Comparison of noninvasive pulse transit time estimates as markers of blood pressure using invasive pulse transit time measurements as a reference
Open accessAbstract
Pulse transit time (PTT) measured as the time delay between invasive proximal and distal blood pressure (BP) or flow waveforms (invasive PTT [I-PTT]) tightly correlates with BP PTT estimated as the time delay between noninvasive proximal and distal arterial waveforms could therefore permit cuff-less BP monitoring. A popular noninvasive PTT estimate for this application is the time delay between ECG and photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms (pulse arrival time [PAT]). Another estimate is the time delay between proximal and distal PPG waveforms (PPG-PTT). PAT and PPG-PTT were assessed as markers of BP over a wide physiologic range using I-PTT as a reference. Waveforms for determining I-PTT, PAT, and PPG-PTT through central arteries were measured from swine during baseline conditions and infusions of various hemodynamic drugs. Diastolic, mean, and systolic BP varied widely in each subject (group average (mean ± SE) standard deviation between 25 ± 2 and 36 ± 2 mmHg). I-PTT correlated well with all BP levels (group average R(2) values between 0.86 ± 0.03 and 0.91 ± 0.03). PPG-PTT also correlated well with all BP levels (group average R(2) values between 0.81 ± 0.03 and 0.85 ± 0.02), and its R(2) values were not significantly different from those of I-PTT PAT correlated best with systolic BP (group average R(2) value of 0.70 ± 0.04), but its R(2) values for all BP levels were significantly lower than those of I-PTT (P < 0.005) and PPG-PTT (P < 0.02). The pre-ejection period component of PAT was responsible for its inferior correlation with BP In sum, PPG-PTT was not different from I-PTT and superior to the popular PAT as a marker of BP.
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Pulse arrival time serves as a surrogate measurement for blood pressure.
“The outputs of the chest and limb sensors are then capable of calculating pulse arrival time (PAT), which serves as a surrogate measurement for BP (24, 25).”
From Comprehensive pregnancy monitoring with a network of wireless, soft, and flexible sensors in high- and low-resource health settings (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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Ryan, L. E., Clarke, M. M., Ray, D., Glenning, J. P., Harrington, H. A., Smolich, J. J., Cheung, M. M. H., & Mynard, J. P. (2025) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2025.09.005
Pointwise Reliability Assessment for Continuous Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Estimation
Loureiro, J., Zhao, Z., Gil, P. S., Bresch, E., Henriques, J. M. O., & Muehlsteff, J. (2026) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-39674-7_36
- Authors
- Gao, M., Olivier, N. B., & Mukkamala, R.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mukkamala, Ramakrishna
- Venue
- Physiological Reports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e12768
- ISSN
- 2051-817X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4886159
- OpenAlex
- W2406255031
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physiological Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (EB018818)
- Retia Medical
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Keywords
- pulse transit time, blood pressure estimation, cuffless blood pressure measurement, photoplethysmography, pulse arrival time, non-invasive blood pressure measurement, pre-ejection period, arterial pressure waveform, pigs
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Pressure, Blood Pressure Determination, Swine, Time Factors, Pulse Wave Analysis
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