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Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health
Open accessAbstract
KEY POINTS In the last decade, increasing mental distress and treatment for mental health conditions among youth in North America has paralleled a steep rise in the use of smartphones and social media by children and adolescents. In Ontario, the proportion of teenagers reporting moderate to serious
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“In addition, several reviews used a broad and sometimes even boundless (operational) definition of mental health, which led to the inclusion of a multitude of outcomes, including marihuana use, identity development, social support, (cyber)bullying, and/or academic performance [22,23,27,30].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, some reviews were less nuanced in their conclusions and used qualifications of the effect sizes such as 'substantial,' 'detrimental,' and 'deleterious' [25,30,38].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Results showed that most reviews interpreted the associations between social media use and mental health as 'weak' or 'inconsistent,' whereas a few qualified the same associations as 'substantial' and 'deleterious.'”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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In the citing paper
“Although the majority of the reviews concluded that the reported associations of SMU with mental health were small to moderate, some others interpreted these associations as serious [30], substantial [48] or detrimental [25].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Los datos confirman un consumo adictivo del teléfono móvil en los jóvenes ( Han ; Kim , 2019; Rather ; Rather , 2019; Abi-Jaoude , Treurnicht-Naylor ; Pignatiello , 2020) que conduce a diversas patologías.”
From Redes sociales y consumo digital en jóvenes universitarios: economía de la atención y oligopolios de la comunicación en el siglo XXI (2020) · cites this paper as Abi-Jaoude, Treurnicht-Naylor; Pignatiello, 2020
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“For example, time spent on SNS is associated with higher levels of depression [17], whereas emotional connectedness to SNS ('intensity of use') [15] and the number of friends on SNS [16] are unrelated to depression.”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“However, recent studies have shown that the intensity of online activity is negatively associated with subjective well-being (37).”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“and that the subjective well-being of individuals who use online activities intensely may be affected (7, 37).”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Several studies have found that addiction may negatively affect users' wellbeing”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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Bear, H. A., Fazel, M. S., the OxWell Study Team, & Skripkauskaitė, S. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07643-z · Cited by 9
“Additionally, social media use has been linked to adverse health indicators such as sleep problems, lower self-esteem, poor body image, and social difficulties (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; Barry et al., 2017; Barthorpe et al., 2020).”
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Tan, Y. S., Teo, N., Ghe, E. E. Z., Fong, J. Z. Y., & Wang, Z. (2023) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw60847.2023.00106 · Cited by 7
“This repeated exposure, particularly among young children, raises significant concerns, with potential severe consequences for both physical and mental well-being, including the promotion of self-harm [2].”
BackgroundThe Need to Adapt the Psychiatric Clinical Assessment to the Digital Age: A Practical Approach
Moreno, M. A., Dixon, L. B., Jankowski, S. E., Adler, D. A., Berlant, J., Brunette, M. F., Castillo, E. G., Edwards, M. L., Erlich, M. D., First, M. B., et al. (2024) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20230399 · Cited by 6
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“…researchers today include in the list of main risks not only manipulating the opinion of the audience, but such a risk as the possibility of mental health disorders, which, according to researchers, is especially susceptible to the youth audience only when using social networks, in general [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialLinking fear of missing out and psychological well-being: a multi-country study
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“These factors include the widespread use of smartphones and social media (e.g., [36], cyberbullying and online harassment (See this review [37]), climate change and related anxiety (See this review [38]), and racial injustice (e.g., [39]), with the recent onset of COVID-19 pandemic serving as one…”
de Freitas, B. H. B. M., Gaíva, M. A. M., Diogo, P., & Bortolini, J. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00208-0 · Cited by 7
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“…media provides the ability to access information and communicate with others quickly, it is also linked with cyberbullying, risky online behaviors, social withdrawal, mental distress, and aggression (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; Jiang et al., 2018; Sasson & Mesch, 2014; Valkenburg & Peter, 2011).”
Deepening relational capacity to confront the polycrisis in higher education and beyond
Stein, S. E., Andreotti, V., Restoule, J., Vukovic, R. K., McGregor, C. A., Pelton, L. F., Hundza, S. R., Milford, T., Seager, W., Randhawa, J., et al. (2025) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2025.2525109 · Cited by 6
“Recent research also finds that smartphones and social media contribute to ‘mental distress, self-injurious behavior, and suicidality among youth’ (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020) and young adults (Daniyal et al., 2022).”
Khalaf, M. A., Omar, A. I., Abdulle, A. W., & Mohamud, M. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1614746 · Cited by 13
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“The goal of the seven magic days is to be accomplished so each individual will only use their phone as necessary and not excessively [30,31].”
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“…platforms. ese results are indicative of signi fi cant cultural transformations, which are characterized by the wide-ranging adoption of digital technologies (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; Cantor-Silva et al., 2018; Goodyear & Armour, 2019; Go-lovchin, 2022; León et al., 2022; Prete & Redon, 2020).”
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Surprenant, R., Bezeau, D., Tiraboschi, G. A., Garon‐Carrier, G., Cabot, I., Brodeur, M., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103015 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, girls spend more time on social media, which can lead to unfavorable or upward social comparisons, potentially affecting their self-esteem and well-being (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; Appel et al., 2016).”
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Krishnamurthy, K., Bharatha, A., Mehta, S., Mohammed, K., Sa, B., Rahman, S., Sundaram, M., Haque, M., & Majumder, M. A. A. (2025) · Advances in Human Biology · doi:10.4103/aihb.aihb_53_25 · Cited by 9
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“…(school grades, cognitive assessments, moral attitudes), socioeconomic and family factors (family climate, socioeconomic status, and mental health problems of the parents [24,25]), lifestyle and peer relationships (substance use, media consumption, activities [11,26,27]), and others (sex [28]).”
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“On the other hand, evidence from a variety of studies links mobile phone use with an increase in mental distress, self-injurious behaviors, and suicidality among teenagers [5,6].”
BackgroundMindful and Creative: Building Educational Systems for Individual and Community Wellbeing
Henriksen, D., & Gruber, N. (2022) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-022-00703-2 · Cited by 5
“Such concerns have revolved around growing mental health concerns, particularly for youth (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020).”
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“These findings demonstrated the scale’s good criterion validity and further verified the close relationship between SMD and mental health (29, 30).”
BackgroundMusic for Mental Health: An Autoethnography of the Rory Gallagher Instagram Fan Community
O’Hagan, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/08912416231162077 · Cited by 5
“Contrary to much research that has focused on the negative impacts of social media on mental health (Abi-Jaoude, Naylor, and Pignatiello 2020; Braghieri, Levy, and Makarin 2021; O’Reilly et al. 2018), my personal experience has been quite the opposite.”
Impact of smart phone use on adolescence health in India
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“High usage of SM may act as a setting for negative behaviors (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020) and psychological detriments, including depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and bullying (Gaffney et al., 2019).”
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“In recent years there has been more studies examining how social media impacts positively or negatively mental health issues (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; O ’ Dea et al., 2017; Skaik & Inkpen, 2020), but research regarding social media and its connection to NSSI behaviors is still largely unexplored.”
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“Digital technology, the internet, and social media have been linked to CYP well-being, with evidence of related declines in mental health (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020), including increases in depression (Kelly et al., 2018), self-harm (Biddle et al., 2018; Dyson et al., 2016), disordered eating…”
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“In fact, evidence suggests the use of smartphones and social media contributes to mental suffering, self-injurious behavior, and suicide among young people.(24) Whether at work or for fun, we find ourselves staring at screens for most of the day.”
BackgroundSecular trends in childhood pain and comorbid psychiatric symptoms: a population-based study
Luntamo, T., Lempinen, L., & Sourander, A. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02234-w · Cited by 4
Primary and secondary care approach to paediatric mental health conditions: a novel model of care
Power, E., Taaffe, S., McLoughlin, P., & Sharif, F. (2022) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001285 · Cited by 4
García-Ceberino, J. M., Molina, S. F., Gamero, M. G., & Villafaina, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811407 · Cited by 4
Schinazi, J., Santavicca, T., Ngov, C., Vanier-Clément, A., Touré, A., Bolduc, E., & Rousseau, C. (2022) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678221124654 · Cited by 6
“Young people are heavy consumers of social media, not only for socializing but also for keeping up with the news and current events (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020).”
BackgroundExecutive Director, A., & Bhave, S. Y. (2023) · Indian Journal of Youth and Adolescent Health · doi:10.24321/2349.2880.202309 · Cited by 4
Kim, I., & Ahn, H.-Y. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11222997 · Cited by 5
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Impacto da Pandemia na Discussão sobre Saúde Mental: O Caso do Discord no Brasil
Bento, P., Buzelin, A., Aquino, Y., Carvalho, I., Dutenhefner, P. R., Dayrell, L., Santana, C., Estanislau, V., Pappa, G. L., de Miranda, D. M., et al. (2024) · Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web · doi:10.5753/webmedia.2024.243238 · Cited by 5
Jakab, M. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07906-9 · Cited by 3
“Abi-Jaoude et al. (2020 ) present analogous findings in regard to smartphone use in general, yet again caution that the general effects are highly dependent on individual factors like age, sex or social environment.”
Szawarnoga, D., Stasiniewicz, A., Fojcik, J., & Krzystanek, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1630275 · Cited by 11
Obstacles to progress in paediatric gender medicine
Kozlowska, K., Hunter, P. K., Clayton, A., Kaliebe, K., & Scher, S. (2025) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2025.2546574 · Cited by 3
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Integrating Online and Face-to-Face Counselling in Schools: Benefits, Challenges, and Strategies
Boniel‐Nissim, M. (2026) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1177/20556365261428304 · Cited by 4
“It is also increasingly recognised that many of the presenting issues raised by adolescents in counselling are themselves closely intertwined with digital technologies and online environments (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020).”
Uso inadecuado de tecnología por alumnado de Enseñanza Obligatoria: entre la creencia y la realidad
Varela, F. F., Couñago, E. V., & Groba, A. R. (2024) · Revista Complutense de Educación · doi:10.5209/rced.82835 · Cited by 7
Agustin, D., & Nurfadillah, W. (2024) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.47134/pjp.v1i4.2558 · Cited by 3
Digital Psychiatry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
Sidani, L., Nadar, S. M., Tfaili, J., Rayes, S. E., Sharara, F., Elhage, J. C., & Fakhoury, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000819 · Cited by 5
“56 Finally, there is emerging evidence suggesting a possible link between increased smartphone use and decreased psychological well-being, raising questions about the unintended consequences of digital technology adoption.”
InfluentialMakama, F. T., James, S. A., & Makama, E. F. (2025) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2025.2518437 · Cited by 5
“…use, specifically on platforms commonly used by the youth should be discussed, deliberated upon and even debated openly and in public discourses (abi-Jaoude et al., 2020) so that clear messages and awareness, using the informative, persuasive and cooperative problem-solving strategies, as…”
Frazer, M. T., Charlesworth, L., Wilson, L., Hall, J., Batool, F., Subiza‐Pérez, M., Burkhardt, J., Daly-Smith, A., & Chalkley, A. E. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/76498 · Cited by 3
“However, smartphones also hold immense untapped potential as tools for positive health behavior change, including increasing physical activity [16, 17].”
Mobile Technology Access and Use Among Adolescent Mothers in Lima, Peru: Mixed Methods Study
Levey, E. J., Onyeaka, H., Bartles, S. M., Calderon, E. S., Sánchez, S. E., Prom, M. C., Fesseha, E. M., & Gelaye, B. (2021) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/30240 · Cited by 4
“Importantly, evidence indicates that these negative effects are stronger in girls than in boys [36].”
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Dong, Y., & Weir, N. (2023) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100232 · Cited by 3
“In general, the use of smartphones and social media is associated with increased mental distress, particularly in younger female populations, and sharing information about health can instil fear and uncertainty in populations, which was realised during the COVID-19 pandemic.(33,34) In addition, it has also been sugges…”
BackgroundRobayo-Pinzón, O., Berrío, S. P. R., Paredes, M. R., & Foxall, G. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.960321 · Cited by 3
“S, around 89% of teenagers between the ages of 13 and 17 have access to a smartphone, and they report constant use of social media sites (5).”
BackgroundPedagogical Implications of the New Information Environment
Parker, L., Liu, H., & Smith, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25871-8_7 · Cited by 3
Win, T. Z., Kamiya, Y., Ng, C. F. S., Smith, C. E., & Han, S. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20176660 · Cited by 3
Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Sosial Twitter Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Emosional Pada Remaja
Hastuti, E. A., Widianti, E., & Aryani, Y. A. (2023) · Jurnal Keperawatan Aisyiyah · doi:10.33867/jka.v10i1.353 · Cited by 3
BENEFIT FINDING AND ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN CHINA: ANXIETY AS A MODERATOR
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Swathi, K. S., Darsan, R., & Sampathila, N. (2023) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-023-00337-0 · Cited by 3
Bringing Design Patterns to Life: Applying Christopher Alexander’s Theory of Living Structure in HCI
Gorichanaz, T. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2262285 · Cited by 5
“…human calm and attention in numerous ways, from distraction and disruption (Jiang, 2018; Roholt, 2022; Wise, 2013) to mental and emotional distress (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; Cleary et al., 2020) to the surveillance and noise characteristic of our ad-supported media environment (Van Kranenburg,…”
Paul, F. A., Ali, A., Dar, D. R., Saikia, P., & Ganie, A. U. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68127-2_398-1 · Cited by 3
Lang, V., & Šorgo, A. (2024) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/24.23.45 · Cited by 7
SanMiguel, P., & Sádaba, T. (2024) · Revista ICONO14 · doi:10.7195/ri14.v22i1.2103 · Cited by 3
ERGENLERDE SOSYAL MEDYA KULLANIM BOZUKLUĞU, ALEKSİTİMİ VE EMPATİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ
Mersin, S., & Toker, S. (2023) · Sağlık akademisyenleri dergisi/Sağlık akademisyenler dergisi · doi:10.52880/sagakaderg.1323720 · Cited by 3
Li, X., Wang, L., & Fan, C. (2024) · Comunicar · doi:10.58262/v32i78.4 · Cited by 3
“Numerous studies have highlighted the media usage and its impact on younger adults (Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; Rounsefell et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2020); however, there is a scarcity of literature to examine the impact of social media and media education among older adults.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A.
- Affiliations
- University Health Network (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2020-02-09
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- E136-E141
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC7012622
- OpenAlex
- W3005199011
- Cited by
- 627
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 149 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 12.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Toronto
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- smartphones, social media use, youth mental health, adolescents, psychological distress, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Humans, Mental Health, Social Media
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