Cited by 319Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorSexual Differentiation and Disorders

Gestational Exposure to Bisphenol A Produces Transgenerational Changes in Behaviors and Gene Expression

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Wolstenholme, Jennifer T., Edwards, Michelle, Shetty, Savera R. J., Gatewood, Jessica D., Taylor, Julia A., Rissman, Emilie F., Connelly, Jessica J.·2012·Endocrinology

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a plasticizer and an endocrine-disrupting chemical. It is present in a variety of products used daily including food containers, paper, and dental sealants and is now widely detected in human urine and blood. Exposure to BPA during development may affect brain organization and behavior, perhaps as a consequence of its actions as a steroid hormone agonist/antagonist and/or an epigenetic modifier. Here we show that BPA produces transgenerational alterations in genes and behavior. Female mice received phytoestrogen-free chow with or without BPA before mating and throughout gestation. Plasma levels of BPA in supplemented dams were in a range similar to those measured in humans. Juveniles in the first generation exposed to BPA in utero displayed fewer social interactions as compared with control mice, whereas in later generations (F2 and F4), the effect of BPA was to increase these social interactions. Brains from embryos (embryonic d 18.5) exposed to BPA had lower gene transcript levels for several estrogen receptors, oxytocin, and vasopressin as compared with controls; decreased vasopressin mRNA persisted into the F4 generation, at which time oxytocin was also reduced but only in males. Thus, exposure to a low dose of BPA, only during gestation, has immediate and long-lasting, transgenerational effects on mRNA in brain and social behaviors. Heritable effects of an endocrine-disrupting chemical have implications for complex neurological diseases and highlight the importance of considering gene-environment interactions in the etiology of complex disease.

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Crossref · 10.1210/en.2012-1195

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  • BPA alters AVP and OT neuron numbers and innervation of sexually dimorphic regions associated with social and aggressive behaviors in multiple species, and is anxiogenic in multiple species.

    “Altered AVP and OT neuron numbers and innervation of sexually dimorphic regions associated with social and aggressive behaviors in multiple species; anxiogenic in multiple species”

    From Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as [65]

    The gene-expression results report altered Avp and Oxt mRNA in mouse brains, but the Discussion says the authors were still assessing which neuron subpopulations BPA affects; it does not establish changes in neuron numbers or innervation. The background mentions anxiety findings in mice and children, but the paper’s own elevated-plus-maze results state that gestational BPA did not alter anxiety-like behavior in any generation. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • AVP levels were decreased in F4 embryos of both sexes, albeit to a lesser degree, following BPA exposure.

    “AVP levels were also decreased in the F4 embryos of both sexes albeit to a lesser degree (64, 65).”

    From Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as [65]

    The section on transgenerational effects reports significantly decreased Avp expression in F4 embryonic brains from the BPA lineage, with no sex difference. It does not establish that the decrease was smaller than in F1 embryos. The measurement was Avp gene expression, not AVP protein levels. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • In C57BL/6J mice, gestational BPA exposure (dams on approximately 170 μg/kg bw diet) produced social deficits, particularly in females, coinciding with decreased AVP mRNA in whole embryonic brains of ED18.5 siblings of both sexes.

    “Mice reared on a diet delivering approximately 170 µg/kg bw BPA (to the dams) during gestation displayed social deficits, particularly in females, that coincided with a decrease in AVP mRNA expression levels in whole embryonic brains obtained from their ED18.5 siblings (both sexes).”

    From Endocrine Disruption of Vasopressin Systems and Related Behaviors (2017) · cites this paper as [65]

    The Animals section (page unavailable) identifies C57BL/6J mice given 5 mg BPA/kg diet, and the qPCR results report lower Avp mRNA in E18.5 embryonic brains without a sex effect. The paper does not give the claimed approximately 170 µg/kg body-weight dose. Its juvenile social-interaction results find no sex-by-diet interaction, while its social-preference results show reduced preference in BPA-exposed males rather than females; thus “particularly in females” is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Reduced OT mRNA expression was observed in F4 male mice following BPA exposure.

    “Reduced OT mRNA expression was observed in the F4 males.”
  • Reduced expression of estrogen receptor, oxytocin, and vasopressin in the brain were observed in mice in the BPA lineages.

    “Reduced expression of estrogen receptor, oxytocin, and vasopressin in the brain were observed and postulated to underlie the deficits in behavior of mice in the BPA lineages [ 148 ].”

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Authors
Wolstenholme, J. T., Edwards, M., Shetty, S. R. J., Gatewood, J. D., Taylor, J. A., Rissman, E. F., & Connelly, J. J.
Affiliations
  • Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (J.T.W., M.E., S.R.J.S., J.D.G., E.F.R.)
  • University of Missouri (US)
  • University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author
Rissman, Emilie F.
Venue
Endocrinology
Published
2012-06-15
Volume
153
Issue
8
Pages
3828-3838
ISSN
  • 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7170
OpenAlex
W2124958203
Cited by
319
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 8
FWCI
22.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Autism Speaks (AS4802)
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH086711)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (F32ES019404)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Keywords
bisphenol A, endocrine disruptors, transgenerational effects, prenatal exposure, social behavior, estrogen receptor, oxytocin, vasopressin, brain gene expression, epigenetic modifications, gene-environment interaction, developmental neurotoxicity
MeSH terms
Bisphenol A Compounds, Animals, Benzhydryl Compounds, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Phenols, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Social Behavior, Gene Expression, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Mice, Endocrine Disruptors, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

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