Studies, Metabolic Syndrome, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota

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Effects of Arabinoxylan and Resistant Starch on Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Crossover Study

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