The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Why is depression more prevalent in women?
Open accessAbstract
Major depression is a chronic illness with a high prevalence and is a major component of disease burden. Depressive disorders were the second leading cause of years lived with disability in 2010 in Canada, the United States and globally.[1][1],[2][2] When depression-related deaths due to suicide and
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the female gender was noted to have higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress as compared to the male gender.”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Similar trends were reported during previous pandemics [61,62,63,64].”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006
The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Murray, C. J. L. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805 · Cited by 2,438 · cited 1×
“J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011;36(2):78–86”
Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression: A Theoretical Model
Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21 · Cited by 1,276 · cited 1×
“J Psychiatry Neurosci 2008;33(6):487–8”
Risk for New Onset of Depression During the Menopausal Transition
Cohen, L. S., Soares, C. N., Vitonis, A. F., Otto, M. W., & Harlow, B. L. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.385 · Cited by 852
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733
Ford, D. E., & Erlinger, T. P. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.9.1010 · Cited by 544
Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Freedman, G., Baxter, A. J., Pirkis, J. E., Harris, M. G., Page, A., Carnahan, E., Degenhardt, L., Vos, T., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091936 · Cited by 480
Descriptive Epidemiology of Major Depression in Canada
Patten, S. B., Wang, J. L., Williams, J. V., Currie, S., Beck, C. A., Maxwell, C. J., & el-Guebaly, N. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605100204 · Cited by 443
Baxter, A. J., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22230 · Cited by 403
Sex Differences in the Pathways to Major Depression: A Study of Opposite-Sex Twin Pairs
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101375 · Cited by 307
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rotermann M, 2014, Health Reports, 25, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,001
Nutrition and Neuroinflammation: Are Middle-Aged Women in the Red Zone?
Bernier, V., Chatelan, A., Point, C., & Strauss, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17101607 · Cited by 6
The impact of left-behind experience on the mental health and marital satisfaction
Zheng, J., & Yan, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1603281 · Cited by 5
“The depression value of men in the same age group is generally lower than that of women; this is consistent with existing research (Albert, 2015).”
Verma, R., Render, A., Ramirez, M., Shenvi, N. V., Easley, K. A., LaBella, C. R., Stracciolini, A., & Jayanthi, N. A. (2025) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671251341467 · Cited by 5
Akinyemi, O. A., Ekundayo, O. K., Fasokun, M., Ogunyankin, F., Ifoto, O. S., Alatise, O. D., Eze, O., Okusami, M. S., Hughes, K., Michael, M. B., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319308 · Cited by 6
Investigation of Poststroke Depression Following a Nucleus Accumbens Infarct in Mice
Bouchard, J., Daigle, B., Collignon, A., St-Arnault, V., Binder, L. B., Bevilacqua, L. M., Rioux, V., Dion‐Albert, L., Lebel, M., Lévesque, M., et al. (2025) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.125.050839 · Cited by 6
“Intriguingly, both MDD and PSD are more prevalent in women, 13,67 and sex differences in BBB dysfunction have been reported in MDD. 32,41,68 It will be important to investigate potential sex differences in the vascular pathophysiology of PSD.”
Liu, C., Pi, X.-X., Liu, B., Zhang, L., Luo, M.-Y., Zhang, Y.-J., Zhang, X.-F., & Nie, S.-C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1651506 · Cited by 8
“Signi fi cant changes in estrogen levels in adolescent girls may act as a trigger for the onset of depression (16).”
Eduthan, N. P., Donovan, M. G., Araya, P., Rachubinski, A. L., Sullivan, K. D., Galbraith, M. D., & Espinosa, J. M. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63862-9 · Cited by 5
Yadav, K., & Bhutia, D. T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18053-3 · Cited by 10
“Females were also significantly associated with higher depression risk (AOR = 1.098), corroborating extensive literature suggesting that biological, hormonal and social determinants disproportionately affect women’s mental health in later life 80,81 .”
InfluentialAnxiety and Depression in Hemodialysis: Sex Differences
Polikandrioti, M., Kalafatakis, F., Tsoulou, V., & Gerogianni, G. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78771-4_28 · Cited by 6
(Men)tal health: Perceptions of depression in men and women
Freiberger, N., Lynch, T., Read, G. L., & Blouin, A. M. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100275 · Cited by 5
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Adults Suffering from Migraine in Spain
Cebrino, J., & de la Cruz, S. P. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121630 · Cited by 5
“Fifthly, the information gathered during interviews may be susceptible to memory problems or people’ proclivity to make socially acceptable replies.”
BackgroundCivardi, S. C., Besana, F., Miacca, G. C., Mazzoni, F., Arienti, V., Politi, P., Brondino, N., & Olivola, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1371139 · Cited by 9
“This prevalence is higher than in previous studies, but in line with generally higher prevalence of TRD in females (34), as well as in MDD in general (35, 36).”
ResultAntidepressive synergism between crocin and D-AP5 in acute restraint-stressed mice
Gerami, S.-S., Ebrahimi-Ghiri, M., Khakpai, F., & Zarrindast, M. (2024) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000784 · Cited by 5
“Only male mice were included in the experimental protocol, despite the markedly higher prevalence of major depression among women compared with men (Albert, 2015).”
González, M., Al-Adib, M., Rodríguez, A. B., & Carrasco, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2024.1393765 · Cited by 5
“Stress-associated, neuroendocrine-immune mechanisms should also be considered (18, 19, 22, 38), particularly during hospitalization (7), as well as genetics, socio-demographics, culture, and lifestyle factors (19, 21, 32, 39).”
BackgroundYabo-Dambagi, L., Cakir, A., & Karaküçük‐İyidoğan, A. (2024) · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1134/s1068162024050078 · Cited by 5
Birmann, P. T., Sinott, A., Zugno, G. P., Rodrigues, R. R., Conceição, F. R., Sousa, F. S. S., Collares, T. V., Seixas, F. K., & Savegnago, L. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115287 · Cited by 5
Kalluri, A. L., Ejimogu, E., Reddy, S. C., Wang, E. T., Nair, S. K., Kilgore, C. B., Alkhars, H. M., Abdulrahim, M., Yedavalli, V. S., Lim, M. K., et al. (2025) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2025.108733 · Cited by 5
Tadesse, G., Nakie, G., Fentahun, S., Andualem, F., Tinsae, T., Kibralew, G., & Rtbey, G. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22232-2 · Cited by 7
“…due to gender-based violence, caretaking burdens in resource-limited settings, social isolation from cultural norms, preexisting gender inequalities that limit decision-making and resource access, biological including endocrine related hormonal variations [49] and socioeconomic challenges [50–52].”
Zhang, J.-P., Mo, H.-F., Zhong, X., & Feng, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1505941 · Cited by 5
“Studies have shown that women generally experience higher rates of depression compared to men, possibly attributed to biological, hormonal, and psychosocial factors (5, 6).”
Rus, M., Sava, C. N., Ardelean, A. I., Pașca, G., Andronie-Cioară, F. L., Crișan, S., Pusta, C. T. J., & Guler, M. I. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14092946 · Cited by 5
“Several factors may contribute to this difference, including the anti-inflammatory role of estrogen [18], heightened immune sensitivity in females [19], and sociocultural stressors such as caregiving roles or unequal access to mental health services [20].”
Fujita, T., Babazono, A., Harano, Y., & Jiang, P. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025124 · Cited by 5
Safety Protocols for Adolescent Substance Use Research in Clinical Settings
Levy, S., Tennermann, N., Marin, A. C., Wiseblatt, A. F., Shrier, L. A., Garvey, K. C., Dedeoğlu, F., Fishman, L. N., & Weitzman, E. R. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.030 · Cited by 5
Mulya, I. S., & Hutahaean, B. S. H. (2020) · International Conference on Intervention and Applied Psychology (ICIAP) · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.201125.035 · Cited by 5
“According to Albert (2015), biological factors may help explain this difference.”
BackgroundQuarantine-related depression and anxiety during coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak
AlAteeq, D. A., Aljhani, S., Al‐Subaie, M. F., Althiyabi, I., & Majzoub, S. (2021) · International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries · doi:10.24911/ijmdc.51-1609792406 · Cited by 5
“This might be because of the biological differences, as fluctuations in estrogen hormone has been identified as a risk factor for anxiety and depression in women [24].”
Гафаров, В. В., Panov, D. O., Громова, Е. А., Абаевич, К. Э., Gagulin, I. V., & Гафарова, А. В. (2021) · International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Invention · doi:10.18535/ijmsci/v8i03.06 · Cited by 5
“At the same time, the ratio of women and men in the global rate of morbidity and disability from major depression has remained unchanged at about 2: 1 [1, 2].”
BackgroundSoni, D., Verma, V., Joshi, S., & Gehlot, S. (2021) · International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine · doi:10.47552/ijam.v12i4.2176 · Cited by 5
The impact of advertising exposure on the gendered perceptions of men with mental health concerns
Li, T. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-01-2021-4394 · Cited by 7
Prevalencia de depresión en adultos mayores en una unidad de medicina familiar de Michoacán, México
Mendoza, M. D. C. M., Mendía, A. G., Caballero, E. B., Alons, C. G., & Lajud, N. (2021) · Atención Familiar · doi:10.22201/fm.14058871p.2021.2.78803 · Cited by 5
Al-Mahrouqi, T., Kamal, M. A., Elsayed, M., & Sinawi, H. A. (2022) · International journal of Nutrition Pharmacology Neurological Diseases · doi:10.4103/ijnpnd.ijnpnd_70_21 · Cited by 5
Guo, P., Cui, N., Mao, M., Zhang, X., Chen, D., Xu, P., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Zheng, Q., Zhang, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966770 · Cited by 5
“Women are nearly twice more likely to undergo depression across their lifespan than men (Albert, 2015), whereas the perinatal period appears to be a stage of higher risk for developing this disease due to biological changes as well as role transitions in family and society (Staneva et al., 2015;…”
BackgroundVulnerable individuals and changes in suicidal behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea
Lee, G. E., Kim, J. W., Lee, K. R., Hong, D. Y., Park, S. O., Kim, S. Y., Baek, K. J., & Jeon, H. J. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.569 · Cited by 5
“31 However, their underlying depression may have worsened by factors such as disconnection of interpersonal relationships or increased anxiety during the pandemic period.”
BackgroundDepressive symptoms among mothers with hospitalized children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Elshafei, A., Jemutai, J., Tickell, K. D., Sukhtankar, P., Bhat, A. S., Molyneux, S. C., Berkley, J. A., Walson, J. L., & Collins, P. Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.051 · Cited by 5
“All anthropometric measurement z-scores were calculated using the WHO 2006 growth reference (Albert, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodWithin- and cross-mental health disorder correlations in husband-and-wife pairs
Merrill, R. M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04335-x · Cited by 5
“Higher stress in women, in turn, may contribute to higher anxiety and depression in women [15], with women consistently showing higher anxiety and depression in other studies [16, 17].”
ResultSilva, R. R., Santos, D. D. A. T., Costa, B. A., Farias, N. C., Braz, A. G., Costa, G. D. C. T., Andrade, M. S., Vancini, R. L., Weiss, K., Knechtle, B., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2023.4 · Cited by 5
“Women also experience specific forms of depression-related illness, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, and postmenopausal depression and anxiety (Albert, 2015).”
BackgroundOakes-Cornellissen, A., Morton, D. P., Rankin, P. M., & Renfrew, M. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1127068 · Cited by 6
“The most common psychological conditions reported globally are depression and anxiety (Albert, 2015; Laborde-Lahoz et al., 2015).”
BackgroundLima, L. M., Castillo, A. A.-D., Massaro, C. D. S., Gambardela-Tkacz, C. M., Brito, D. B. D. A., Miranda, F., Vilanova, L., Cotrin, P., POLETTO, R. S., Moura, W. D. S., et al. (2022) · Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1590/2177-6709.27.6.e2221219.oar · Cited by 5
Bird, M. J., Li, G., MacNeil, A., Jiang, Y., de Groh, M., & Fuller‐Thomson, E. (2023) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s421675 · Cited by 6
“This is in keeping with a large body of pre-pandemic research which indicates that women in Canada and abroad consistently have a higher risk of depression than men.(19) The increased risk among women may also be, in part, because older women are more likely to fall into caretaking roles, which is associated with an i…”
ResultSlabe, Z., Balesar, R. A., Verwer, R. W. H., Drevenšek, G., & Swaab, D. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1277958 · Cited by 5
“Women are more susceptible to depression (Albert, 2015) and have a higher prevalence of suicide attempts (Tsirigotis et al., 2011).”
BackgroundVahid-Ansari, F., Zahrai, A., Daigle, M., & Albert, P. R. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1147-23.2023 · Cited by 5
Self-citationThe Development of a Chest-Pain Protocol for Women Presenting to the Emergency Department
Jaffer, S., Noble, M., Pozgay, A., Randhawa, V. K., Gulati, M., Mensour, E., Parast, N., Tegg, N. L., Théberge, E. T., Harchaoui, E.-K., et al. (2023) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2023.12.003 · Cited by 6
Adzrago, D., Thapa, K., Rajbhandari‐Thapa, J., Sulley, S., & Williams, F. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18336-w · Cited by 7
“Females had a higher likelihood of experiencing anxiety/depression symptoms, and this finding may be explained by hormonal differences, differential stress responses, and social factors contributing to this gender disparity in mental health [77–79].”
BackgroundSultan, S., Bashar, M., Bazhair, R. M., Abdurahman, D. O., Alrehaili, R. A., Ennahoui, M. E., Alsulaiman, Y. S., Alamri, S. D., & Mohamed, E. F. A. (2024) · Obstetrics and Gynecology International · doi:10.1155/2024/7309041 · Cited by 5
“Incidentally, the prevalence of depression correlates with hormonal changes in women, especially during puberty, before menstruation, post-pregnancy, and at perimenopause, suggesting hormonal fuctuations as a probable trigger for depression [6].”
BackgroundWang, H., Peng, J., Zhu, H., Sun, M., Fang, Y., Chen, Z., Hu, W., Tong, L., Ren, J., Huang, C., et al. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114782 · Cited by 5
Depression may not be a risk factor for mortality in stroke patients with nonsurgical treatment
Li, H., Kuo, C.-C., Li, Y., Tsai, K., & Wu, H. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000015753 · Cited by 5
“Major depression is more prevalent in female patients than in male patients([30]); the global annual prevalence of major depression is about 3.”
BackgroundPredicting Health and Wellness Outcomes for Probation and Parole Officers: An Exploratory Study
Denney, A. S., Copenhaver, A., & Schwendau, A. (2019) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403419870850 · Cited by 5
“, losing one’s temper, physical/verbal aggression) and women have internalizing symptoms (e.g., loneliness, anxiety; Albert, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialPersonality factors and cerebral glucose metabolism in community-dwelling older adults
Sohrabi, H. R., Goozee, K. G., Weinborn, M., Shen, K., Brown, B. M., Rainey‐Smith, S. R., Salvado, O., Taddei, K., Bucks, R. S., Maruff, P. T., et al. (2020) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-020-02071-0 · Cited by 5
“However, it is important to note that depression, as one of the primary facets of neuroticism (McCrae and Costa 2010), is also more common in women (Albert 2015; Weissman et al.”
Shugart, R. M., Poupore, N. S., Moraney, R., Tate, M., George, K. D., Brown, K. S., & Nathaniel, T. I. (2020) · Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2020.05.004 · Cited by 5
Jarvis, C. A., Lin, M. P., Ding, L., Julian, A., Giannotta, S. L., Zada, G., Mack, W. J., & Attenello, F. J. (2020) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-020-04559-4 · Cited by 5
Bullich, S., Delcourte, S., Haddjeri, N., & Guiard, B. P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22020937 · Cited by 5
“For example, CORT exposed females are insensitive to this procedure [13], whereas it is well known that the prevalence of MD is twice higher in women than in men [14].”
BackgroundGerman, D., Dejman, M., Salimi, Y., Murray, S. M., Assari, S., Bass, J., Flynn, C. P., & Shushtari, Z. J. (2021) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2020.0056 · Cited by 5
“…lower socioeconomic status (e.g., lower employment and pay), higher prevalence of trauma, including sexual harassment and rape, hormonal differences, higher levels of neuroticism, and a higher tendency to ruminate on stressors observed among women than among men (Albert 2015; McLean et al. 2011).”
Lopes, D. G., Henriques, A. R., Santos-Dias, M., Nunes-da-Silva, C., Gonçalves, J., de Sousa, R. D., Abdulghani, S., Eletério, J., Jacinto, S., Soares, H., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.689919 · Cited by 7
Elmahdy, M. A., & Shebl, E. M. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejhm.2021.178615 · Cited by 4
“Total score 14 (1-28) 15 (0-27) 12 (0-21) Median (Range)”
BackgroundJin, M., Zhang, X., He, H., Zeng, L., Yuan, Z., Xie, W., Tang, P., & Wang, J. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20211118-03 · Cited by 5
Begdache, L., Danesharasteh, A., & Ertem, Z. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132572 · Cited by 5
“Mental distress, such as anxiety and depression, appears to impact men and women differentially with twice the risk in women [20].”
BackgroundHas the COVID-19 pandemic affected the psychological state of arab cancer patients?
Madkhali, N. A. B., Ameri, A., Al‐Naamani, Z., Madkhali, M., Alshammari, B., & Maqbali, M. A. H. A. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03414-2 · Cited by 5
“However, the rate of major depression in women is 6.7 higher than in men globally; in 2010, the annual global prevalence was 5.5% and 3.2%, respectively, representing a 1.7-fold higher incidence in women (Albert, 2015).”
InfluentialChang, P.-Y., Shih, F., Lee, M., Lin, C.-F., & Lyu, S.-Y. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s375722 · Cited by 7
“Many studies have also shown that the prevalence of anxiety,(57) panic disorder,(57) depression,(58) and trauma- and stress-related disorders(57,59) is higher in women than in men, which might be attributable to environmental risk factors, gender-specific biological factors such as latent gender-dimorphic temperamenta…”
BackgroundIacono, A., Oremus, M., Maxwell, C. J., & Tyas, S. L. (2023) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2023.2226855 · Cited by 5
“Further, a longer lifetime duration of depression is more likely to occur in older women than older men because depression remains higher in women than in men throughout the life course (Albert, 2015; Davison et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAnxiety and depression among COVID-19 survivors: a cross-sectional study
Abulsaad, A. M., Sonbol, H. M., Elwasify, M., & El‐Boraie, O. (2023) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-023-00351-z · Cited by 9
“These results confirm the existing gender disparity in depression [46], which is thought to be influenced by sex hormones, genetics, and gender features.”
BackgroundDiksha, Singh, L., & Bhatia, D. (2023) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-023-01302-7 · Cited by 6
“( 2015 ) 12 C o r ti c o s t e r on e - i ndu ce d d e p r e ss i on i n m i ce F o r m onon e ti n 20 m g / kg • U p li f t e d t h e l e v e l o f B DN F .”
Vlachakis, D., Zacharaki, E. I., Tsiamaki, E., Koulouri, M., Raftopoulou, S., Papageorgiou, L., Chrousos, G. P., Ellul, J., & Megalooikonomou, V. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Jabłońska, M. R., Zajdel, K., & Zajdel, R. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13169198 · Cited by 5
“Another interesting, emerging path to conduct a similar study is in terms of gender, as women are at a greater risk for psychological problems than men [54], including anxiety [55,56] and depression [57,58].”
BackgroundPsychological impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in Kuwait
Aon, M. H., Al-Shammari, O. Z., Aljenfawi, M. K., & Aoun, A. H. (2020) · American Journal of Medical and Clinical Sciences · doi:10.33425/2832-4226/20006 · Cited by 5
Ohtani, K., Tamura, A., Sakaki, M., Murayama, K., Ishikawa, S., Ishii, R., Nakazato, N., Suzuki, T., & Tanaka, A. (2022) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000632 · Cited by 5
Lithgow, B. J., & Moussavi, Z. (2017) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000487771 · Cited by 6
Gender as a principle of the organization of clinical sleep research
Morris, J. L., Chasens, E. R., & Brush, L. D. (2020) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2020.06.006 · Cited by 4
“Research rooted in the biomedical model suggests that depression in women is caused by women’s fluctuating reproductive hormones (Albert, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartin, H. S., Falkenstein, M. J., Nota, J. A., & Kuckertz, J. M. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10561-2 · Cited by 4
“INC may be associated with an earlier age of onset, given that an earlier age of OCD onset has been associated with symmetry-related symptoms (Albert et al., 2015; Kichuk et al., 2013; Vellozo et al., 2021) and symmetry may be associated with INC (Ecker & Gönner, 2008 ).”
Kim, C. G. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14030487 · Cited by 4
Adolescents’ Self and Bullying Victimisation: The Key Role of Gender
Perazzini, M., Bontempo, D., Giancola, M., D'Amico, S., & Perilli, E. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12020217 · Cited by 3
“As for biological dynamics, hormonal changes during critical periods such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause can increase vulnerability to negative emotions and self-hatred [51].”
Meat Consumption and Depression: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Luque-Martínez, A., Ávila-Jiménez, Á. F., Reinoso-Espín, Á., Araújo-Jiménez, M. Á., Martos-Salcedo, C. R., González-Domenech, P., Jiménez‐Fernández, S., Martínez‐Ruiz, V., Ibáñez, N. C., & Rivera‐Izquierdo, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17050811 · Cited by 4
“Thus, gender could be acting as a confounder by being associated with both a meat-free diet [35,36] and depression [38].”
Rewards and Costs of Being a Mother: Motherhood and Women's Mental Health in China
Chen, X. (2025) · China & World Economy · doi:10.1111/cwe.12586 · Cited by 4
Hashem, A. E., Saba, A. B., Madi, A. M. B., Mahfouz, C., Derian, C., Husseiny, E. E., Hanna, J.-M., Hayek, M., & Assaad, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1605086 · Cited by 4
Liu, J., Zhang, H., Wu, Y., Li, W., Li, M., Yuan, X., Zhou, C., Chen, M., Zhou, J., & Cui, J. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1706750 · Cited by 5
“They also typically present with more severe depressive symptoms [10], which might be potentially in fl u-enced by hormonal fl uctuations and social roles [11, 12].”
Railways to better minds: The influence of high-speed rail on cognitive health inequalities
Zong, X., Guan, M., Zhang, Y., & Dong, G. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118624 · Cited by 4
Youth depression in Ethiopia: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
Habtegiorgis, S. D., Telayneh, A. T., Kumlachew, L., Walelgn, N., Alemayehu, D., Azmeraw, M., & Mitiku, K. W. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00971-9 · Cited by 4
“This gap may be caused by a variety of circumstances, such as the possibility that female hormone fluctuations may cause depression [49], premenstrual issues, relationship issues, teenage pregnancy, abuse, a lack of social support, and similar circumstances.”
Cello, M., Laird, J. D., & Hernández, D. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17219807 · Cited by 4
“Researchers have observed that mental health can be strongly predicted by one’s marital status [43] and gender [44].”
Saif, S. I., Kushal, S. A., Amin, Y. M., & Azdi, Z. A. (2025) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00341-z · Cited by 5
“Table 3 shows that the rate of depression in women is much higher than in men, both globally and in Bangladesh [37, 52, 53].”
Khanna, A., Shergill, M., Soni, N., Blair, M., & Burhan, A. M. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117011 · Cited by 4
Shafiee‐Kandjani, A. R., Khalili, M., Malek, A., Farhang, S., Ranjbari, Y., & Khalili, Y. (2023) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2023.100430 · Cited by 4
Jinekolojik Kanser Hastası ve Ailesinin Psiko-Sosyal Bakımında Sağlık Profesyonelinin Rolü
Balkan, E., & Öskay, Ü. (2023) · Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.46413/boneyusbad.1111161 · Cited by 4
Akoko, B., Regan, S., Idigbe, I. E., Ezechi, O., Pierce, L. J., Musa, A. Z., Okonkwo, P., Freedberg, K. A., & Ahonkhai, A. A. (2023) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2023.2216006 · Cited by 4
“This is similar to fi ndings both in the region and more broadly and may re fl ect more generalized di ff erences in the prevalence of a ff ective disorders (Albert, 2015; Basha et al., 2019; Ofovwe & Ofovwe, 2013).”
MethodSarfraz, Z., Sarfraz, A., & Amin, S. Z. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01428-2 · Cited by 4
“Depression is twice as likely to occur in women than in men during their reproductive years (Albert 2015).”
Danazumi, M. S., & Yakasai, A. M. (2024) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-024-09847-w · Cited by 4
“Additionally, since testosterone does not cycle in men as estrogen does in women, there may be more consistent protection in men [47].”
de Souza, I. D., Fernandes, V. G. S., Cavalcante, J. V. F., Coelho, A. C., Morais, D. A. A., Cabral-Marques, O., Pasquali, M. A. D. B., & Dalmolin, R. J. S. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.09.012 · Cited by 5
Anxiety and Depression Among Patients with Diabetes in Saudi Arabia and Egypt
Mahmoud, M. R., Aljadani, A., Mahmood, A. A. R., Alshammari, R. F., Shahien, M. M., Ibrahim, S., Khalik, A. A., Alenazi, F., Alreshidi, F. S., Nasr, F. M., et al. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12212159 · Cited by 6
“The relationship between depression and female hormones like estrogen is contradictory, with research showing both positive and negative associations [54].”
Insights for the Next Generation of Ketamine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder
Martins, A. C. F., Badenoch, B., & Gomes, R. D. S. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c02467 · Cited by 4
Cytokines and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents
Leung, C. Y., & Weiss, S. J. (2025) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/10998004251318385 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, our study found that more females ( n = 5) than males ( n = 3) met the cut-off for PHQ-9 clinical depression, fi ndings which are consistent across many studies where depression is reported to be more prevalent among females (Albert, 2015).”
Schildroth, S., Henn, B. C., Geller, R. J., Wesselink, A. K., Upson, K., Vines, A. I., Vinceti, M., Harmon, Q. E., Baird, D. D., Wegienka, G., et al. (2025) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2025.02.005 · Cited by 4
Hooten, M., Silverstein, S. M., & Daniulaityte, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2478090 · Cited by 4
“These findings align with prior studies conducted with people who use methamphetamine (Hser, Evans, and Huang, 2005; Brecht et al. 2004; Zweben et al. 2004) and with the general population (Albert 2015; Eaton et al. 2012).”
Regional and gender disparities in depression and late life expectancy in Chile
Rueda, S., Miranda‐Castillo, C., & Araya, A.-X. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02883-7 · Cited by 4
“Consequently, the elevated prevalence of depressive symptoms in older women and its larger years with depressive symptoms may be attributed to perimenopausal period which is characterised by changes in ovarian hormones [95 ].”
Mental health and violence against women in Afghanistan, India and Sri Lanka: a situation analysis
Quinlan-Davidson, M., Ahmad, A., Asher, L., Bhatia, U., Daruwalla, N., Devakumar, D., Nadkarni, A., Palfreyman, A., Saboor, L., Samanmalee, T. R., et al. (2025) · Global Health Research · doi:10.3310/gdom7555 · Cited by 4
“54 The study also showed evidence for the contribution of risk factors such as childhood sexual abuse and IPV to mental health conditions.”
Delavari, P., Özturan, G., Navajas, E. V., Yilmaz, O., & Oruç, İ. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0327305 · Cited by 4
Adolescent and Youth Mental Health in India: Status and Needs
Duggal, C., & Bagasrawala, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6593-5_3 · Cited by 4
University students’ accounts of living with depression
Martin, D., & Atkinson, C. (2020) · Research in Post-Compulsory Education · doi:10.1080/13596748.2020.1742976 · Cited by 4
“Notably, however, depression is twice as prevalent amongst young women aged 14–25 than young men (Albert 2015). This may be partly due to the way in which depression is socially constructed. Feminist researchers (e.g. Stoppard 2000) have argued that within cultural meaning systems, beliefs about the nature of masculin…”
BackgroundInfluentialAsadollahi, F., Doost, H. T. N., Abedi, M. R., & Afshar, H. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.110483 · Cited by 4
“The inclusion criteria were (1) being woman; (2) minimum education level of high school; (3) the age range of 20 - 50 years; (4) diagnosis of PDD based on DSM-V diagnostic criteria; and (5) the ability to share experiences.”
BackgroundInfluentialShams, L., Kakakhel, M., Majeed, S., Khan, H., Khan, H., & Sajid, S. (2021) · Journal of Rehman Medical Institute · doi:10.52442/jrmi.v7i2.302 · Cited by 4
“7-fold greater incidence in women.(7) In Pakistan the frequency of depression is higher among females compared to males.”
BackgroundDams, J., Grochtdreis, T., & König, H. (2021) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-021-10023-x · Cited by 4
“In the present sample, predominantly women (69%) suffered from depression, which approximately corresponds to the 2:1 prevalence ratio of depression between men and women (Albert, 2015; Salk et al., 2017).”
BackgroundHopelessness in New York State Physicians During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak
Johnson, A. A., Wallace, B. K., Xu, Q., Chihuri, S. T., Hoven, C. W., Susser, E., DiMaggio, C., Abramson, D., Andrews, H. F., Lang, B. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/ana.0000000000000808 · Cited by 4
Yoo, J. (2022) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/00916471221118605 · Cited by 4
“Sociocultural factors and biological vulnerability contribute to the high prevalence of depression in women (Albert, 2015; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991).”
BackgroundYassıbaş, E., & Yeşildemir, Ö. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.33076/2022.bdd.1643 · Cited by 4
“The higher frequency of depression in females is explained by genetic factors, hormonal changes, menstrual cycle, types of drugs, and social opportunities (28).”
BackgroundBalasa, A., Bala, A., Olejnik, A., Marchel, A., & Kunert, P. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033738 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Albert, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Albert, Paul R.
- ORCID
- Albert, Paul R.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 219-221
- ISSN
- 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2434
- PMC
- PMC4478054
- OpenAlex
- W2418872436
- Cited by
- 1,785
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 233 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 22.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (115098_1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, sex differences, women, prevalence, suicide, disability burden, chronic disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
