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Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health
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KEY POINTS In the last decade, increasing mental distress and treatment for mental health conditions among youth in North America has paralleled a steep rise in the use of smartphones and social media by children and adolescents. In Ontario, the proportion of teenagers reporting moderate to serious
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“In addition, several reviews used a broad and sometimes even boundless (operational) definition of mental health, which led to the inclusion of a multitude of outcomes, including marihuana use, identity development, social support, (cyber)bullying, and/or academic performance [22,23,27,30].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“However, some reviews were less nuanced in their conclusions and used qualifications of the effect sizes such as 'substantial,' 'detrimental,' and 'deleterious' [25,30,38].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Results showed that most reviews interpreted the associations between social media use and mental health as 'weak' or 'inconsistent,' whereas a few qualified the same associations as 'substantial' and 'deleterious.'”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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In the citing paper
“Although the majority of the reviews concluded that the reported associations of SMU with mental health were small to moderate, some others interpreted these associations as serious [30], substantial [48] or detrimental [25].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Los datos confirman un consumo adictivo del teléfono móvil en los jóvenes ( Han ; Kim , 2019; Rather ; Rather , 2019; Abi-Jaoude , Treurnicht-Naylor ; Pignatiello , 2020) que conduce a diversas patologías.”
From Redes sociales y consumo digital en jóvenes universitarios: economía de la atención y oligopolios de la comunicación en el siglo XXI (2020) · cites this paper as Abi-Jaoude, Treurnicht-Naylor; Pignatiello, 2020
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In the citing paper
“For example, time spent on SNS is associated with higher levels of depression [17], whereas emotional connectedness to SNS ('intensity of use') [15] and the number of friends on SNS [16] are unrelated to depression.”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“However, recent studies have shown that the intensity of online activity is negatively associated with subjective well-being (37).”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“and that the subjective well-being of individuals who use online activities intensely may be affected (7, 37).”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Several studies have found that addiction may negatively affect users' wellbeing”
From Effects of Short Video Addiction on the Motivation and Well-Being of Chinese Vocational College Students (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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Varga, B., Nemes-Nagy, E., Mikes-Jakab, B., & Kórodi, M. (2025) · Revista română de medicină de laborator · doi:10.2478/rrlm-2025-0020 · Cited by 1
Pastor, E. M., González-Conde, M. A. M., & López, P. S. (2025) · Revista ICONO14 · doi:10.7195/ri14.v23i1.2164 · Cited by 1
Yang, S. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence of Things and Computing (AITC) · doi:10.1145/3762329.3762366 · Cited by 1
“Abi-Jaoude et al. [7] conducted public awareness campaigns and social policy initiatives to promote the creation of a positive family and school environment and cultivate the resilience of adolescents in coping with the challenges of adolescence in today’s world.”
Manifesting: New Thought Takes on New Life Among Adolescents in the COVID‐Era United States
Balzer, K. M. (2025) · Religion Compass · doi:10.1111/rec3.70029 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Late Adolescents' Social Network Strength on Mental Health
Oh, J., Ho, J.-G., & Park, J. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70910 · Cited by 1
Screen time, sleep quality and mental health among adolescents of secondary schools in Dharan
Aryal, I., Gyawali, V., Pradhan, N., Lama, S., & Thapa, K. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000405 · Cited by 1
“Different studies have shown relationship between night-time mobile phone use and subsequent depressed mood, externalizing behaviour and declined self-esteem [7].”
Hernández-Mariano, J. Á., Castañeda-Márquez, A. C., Olmos-Rivera, G. M., Díaz, R. C., Rivas, F. V., Cano-Estrada, E. A., Orihuela, Y. C. O., Trujillo-Martínez, M., & Cureño-Díaz, M. A. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15110229 · Cited by 2
Students’ Engagement with Information and Communications Technologies
Rožman, M., Holtmann, M., & Meinck, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87722-3_7 · Cited by 1
Neurobiological and behavioral correlates of excessive social media use in adolescents
Ogun, D. (2025) · Journal of Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.28982/josam.8211 · Cited by 1
“Limiting one’s social media apps and using content blockers can allow teenagers to prevent having feelings of depression, anxiety, and suicide [38].”
InfluentialDepression-Related Stigma Among Black and Latinx Youths: Guidance for Stigma Reduction Interventions
Jankowski, S. E., Pope, L. G., Lewis‐Fernández, R., Dixon, L. B., & Amsalem, D. (2025) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.20240501 · Cited by 2
Armstrong, N., Xu, F., Jones, S., Ali, A., Squires, A. P., & Woolf, K. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251413147 · Cited by 1
The effect of smombie and phubbing levels on psychological well-being in adolescents
İnci, R., Sağlam, M., Koroglu, S., Oluç, T., Gül, N., & Yıldız, M. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04020-8 · Cited by 1
“…most accurate results according to the hyperparameter values excessive smartphone usage has been documented to diminish physical activity among adolescents and is linked to psychological issues including sleep disorders, anxiety, diminished self-esteem, and impaired cognitive control [1, 59, 63].”
Nawaz, S., Linden, T., Mitchell, M., & Bhowmik, J. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102569 · Cited by 3
Hermann, J. C., Cummins, K. M., Adise, S., Marshall, A. T., Tapert, S. F., Baker, F. C., Mason, M. J., Wade, N. E., Alexander, J. D., Squeglia, L. M., et al. (2026) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2026.02.003 · Cited by 1
“It is important to study social media use behavior in early adolescents, as youth are using social media at increasing rates at earlier ages, 22,23 and as this period may provide a window for early intervention.”
Wang, X., Zhang, P., & Guoliang, Y. U. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01025-3 · Cited by 1
“Find - ings depict a largely positive picture of adolescents’ digital lives, which challenges more pessimistic views that portray digitalization as primarily harmful for youth (e.g., Abi-Jaoude et al., 2020; Haidt, 2024 ).”
The Impact of Smartphone Use on Brain Function in Adolescence: A Scoping Review
Marks, A., Berthelot, M., Jones, H., Taylor, A. K., Chang, K. K.-F., Crozier, S., & Cosper, S. M. (2026) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric18020043 · Cited by 4
“Since 2012, the proportion of teenagers with access to a smartphone has doubled to reach 89 percent, marking a drastic increase in accessibility to technology for the new generation of adolescents [1].”
Tian, X., Yang, R., Lou, J., Sun, Y., Wang, M., Wang, Q., Lei, W., Li, A., Zhang, Z., & Liu, B. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04045-y · Cited by 2
Electronic media use, sleep behavior, and internalizing problems in adolescent with ADHD
Wiepking, J., Horton, D., & Langlais, M. R. (2026) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb8379 · Cited by 1
Orlan, N. A. (2020) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Austys, D., Sprudzanaitė, A., & Stukas, R. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12060185 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, studies show that social networking might be associated with body image concerns, eating disorders, and negative mood after browsing Facebook [26,27].”
BackgroundOrganizações e movimentos periféricos nas redes digitais ibero-americanas
Sociedade, C. –. C. D. E. D. C. E., Costa, P. R., Capoano, E., Sociedade, C. –. C. D. E. D. C. E., Ibáñez, D. B., & del Rosario, U. (2022) · doi:10.16921/ciespal.34 · Cited by 1
A influência das mídias e redes sociais na saúde mental dos jovens
Santos, I. V. P., Amâncio, N. D. F. G., Romão, M. F., & de Almeida, K. C. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n1-292 · Cited by 1
Psychological effects of Social Media on Real Life
Semma, A. B. (2022) · IJIP Indonesian Journal of Islamic Psychology · doi:10.18326/ijip.v4i2.154 · Cited by 1
Toward a general theory of digital identities
Holmes, S. P. (2023) · Science Fiction Film & Television · doi:10.3828/sfftv.2023.4 · Cited by 1
“…mental distress jumped from 24 percent in 2013 to 39 percent in 2017, and the number of teen girls admitted to the hospital for mental health reasons increased by 110 percent between 2009 and 2014, mirroring trends both in increased smartphone and social media usage (Abi-Jaoude et al. 2020).”
O’Rourke, T., Humer, E. C., Plener, P. L., Pieh, C., & Probst, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48972-y · Cited by 2
“Making mental health information available online in an accessible format and developing digitally available interventions may hold a high potential for reaching this specific age group 54 .”
BackgroundJeong, S., & Olivo, D. (2023) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v12i3.5016 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Abi-Jaoude, E., Naylor, K. T., & Pignatiello, A.
- Affiliations
- University Health Network (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2020-02-09
- Volume
- 192
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- E136-E141
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC7012622
- OpenAlex
- W3005199011
- Cited by
- 627
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 149 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 12.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Toronto
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- smartphones, social media use, youth mental health, adolescents, psychological distress, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Humans, Mental Health, Social Media
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