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Influence of COVID-19 confinement on students’ performance in higher education
Open accessAbstract
This study analyzes the effects of COVID-19 confinement on the autonomous learning performance of students in higher education. Using a field experiment with 458 students from three different subjects at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain), we study the differences in assessments by dividing students into two groups. The first group (control) corresponds to academic years 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. The second group (experimental) corresponds to students from 2019/2020, which is the group of students that had their face-to-face activities interrupted because of the confinement. The results show that there is a significant positive effect of the COVID-19 confinement on students' performance. This effect is also significant in activities that did not change their format when performed after the confinement. We find that this effect is significant both in subjects that increased the number of assessment activities and subjects that did not change the student workload. Additionally, an analysis of students' learning strategies before confinement shows that students did not study on a continuous basis. Based on these results, we conclude that COVID-19 confinement changed students' learning strategies to a more continuous habit, improving their efficiency. For these reasons, better scores in students' assessment are expected due to COVID-19 confinement that can be explained by an improvement in their learning performance.
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“Our results then seem to confirm, at a larger scale, those of Gonzalez et al. (2020) in a different university in Madrid.”
From Emergency remote teaching and students’ academic performance in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study (2021) · cites this paper as Gonzalez et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“As mentioned in Section 6, while counter-intuitive, this result confirms, across a larger number of courses, the findings of Gonzalez et al. (2020) in a very similar albeit smaller context.”
From Emergency remote teaching and students’ academic performance in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study (2021) · cites this paper as Gonzalez et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“At the university level, in a single university, for 458 students in STEM faculties, learning outcomes actually improved (Gonzalez et al., 2020).”
From Learning loss during Covid-19: An early systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Gonzalez et al. (2020)
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“For instance, one study looked into the quality and usefulness of from-home schooling during the pandemic [1].”
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“under the assumption that individual differences in such responses have had sizable consequences on performance and, more broadly, on their wellbeing (Gonzalez et al., 2020; Pilotti et al., 2022).”
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“mance in ERT conditions compared to in-person [9, 11].”
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“Previous literature has proven that older students’ performance has improved at other educational levels, such as university (Gonzalez et al. 2020), and the skills they have gathered throughout their lives will help them be competent pandemic immigrants.”
BackgroundSmelkova, I. Y., Николаевна, Т. Е., Александровна, Г. С., & Krasnova, I. A. (2021) · Perspectives of science and education · doi:10.32744/pse.2021.5.9 · Cited by 6
Optimization of Students’ Performance Prediction through an Iterative Model of Frustration Severity
Ahmad, S., Aoun, N. B., ELAffendi, M. A., Anwar, M. S., Abbas, S., & El‐Latif, A. A. A. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/3183492 · Cited by 4
“Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the educational institutions were swapped to E-learning which brought significant changes in students’ social and academic life, including weak and excellent ones [20].”
BackgroundUniversity Student’s Experiences with Online Synchronous Learning during Covid-19
Rasto, R., Muhidin, S. A., Inayati, T., & Marsofiyati, M. (2021) · Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (JPEB) · doi:10.21009/jpeb.009.1.4 · Cited by 6
COVID-19 Pandemic and Internet Traffic in Poland: Evidence from Selected Regional Networks
Karpowicz, M. (2021) · Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology · doi:10.26636/jtit.2021.154721 · Cited by 4
“For a related study of remote learning strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic, see also [4].”
BackgroundCovid-19 is (Probably) Not an Exogenous Shock or Valid InstrumentPreprint
Clement, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4778282 · Cited by 4
Görgülü, D. (2025) · Educational Point · doi:10.71176/edup/16452 · Cited by 3
“…self-confidence in using technology, enhanced skills in digital content creation, improved flexibility in technology use, and the development of digital collaboration and communication abilities (Almaiah et al., 2020; Dhawan, 2020; Gonzalez et al., 2020; Means & Neisler, 2020; Trust & Whalen, 2020).”
Hybrid/blended learning approach in higher education institutions (HEIs): a bibliometric analysis
Akhil, M. P., & Lathabhavan, R. (2025) · The Learning Organization · doi:10.1108/tlo-01-2023-0016 · Cited by 6
Hong, W., Pallath, V., Adams, D., Lee, Y. K., Tan, K. M., & Foong, C. C. (2022) · Education in Medicine Journal · doi:10.21315/eimj2022.14.3.8 · Cited by 3
The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Academic Performance of Nursing Students
Agbo, J. J., Onayemi, T. O., & Edo, G. I. (2022) · Social Education Research · doi:10.37256/ser.4120232043 · Cited by 3
Girona, M. T. M., & Dean, C. (2023) · Perspectiva educacional · doi:10.4151/07189729-vol.62-iss.2-art.1404 · Cited by 3
Pilotti, M., Alaoui, K. E., Khan, R., & Abdelsalam, H. (2023) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-023-00059-6 · Cited by 6
“Not surprisingly, evidence exists that students changed the way they approached studying, adopting a more continuous commitment to learning activities [27].”
BackgroundOpening the fan: Chinese postgraduate dance student’s experience in New Zealand
Buck, R., Snook, B. H., & Hong-mei, Q. (2021) · Research in Dance Education · doi:10.1080/14647893.2021.1940125 · Cited by 3
“Gonzalez et al. (2020) draw attention to the fact that popular remote collaborative tools that can be used are ‘private 236 R.”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 pandemic on assessment of medical students: a student’s perspective
Mohsenabadi, M., & Karami, S. (2021) · Research in Medical Education · doi:10.52547/rme.13.2.1 · Cited by 3
Using Gamification and Andragogy Principle in Mobile Online Discussion to Improve User Engagement
Azis, A. L., Nuzulismah, R. S., Sensuse, D. I., Suryono, R. R., & Kautsarina, K. (2021) · International Conference on ICT for Rural Development (IC-ICTRuDev) · doi:10.1109/ic-ictrudev50538.2021.9656510 · Cited by 3
Mekonnen, G. T., Beyera, G. K., Tulu, A., & Roba, T. T. (2022) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-022-01485-8 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Gonzalez, T., de la Rubia, M. A., Hincz, K. P., Comas-Lopez, M., Subirats, L., Fort, S., & Sacha, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (ES)
- EURECAT Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Sacha, G. M.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-10-09
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e0239490
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7546684
- OpenAlex
- W3091995338
- Cited by
- 743
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 203 · 2021: 230 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 226.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Erasmus+ Program (2017-1-ES01-KA203-038266)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Education › E-Learning and COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 lockdown, university students, student performance, self-directed learning, learning strategies, assessment performance, student workload, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Pneumonia, Viral, Spain, Students, Medical, Coronavirus Infections, Education, Distance, Young Adult, Pandemics
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