A yoga program for cognitive enhancement
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that yoga practice may improve cognitive functioning. Although preliminary data indicate that yoga improves working memory (WM), high-resolution information about the type of WM subconstructs, namely maintenance and manipulation, is not available. Furthermore, the association between cognitive enhancement and improved mindfulness as a result of yoga practice requires empirical examination. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of a brief yoga program on WM maintenance, WM manipulation and attentive mindfulness. METHODS: Measures of WM (Digit Span Forward, Backward, and Sequencing, and Letter-Number Sequencing) were administered prior to and following 6 sessions of yoga (N = 43). Additionally, the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale was administered to examine the potential impact of yoga practice on mindfulness, as well as the relationships among changes in WM and mindfulness. RESULTS: Analyses revealed significant improvement from pre- to post- training assessment on both maintenance WM (Digit Span Forward) and manipulation WM (Digit Span Backward and Letter-Number Sequencing). No change was found on Digit Span Sequencing. Improvement was also found on mindfulness scores. However, no correlation was observed between mindfulness and WM measures. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-session yoga program was associated with improvement on manipulation and maintenance WM measures as well as enhanced mindfulness scores. Additional research is needed to understand the extent of yoga-related cognitive enhancement and mechanisms by which yoga may enhance cognition, ideally by utilizing randomized controlled trials and more comprehensive neuropsychological batteries.
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Digit Span is a well validated assessment with established norms and has been shown to be sensitive to change in a study using a yoga intervention.
“Digit Span is a well validated assessment with established norms and has been shown to be sensitive to change in a study using a yoga intervention [46].”
From A randomized controlled trial of yoga vs nonaerobic exercise for veterans with PTSD: Understanding efficacy, mechanisms of change, and mode of delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
The Results (Preliminary moderator analyses; page unavailable) report significant improvement in Digit Span Forward, Backward, and Total scores after the yoga program, supporting sensitivity to change in that study. The Measures section describes Forward and Backward as having very good psychometric properties, but notes weaknesses in Sequencing; our copy does not establish norms for Digit Span. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Simard, M., Lepage, C., Gaudet, I., Paquette, N., Doussau, A., Poirier, N. C., Beauchamp, M. H., Côté, S. M., Pinchefsky, E. F., Brossard‐Racine, M., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079407 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A literature review on behavioral attributes of yoga postures and cognition
Gupta, A., & Gupta, R. K. (2021) · Yoga Mimamsa · doi:10.4103/ym.ym_62_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Resilience and mind-body interventions in late-life depression
Oughli, H. A. (2022) · Current Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/cp.0308 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kamaraj, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development · doi:10.37506/ijphrd.v11i6.9738 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Role of Yoga and Spirituality in Stroke Rehabilitation
Sanchetee, P. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.106903 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Subalakshmi, S., Mahendran, R., Arthi, D., Saranya, S., Mohan, R., & Mary, J. J. F. (2025) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2005_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of Yoga and Physical Exercise on Adolescent Development and Learning: A Randomized Trial
Pandey, M., & Behera, N. (2025) · Improving Schools · doi:10.1177/13654802251403889 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Özşimşek, A., Terzi, M., Özpınar, S., Koç, S., & Yuluğ, B. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14162553 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effects of a Yoga Intervention on Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Edwards, E. A. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/f9d6-e5af · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tele-Yoga and Its Implications for Digital Health-Emerging Trends in Health and Wellness
Verma, P., Rain, M., & Singh, G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2851-0_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The effect of super brain yoga on the cognitive function of hemodialysis patients
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Effect of yogic breathing practice on all-round well-being of teenagers
Subramanian, S., Saisudha, B., & Kanchibhotla, D. (2025) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045251315210 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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When should pharmacological cognitive enhancers be used?
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The Effect of Yoga on Basic Cognitive Functions in Children with ADHD: A Three-Month Follow-up Study
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Neuroscience of Yoga for Mood and Cognitive Disorders of Aging
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- Authors
- Brunner, D., Abramovitch, A., & Etherton, J.
- Affiliations
- Texas State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brunner, Devon
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-08-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0182366
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5544241
- OpenAlex
- W2744169927
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Texas State University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- yoga, cognitive enhancement, working memory, working memory maintenance, mindful attention, mindfulness, digit span, letter-number sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Yoga, Young Adult, Self Report, Mindfulness
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