The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Seven Direct Methods for Measuring HDL and LDL Cholesterol Compared with Ultracentrifugation Reference Measurement Procedures
Open accessAbstract
Background: Methods from 7 manufacturers and 1 distributor for directly measuring HDL cholesterol (C) and LDL-C were evaluated for imprecision, trueness, total error, and specificity in nonfrozen serum samples. Methods: We performed each direct method according to the manufacturer’s instructions, using a Roche/Hitachi 917 analyzer, and compared the results with those obtained with reference measurement procedures for HDL-C and LDL-C. Imprecision was estimated for 35 runs performed with frozen pooled serum specimens and triplicate measurements on each individual sample. Sera from 37 individuals without disease and 138 with disease (primarily dyslipidemic and cardiovascular) were measured by each method. Trueness and total error were evaluated from the difference between the direct methods and reference measurement procedures. Specificity was evaluated from the dispersion in differences observed. Results: Imprecision data based on 4 frozen serum pools showed total CVs <3.7% for HDL-C and <4.4% for LDL-C. Bias for the nondiseased group ranged from −5.4% to 4.8% for HDL-C and from −6.8% to 1.1% for LDL-C, and for the diseased group from −8.6% to 8.8% for HDL-C and from −11.8% to 4.1% for LDL-C. Total error for the nondiseased group ranged from −13.4% to 13.6% for HDL-C and from −13.3% to 13.5% for LDL-C, and for the diseased group from −19.8% to 36.3% for HDL-C and from −26.6% to 31.9% for LDL-C. Conclusions: Six of 8 HDL-C and 5 of 8 LDL-C direct methods met the National Cholesterol Education Program total error goals for nondiseased individuals. All the methods failed to meet these goals for diseased individuals, however, because of lack of specificity toward abnormal lipoproteins.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Most discordances in dyslipidemic samples are observed at lower concentration ranges of LDLC (< 1.8 mmol/L) and HDLC (< 1.0 mmol/L) [42].”
From Quantifying atherogenic lipoproteins for lipid-lowering strategies: Consensus-based recommendations from EAS and EFLM (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Direct measurements of dLDLC and dHDLC in normolipidemic samples usually meet the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) total error goals of ≤12% and ≤13%, respectively, but total error ranged from -26% to +32% for dLDLC and -20% to +36% for dHDLC in a comprehensive study of different assays in dyslipidemic samples [42].”
From Quantifying atherogenic lipoproteins for lipid-lowering strategies: Consensus-based recommendations from EAS and EFLM (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It is important to note that direct LDL-C measurements also have limitations, including systematic bias and inaccuracy in patients with dyslipidaemia, especially for high TG levels [88-90].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Abell, L. L., Levy, B. B., Brodie, B. B., & Kendall, F. E. (1952) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50907-3 · Cited by 3,085
Nissen, S. E., Nicholls, S. J., Sipahi, I., Libby, P., Raichlen, J. S., Ballantyne, C. M., Davignon, J., Erbel, R., Fruchart, J. C., Tardif, J.-C., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002 · Cited by 2,047
National Cholesterol Education Program
Lenfant, C. (1991) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400060019005 · Cited by 1,188
Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood
Daniels, S. R., Greer, F. R., & and the Committee on Nutrition (2008) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1349 · Cited by 1,178
Lowe, C. U., Coursin, D. B., Heald, F. P., Holliday, M. A., OʼBrien, D., Owen, G. M., Pearson, H. A., Scriver, C. R., Filer, L. J., & Kline, O. L. (1967) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.40.1.130 · Cited by 478
Nauck, M., Warnick, G. R., & Rifai, N. (2002) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/48.2.236 · Cited by 442
Self-citationHandbook of Lipoprotein Testing
Rifai, N., Warnick, G. R., & Dominiczak, M. H. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 384
Self-citationWarnick, G. R., Nauck, M., & Rifai, N. (2001) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.9.1579 · Cited by 228
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 2009, Clin Chem, 55, 88
- 1999, Preparation and validation of commutable frozen human serum pools as secondary reference materials for cholesterol measurement procedures; approved guideline. CLSI document C37-A
- 1990, Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl, 198, 9
- 1999, Am J Cardiol, 83, 3F
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., et al. (2019) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014 · Cited by 4,854
Sampson, M. L., Ling, C., Sun, Q., Harb, R., Ashmaig, M., Warnick, R., Sethi, A. A., Fleming, J. K., Otvos, J. D., Meeusen, J. W., et al. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0013 · Cited by 593
Self-citationRosenson, R. S., Brewer, H. B., Chapman, M. J., Fazio, S., Hussain, M. M., Kontush, A., Krauss, R. M., Otvos, J. D., Remaley, A. T., & Schaefer, E. J. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.155333 · Cited by 523
Self-citationLDL cholesterol: controversies and future therapeutic directions
Ridker, P. M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61009-6 · Cited by 274
Crimarco, A., Springfield, S., Petlura, C., Streaty, T., Cunanan, K., Lee, J., Fielding-Singh, P., Carter, M. M., Topf, M. A., Wastyk, H. C., et al. (2020) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa203 · Cited by 286
HDL cholesterol: reappraisal of its clinical relevance
März, W., Kleber, M. E., Scharnagl, H., Speer, T., Zewinger, S., Ritsch, A., Parhofer, K. G., von Eckardstein, A., Landmesser, U., & Laufs, U. (2017) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-017-1106-1 · Cited by 275
Davidson, M. H., Ballantyne, C. M., Jacobson, T. A., Bittner, V. A., Braun, L. T., Brown, A. S., Brown, W. V., Cromwell, W. C., Goldberg, R. B., McKenney, J. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.07.005 · Cited by 262
Self-citationLanglois, M. R., Chapman, M. J., Cobbaert, C., Mora, S., Remaley, A. T., Ros, E., Watts, G. F., Borén, J., Baum, H., Bruckert, E., et al. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2018.287037 · Cited by 260
Self-citation2026 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia
Blumenthal, R. S., Morris, P. B., Gaudino, M., Johnson, H. M., Anderson, T. S., Bittner, V. A., Blankstein, R., Brewer, L. C., Cho, L., de Ferranti, S. D., et al. (2026) · JACC · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.11.016 · Cited by 304
Nordestgaard, B. G., Langlois, M. R., Langsted, A., Chapman, M. J., Aakre, K. M., Baum, H., Borén, J., Bruckert, E., Catapano, A., Cobbaert, C., et al. (2020) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.12.005 · Cited by 246
Self-citationLanglois, M. R., Nordestgaard, B. G., Langsted, A., Chapman, M. J., Aakre, K. M., Baum, H., Borén, J., Bruckert, E., Catapano, A., Cobbaert, C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2019-1253 · Cited by 211
“Direct measurements of dLDLC and dHDLC in normolipidemic samples usually meet the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) total error goals of ≤12% and ≤13%, respectively, but total error ranged from −26% to +32% for dLDLC and −20% to +36% for dHDLC in a comprehensive study of different assays in dyslipidemic sa…”
BackgroundSelf-citationNon-HDL-cholesterol in dyslipidemia: Review of the state-of-the-art literature and outlook
Raja, V., Aguíar, C., Al-Sayed, N., Chibber, Y. S., ElBadawi, H., Владиславович, Е. М., Hermans, M. P., Pandey, R. C., Ray, K. K., Tokgözoğlu, L. S., et al. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117312 · Cited by 221
High density lipoproteins: Measurement techniques and potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk
Hafiane, A., & Genest, J. J. (2015) · BBA Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.01.005 · Cited by 204
Lipids and Cerebrovascular Disease: Research and Practice
Yaghi, S., & Elkind, M. S. V. (2015) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.115.011164 · Cited by 176
Diagnostic Criteria for Dyslipidemia
Teramoto, T., Sasaki, J., Ishibashi, S., Birou, S., Daida, H., Dohi, S., Egusa, G., Hiro, T., Hirobe, K., Iida, M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.17152 · Cited by 169
PoLA/CFPiP/PCS/PSLD/PSD/PSH guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of lipid disorders in Poland 2021
Banach, M., Burchardt, P., Chlebus, K., Dobrowolski, P., Dudek, D., Dyrbuś, K., Gąsior, M., Jankowski, P., Jozwiak, J. J., Kłosiewicz−Latoszek, L., et al. (2021) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms/141941 · Cited by 168
Martin, S. S., Giugliano, R. P., Murphy, S. A., Wasserman, S. M., Stein, E. A., Ceška, R., López-Miranda, J., Georgiev, B., Lorenzatti, A. J., Tikkanen, M. J., et al. (2018) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1533 · Cited by 150
“Homogeneousdetergent-based automatedLDL-C assays,whicharesometimesreferredtoasdirectLDL-Cassays,are poorly standardizedandnotoptimized for lowLDL-C levels.(6,7) Toaddress theneed formoreaccurateLDL-Cestimationat ascale thatcouldbeused inroutineclinicalpractice, theMartin/ Hopkinsalgorithmwasdevelopedusingdensitygradie…”
MethodYeang (2015) · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000171 · Cited by 152
Gardner, C. D., Landry, M. J., Perelman, D., Petlura, C., Durand, L. R., Aronica, L., Crimarco, A., Cunanan, K. M., Chang, A., Dant, C. C., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac154 · Cited by 151
Lipoprotein(a) measurement issues: Are we making a mountain out of a molehill?
Kronenberg, F. (2022) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.008 · Cited by 156
Catheter-Based Measurements of Absolute Coronary Blood Flow and Microvascular Resistance
Xaplanteris, P., Fournier, S., Keulards, D. C. J., Adjedj, J., Ciccarelli, G., Milkas, A. N., Pellicano, M., Veer, M. V. ’., Barbato, E., Pijls, N. H. J., et al. (2018) · Circulation Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1161/circinterventions.117.006194 · Cited by 142
Lipids, Lipoproteins, Apolipoproteins, and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Remaley, A. T., Rifai, N., & Warnick, G. R. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6164-9.00027-5 · Cited by 139
Self-citationDoran, B., Guo, Y., Xu, J., WEINTRAUB, H. S., Mora, S., Maron, D. J., & Bangalore, S. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.010001 · Cited by 135
Wilson, P. W. F., Jacobson, T. A., Martin, S. S., Jackson, E. J., Le, N., Davidson, M. H., Vesper, H. W., Frikke‐Schmidt, R., Ballantyne, C. M., & Remaley, A. T. (2021) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.046 · Cited by 134
Self-citationArai, H., Kokubo, Y., Watanabe, M., Sawamura, T., Ito, Y., Minagawa, A., Okamura, T., & Miyamato, Y. (2012) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.14936 · Cited by 134
de Córdova, C. M. M., & de Cordova, M. M. (2012) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/acb.2012.011259 · Cited by 129
Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 · Cited by 8,961
Contois, J. H., Warnick, G. R., & Sniderman, A. D. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.05.004 · Cited by 123
Self-citation2015 Korean Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia: Executive Summary (English Translation)
Committee for the Korean Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia (2016) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2016.46.3.275 · Cited by 123
Cole, T. G., Contois, J. H., Csako, G., McConnell, J. P., Remaley, A. T., Devaraj, S., Hoefner, D. M., Mallory, T., Sethi, A. A., & Warnick, G. R. (2013) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2012.196733 · Cited by 122
Self-citationWriting Committee Members, Blumenthal, R. S., Morris, P. B., Gaudino, M., Johnson, H. M., Anderson, T. S., Bittner, V. A., Blankstein, R., Brewer, L. C., Cho, L., et al. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001423 · Cited by 122
Soffer, D. E., Marston, N. A., Maki, K. C., Jacobson, T. A., Bittner, V. A., Peña, J. M., Thanassoulis, G., Martin, S. S., Kirkpatrick, C. F., Virani, S. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2024.08.013 · Cited by 115
Self-citationvan Deventer, H. E., Miller, W. G., Myers, G. L., Sakurabayashi, I., Bachmann, L. M., Caudill, S. P., Dziekonski, A., Edwards, S., Kimberly, M. M., Korzun, W. J., et al. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.154773 · Cited by 112
“Fueron utilizados los resultados de rc-LDL, rc-HDL, dcLDL, dc-HDL, TG y CT de un estudio anterior (9).”
InfluentialSelf-citationHyperlipoproteinemia Type 3: The Forgotten Phenotype
Hopkins, P. N., Brinton, E. A., & Nanjee, M. N. (2014) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-014-0440-2 · Cited by 91
Measuring LDL-cholesterol: what is the best way to do it?
Wolska, A. T., & Remaley, A. T. (2020) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000740 · Cited by 84
Self-citationMiida, T., Nishimura, K., Okamura, T., Hirayama, S., Ohmura, H., Yoshida, H., Miyashita, Y., Ai, M., Tanaka, A., Sumino, H., et al. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.022 · Cited by 74
Self-citationLanglois, M. R., Descamps, O. S., van der Laarse, A., Weykamp, C., Baum, H., Pulkki, K., von Eckardstein, A., De Bacquer, D., Borén, J., Wiklund, O., et al. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.016 · Cited by 72
“[9,25] and Miida et al.”
Nam, K., Chang, T., Joo, Y. S., Kim, J., Lee, S.-M., Lee, C., Yun, H., Park, J., Yoo, T., Sung, S.-A., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.011162 · Cited by 59
“This could raise a concern about imprecision and bias among various methods for measuring HLD-C.(52) However, all laboratories in our study used the same direct enzymatic assay for the measurement.”
MethodLanglois, M. R., & Sniderman, A. D. (2020) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-020-01323-z · Cited by 69
Willeit, P., Yeang, C., Moriarty, P. M., Tschiderer, L., Varvel, S. A., McConnell, J. P., & Tsimikas, S. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.016318 · Cited by 67
How low is safe? The frontier of very low (<30 mg/dL) LDL cholesterol
Karagiannis, A. D., Mehta, A., Dhindsa, D. S., Virani, S. S., Orringer, C. E., Blumenthal, R. S., Stone, N. J., & Sperling, L. S. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1080 · Cited by 70
LDL-C, NON-HDL-C and APO-B for cardiovascular risk assessment: Looking for the ideal marker
Aggarwal, D. J., Kathariya, G., & Verma, P. (2021) · Indian Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2021.07.013 · Cited by 72
Estimation of Plasma Small Dense LDL Cholesterol From Classic Lipid Measures
Srisawasdi, P., Chaloeysup, S., Teerajetgul, Y., Pocathikorn, A., Sukasem, C., Vanavanan, S., & Kroll, M. H. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/ajcplhjbgg9l3ils · Cited by 65
Oliveira, M. J. A., van Deventer, H. E., Bachmann, L. M., Warnick, G. R., Nakajima, K., Nakamura, M., Sakurabayashi, I., Kimberly, M. M., Shamburek, R. D., Korzun, W. J., et al. (2013) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2013.04.009 · Cited by 64
“Like the direct assays for LDL-C, dHDL-C assays can be affected by various disease conditions and in some cases can have substantial biases compared to rHDL-C [10, 11].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation2015 Korean Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia
Committee for Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia (2015) · Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis · doi:10.12997/jla.2015.4.1.61 · Cited by 65
Lipoproteins in chronic kidney disease: from bench to bedside
Speer, T., Ridker, P. M., von Eckardstein, A., Schunk, S. J., & Fliser, D. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1050 · Cited by 67
Solnica, B., Sygitowicz, G., Sitkiewicz, D., Cybulska, B., Jozwiak, J. J., Odrowąż‐Sypniewska, G., & Banach, M. (2020) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2020.93253 · Cited by 63
“Due to considerable methodological variability, direct methods of LDL-C determination differ in accuracy (traceability to the reference method) and precision of assays [43].”
BackgroundHDL Dysfunctionality: Clinical Relevance of Quality Rather Than Quantity
Bonizzi, A., Piuri, G., Corsi, F., Cazzola, R., & Mazzucchelli, S. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9070729 · Cited by 71
Best practice for LDL-cholesterol: when and how to calculate
Martins, J., Steyn, N., Rossouw, H. M., & Pillay, T. S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp-2022-208480 · Cited by 61
“12 With mild hypertri-glyceridaemia >4.5 mmol/L direct LDL assays become less reliable, potentially affecting CVD risk estimation and treatment decisions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStandardization of Apolipoprotein B, LDL‐Cholesterol, and Non‐HDL‐Cholesterol
Contois, J. H., Langlois, M. R., Cobbaert, C. M., & Sniderman, A. D. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.030405 · Cited by 57
Measurement of LDL-C after treatment with the CETP inhibitor anacetrapib
Davidson, M., Liu, S. X., Barter, P., Brinton, E. A., Cannon, C. P., Gotto, A. M., Leary, E. T., Shah, S., Stepanavage, M., Mitchel, Y., et al. (2013) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m032615 · Cited by 56
Self-citationSamuel, C., Park, J.-S., Sajja, A. P., Michos, E. D., Blumenthal, R. S., Jones, S. R., & Martin, S. S. (2023) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.1214 · Cited by 59
Lee, J., Jang, S., & Son, H. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148147 · Cited by 56
“have compared and analyzed various homogenous assays with β-quantification [22].”
BackgroundGalimberti, F., Casula, M., & Olmastroni, E. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106873 · Cited by 63
Sandhu, P. K., Musaad, S. M. A., Remaley, A. T., Buehler, S. S., Strider, S., Derzon, J. H., Vesper, H. W., Ranne, A., Shaw, C. S., & Christenson, R. H. (2016) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1373/jalm.2016.021006 · Cited by 55
“…a well-characterized analyte, it has the potential of being standardized and linked to the International System of Units (SI system), which is not possible with LDL-C, which is often only indirectly measured and harmonized to a thoroughly characterized ultracentrifugation method (16, 33, 60, 61).”
Self-citationHomogeneous Assays for LDL-C and HDL-C are Reliable in Both the Postprandial and Fasting State
Miida, T., Nishimura, K., Hirayama, S., Miyamoto, Y., Nakamura, M., Masuda, D., Yamashita, S., Ushiyama, M., Komori, T., Fujita, N., et al. (2017) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.40006 · Cited by 55
“We speculate that the measurement errors recorded by Miller et al.10, 11) might have been accidentally exaggerated for the following reasons.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTanno, K., Okamura, T., Ohsawa, M., Onoda, T., Itai, K., Sakata, K., Nakamura, M., Ogawa, A., Kawamura, K., & Okayama, A. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.034 · Cited by 52
“Most homogeneous assays have met the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) total error goals for nondiseased individuals in a fasting state compared with β-quantification [8,9].”
MethodSelf-citationUpdate on the laboratory investigation of dyslipidemias
Ramasamy, I. (2018) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2018.01.015 · Cited by 50
Comparison of equations for the calculation of LDL-cholesterol in hospitalized patients
Martins, J., Olorunju, S. A. S., Murray, L., & Pillay, T. S. (2015) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2015.01.037 · Cited by 51
“Furthermore, direct methods show poor performance with high triglyceride (TG) levels [4–6].”
BackgroundAccuracy of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol estimation at very low levels
Quispe, R., Hendrani, A. D., Elshazly, M. B., Michos, E. D., McEvoy, J. W., Blaha, M. J., Banach, M., Kulkarni, K. R., Toth, P. P., Coresh, J., et al. (2017) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0852-2 · Cited by 50
More accurate LDL-C calculation: Externally validated, guideline endorsed
Brownstein, A. J., & Martin, S. S. (2020) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.030 · Cited by 48
Stepman, H. C. M., Tiikkainen, U., Stöckl, D., Vesper, H. W., Edwards, S. H., Laitinen, H., Pelanti, J., & Thienpont, L. M. (2014) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2013.220376 · Cited by 46
Self-citationMiida, T., Nishimura, K., Okamura, T., Hirayama, S., Ohmura, H., Yoshida, H., Miyashita, Y., Ai, M., Tanaka, A., Sumino, H., et al. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.033 · Cited by 43
“conducted a similar study of homogenous assays for HDL-C where they also examined the accuracy of homogeneous assays for LDL-C [12].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationReliability of Calculated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Meeusen, J. W., Snozek, C. L. H., Baumann, N. A., Jaffe, A. S., & Saenger, A. K. (2015) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.013 · Cited by 42
ApoB in clinical care: Pro and Con
Sniderman, A. D., & Robinson, J. G. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.001 · Cited by 40
Ouchi, G., Komiya, I., Taira, S., Wakugami, T., & Ohya, Y. (2022) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-021-01612-8 · Cited by 40
“LDL-C was measured via the direct homogenized method [15, 16].”
MethodDysfunctional high-density lipoprotein: an updated review
Ouyang, F. W., Chiang, H., Hsu, W., Tsai, M.-H., Huang, C.-Y., Remaley, A. T., Akyol, Ö., & Chen, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1713387 · Cited by 40
Self-citationLu, S., Yu, T., Wang, Y., Liang, L., Chen, Y., Xu, F., & Wang, S. (2017) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c7an00847c · Cited by 39
Commutability and traceability in EQA programs
Badrick, T. C., Punyalack, W., & Graham, P. (2018) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.04.018 · Cited by 38
Dietary vitamin E and fat intake are related to Beck's depression score
Banikazemi, Z., Mokhber, N., Safarian, M., Mazidi, M., Mirzaei, H., Esmaily, H., Azarpazhooh, M. R., Taleghani, F., Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M., & Ferns, G. A. (2015) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2014.12.001 · Cited by 39
“Serum lipid and fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations were measured by enzymatic methods [16].”
MethodBanach, M., Burchardt, P., Chlebus, K., Dobrowolski, P., Dudek, D., Dyrbuś, K., Gąsior, M., Jankowski, P., Jozwiak, J. J., Kłosiewicz−Latoszek, L., et al. (2021) · Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0015.4805 · Cited by 36
Evaluation of twelve formulas for LDL-C estimation in a large, blinded, random Italian population.
Piani, F., Cicero, A. F. G., Ventura, F., Dormi, A., Fogacci, F., Patrono, D., Mancini, R., Ramazzotti, E., Borghi, C., D’Addato, S., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.02.009 · Cited by 35
LDL cholesterol performance of beta quantification reference measurement procedure
Nakamura, M., Kayamori, Y., Iso, H., Kitamura, A., Kiyama, M., Koyama, I., Nishimura, K., Nakai, M., Noda, H., Dasti, M., et al. (2014) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.018 · Cited by 34
Self-citationStatin use and all-cause and cancer mortality: BioBank Japan cohort
Yokomichi, H., Nagai, A., Hirata, M., Tamakoshi, A., Kiyohara, Y., Kamatani, Y., Muto, K., Ninomiya, T., Matsuda, K., Kubo, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.12.011 · Cited by 34
Razi, F., Forouzanfar, K., Bandarian, F., & Nasli-Esfahani, E. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0326-2 · Cited by 33
“Ultracentrifugation following by betaquantification is the gold standard for measurement of LDL-C [12] but special equipment requirement, expensiveness and time-consuming of this method make it inconvenient for most routine clinical laboratories [13].”
Methodvon Eckardstein, A., & Rohrer, L. (2016) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000294 · Cited by 33
“LDL-cholesterol) are notoriously inaccurate especially in dyslipidemic samples [64,65].”
BackgroundKorzun, W. J., Nilsson, G., Bachmann, L. M., Myers, G. L., Sakurabayashi, I., Nakajima, K., Nakamura, M., Shamburek, R. D., Remaley, A. T., & Miller, W. G. (2015) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.240861 · Cited by 33
Self-citationProgress in the care of common inherited atherogenic disorders of apolipoprotein B metabolism
Ellis, K. L., Hooper, A. J., Burnett, J. R., & Watts, G. F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.69 · Cited by 33
Smit, N. P. M., Romijn, F. P. H. T. M., van den Broek, I., Drijfhout, J. W., Haex, M., van der Laarse, A., van der Burgt, Y. E. M., & Cobbaert, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.015 · Cited by 32
“[8] Miller WG, Myers GL, Sakurabayashi I, Bachman LM, Caudill SP, Dziekonski A, et al.”
BackgroundIto, T., Arima, H., Fujiyoshi, A., Miura, K., Takashima, N., Ohkubo, T., Kadota, A., Hayakawa, T., Kita, Y., Miyagawa, N., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.021 · Cited by 32
“However, reagents for the homogeneous assay have not been standardized, and values are not consistent between the assay reagents, particularly for subjects with elevated levels of intermediate-density lipoprotein.(15) Non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, however, is less affected by fasting status or…”
BackgroundEstimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by machine learning methods
Tsigalou, C., Panopoulou, M. I., Papadopoulos, C., Karvelas, A., Tsairidis, D., & Anagnostopoulos, K. P. (2021) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.020 · Cited by 33
Song, Y., Lee, H. S., Baik, S. J., Jeon, S., Han, D., Choi, S., Chun, E. J., Han, H., Park, S. H., Sung, J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92625-x · Cited by 34
Comparability of 11 different equations for estimating LDL cholesterol on different analysers
Rossouw, H. M., Nagel, S. E., & Pillay, T. S. (2021) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2021-0747 · Cited by 31
Habeeb, N. W.-A., Higgins, V., Venner, A. A., Bailey, D., Beriault, D. R., Collier, C. P., & Adeli, K. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2022.03.019 · Cited by 31
Rim, J. H., Lee, Y., Lee, M. H., Kim, H. Y., Choi, J., Lee, B., Kang, E. S., Lee, H. C., Kim, J., Lee, S., et al. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003230 · Cited by 31
The Sampson-NIH Equation Is the Preferred Calculation Method for LDL-C
Sampson, M. L., Wolska, A. T., Meeusen, J. W., Otvos, J. D., & Remaley, A. T. (2023) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvad190 · Cited by 31
Self-citationCalculated Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol: Friedewald's Formula versus Other Modified Formulas
Nigam, P. K. (2014) · International Journal of Life Science and Medical Research · doi:10.5963/lsmr0402002 · Cited by 30
“…the ability of direct methods to specifically measure the cholesterol contents of one lipoprotein class in presence of other types of lipoproteins [35], (ii) only 5 of 8 direct method for LDLc measurement met NCEP total error goals for non diseased individuals but all the 8 method failed in…”
Advances in quantifying apolipoproteins using LC-MS/MS technology: implications for the clinic
van den Broek, I., Sobhani, K., & Eyk, J. E. V. (2017) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1080/14789450.2017.1374859 · Cited by 30
Zafrir, B., Saliba, W., & Flugelman, M. Y. (2020) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.57133 · Cited by 33
Design of Smart Aggregates: Toward Rapid Clinical Diagnosis of Hyperlipidemia in Human Blood
Sun, F., Zhao, W., Shen, H., Fan, N., Zhang, J., Liu, Q., Xu, C., Luo, J., Zhao, M., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202207671 · Cited by 28
ADLM Guidance Document on the Measurement and Reporting of Lipids and Lipoproteins
Cao, J., Donato, L. J., El-Khoury, J. M., Goldberg, A. C., Meeusen, J. W., & Remaley, A. T. (2024) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfae057 · Cited by 29
Self-citationLeptin and Adiponectin Serum Levels from Infancy to School Age: Factors Influencing Tracking
Gruszfeld, D., Kułaga, Z., Wierzbicka, A., Rzehak, P., Grote, V., Martin, F. M., Poncelet, P., Closa‐Monasterolo, R., Escribano, J., Verduci, E., et al. (2016) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2015.0245 · Cited by 27
Ephraim, R. K. D., Acheampong, E., Swaray, S. M., Anto, E. O., Agbodzakey, H., Adoba, P., Afranie, B. O., Batu, E. N., Adu, P., Fondjo, L. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Lipids · doi:10.1155/2018/7078409 · Cited by 27
“Nevertheless, ultracentrifugation remains the classic comparison method and is the basis for the accepted reference methods [16, 17, 21].”
BackgroundMethodPotential role of anti-inflammatory HDL subclasses in metabolic unhealth/obesity
Tang, H., Xiang, Z., Li, L., Shao, X., Zhou, Q., You, X., Xiong, C., Ning, J., Chen, T., Deng, D., et al. (2021) · Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2021.1961798 · Cited by 27
Sampson, M. L., Wolska, A. T., Cole, J., Zubirán, R., Otvos, J. D., Meeusen, J. W., Donato, L. J., Jaffe, A. S., & Remaley, A. T. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10123156 · Cited by 27
Self-citationVesper, H. W., Wilson, P. W. F., & Rifai, N. (2012) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.178202 · Cited by 27
Kuwabara, K., Harada, S., Sugiyama, D., Kurihara, A., Kubota, Y., Higashiyama, A., Hirata, T., Nishida, Y., Kawasaki, M., Takebayashi, T., et al. (2016) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.33100 · Cited by 26
Lütjohann, D., Klör, H., & Stellaard, F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092202 · Cited by 25
“Homogeneous direct assays are now available to isolate LDL by chemical means [59,79].”
BackgroundUse of Apolipoprotein B in the Era of Precision Medicine: Time for a Paradigm Change?
Cole, J., Zubirán, R., Wolska, A. T., Jialal, I., & Remaley, A. T. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12175737 · Cited by 23
Self-citationFibre Intake Is Associated with Cardiovascular Health in European Children
Larrosa, S., Luque, V., Grote, V., Closa‐Monasterolo, R., Ferré, N., Koletzko, B. V., Verduci, E., Gruszfeld, D., Xhonneux, A., & Escribano, J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010012 · Cited by 27
“Total cholesterol (mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), and glucose (mg/dL) were assessed in the clinical chemistry laboratories of study centres with routine methods used for clinical diagnosis [33].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, W. G., Myers, G. L., Sakurabayashi, I., Bachmann, L. M., Caudill, S. P., Dziekonski, A., Edwards, S., Kimberly, M. M., Korzun, W. J., Leary, E. T., Nakajima, K., Nakamura, M., Nilsson, G., Shamburek, R. D., Vetrovec, G. W., Warnick, G. R., & Remaley, A. T.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Pacific Biomarkers (United States) (US)
- Otsuka (Japan) (JP)
- Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion, Osaka, Japan
- Nilsson Measurement Quality, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Health Diagnostics Laboratory, Richmond, VA
- Corresponding author
- Miller, W Greg
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-06-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 977-986
- ISSN
- 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8561
- PMC
- PMC4687457
- OpenAlex
- W2130132335
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 13.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Merck
- Pfizer
- Abbott
- NIH
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Keywords
- HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, direct measurement method, method comparison, total error, imprecision, trueness, specificity, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease
- MeSH terms
- Blood Chemical Analysis, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Reference Standards, Sensitivity and Specificity, Ultracentrifugation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
