Direct and transgenerational effects of low doses of perinatal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on social behaviors in mice
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Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disrupting chemical commonly used as a plasticizer in medical equipment, food packaging, flooring, and children's toys. DEHP exposure during early development has been associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children. In animal models, early exposure to DEHP results in abnormal development of the reproductive system as well as altered behavior and neurodevelopment. Based on these data, we hypothesized that developmental exposure to DEHP would decrease social interactions and increase anxiety-like behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner, and that the effects would persist over generations. C57BL/6J mice consumed one of three DEHP doses (0, 5, 40, and 400 μg/kg body weight) throughout pregnancy and during the first ten days of lactation. The two higher doses yielded detectable levels of DEHP metabolites in serum. Pairs of mice from control, low, and high DEHP doses were bred to create three dose lineages in the third generation (F3). Average anogenital index (AGI: anogenital distance/body weight) was decreased in F1 males exposed to the low dose of DEHP and in F1 females exposed to the highest dose. In F1 mice, juvenile pairs from the two highest DEHP dose groups displayed fewer socially investigative behaviors and more exploratory behaviors as compared with control mice. The effect of DEHP on these behaviors was reversed in F3 mice as compared with F1 mice. F1 mice exposed to low and medium DEHP doses spent more time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze than controls, indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. The generation-dependent effects on behavior and AGI suggest complex mechanisms by which DEHP directly impacts reproductive and neurobehavioral development and influences germline-inherited traits.
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DEHP exposure during pregnancy and lactation alters the expression of pituitary hormones and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-related stress hormones across generations, accompanied by social behavioral abnormalities in descendants that were not directly exposed.
“In the case of phthalates, DEHP exposure during pregnancy and lactation alters the expression of pituitary hormones and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis-related stress hormones across generations, and this is accompanied by social behavioral abnormalities in descendants that were not directly exposed (Hatcher et al., 2019; Quinnies et al., 2017).”
From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Quinnies et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Quinnies, K. M., Harris, E. P., Snyder, R. W., Sumner, S. S., & Rissman, E. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- RTI International (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rissman, Emilie F.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-02-15
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0171977
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5310861
- OpenAlex
- W2589065559
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES022759)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- DEHP, endocrine disruptors, perinatal exposure, transgenerational effects, social behavior, anxiety-like behavior, reproductive development, neurobehavioral development, dose-dependent effects, plasticizers, elevated plus maze
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Body Weight, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Social Behavior, Maze Learning, Maternal Exposure, Models, Animal, Mice
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