Cited by 1,785Treatment of Major DepressionSex and Gender in HealthcareMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Why is depression more prevalent in women?

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Albert, Paul R.·2015·Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience

DOI 10.1503/jpn.150205PMC PMC4478054

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Abstract

Major depression is a chronic illness with a high prevalence and is a major component of disease burden. Depressive disorders were the second leading cause of years lived with disability in 2010 in Canada, the United States and globally.[1][1],[2][2] When depression-related deaths due to suicide and

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“Globally, more than 350 million people of all ages suffer from depression, and more women are affected by depression than men [1, 2].”
Background
Susceptibility of Women to Cardiovascular Disease and the Prevention Potential of Mind–Body Intervention by Changes in Neural Circuits and Cardiovascular Physiology
Yang, H., Koh, E., & Kang, Y. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11050708 · Cited by 33
“Depression is twice as common in women as in men [27,28], the frequency of which starts to diverge from mid-puberty and is maintained into later life [29].”
Background
Do changes in microglial status underlie neurogenesis impairments and depressive-like behaviours induced by psychological stress? A systematic review in animal models
Nieto-Quero, A., Chaves-Peña, P., Santín, L. J., Pérez‐Martín, M., & Pedraza, C. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100356 · Cited by 32
“Given that depression is more prevalent in women (Albert, 2015), studies on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effect of stress on depression should be designed to use samples that adequately represent the population to adequately answer research this topic.”
Prevalence Estimates, Severity, and Risk Factors of Depressive Symptoms among Coronary Artery Disease Patients after Ten Days of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Rawashdeh, S., Ibdah, R., Kheirallah, K. A., Al-Kasasbeh, A., Raffee, L. A., Alrabadi, N., Al-Bustami, I. S., Haddad, R. H., Ibdah, R. M., & Al-Mistarehi, A.-H. W. (2021) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017902117010103 · Cited by 34
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“7) 12 (15) 44 (55) 28 (35) 8 (10) 77 (48.”
Background
Trouble Sleeping and Depression Among US Women Aged 20 to 30 Years
Barsha, R. A. A., & Hossain, M. B. (2020) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd17.190262 · Cited by 28
Elevated Brain Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Induces Depressive-Like Phenotypes in Rodent Models: A Review
Rafiei, D., & Kolla, N. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22031047 · Cited by 30
“However, there is a nearly 2-fold greater prevalence of MDD in women compared to men [91].”
Background
Dietary Intake and Mental Health among Saudi Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown
Alfawaz, H., Yakout, S. M., Wani, K., Aljumah, G. A., Ansari, M. G. A., Khattak, M. N. K., Hussain, S. D., & Al‐Daghri, N. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041653 · Cited by 31
“Several factors can contribute to women’s higher depression and anxiety prevalence rates, including biological sex differences, culture, diet, female hormonal fluctuations, and education [48].”
Background
Sex- and stress-dependent effects of a single injection of ketamine on open field and forced swim behavior
Fitzgerald, P. J., Kounelis-Wuillaume, S., Gheidi, A., Morrow, J. D., Spencer-Segal, J. L., & Watson, B. O. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.1871600 · Cited by 27
“It is also well established that women are roughly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with MDD, but the hormonal and neurochemical basis (among other potential factors) for this discrepancy, including sex differences in response to various antidepressant drugs, is not well understood (Albert, 2015; Baxter et al.,…”
Background
Nutritional therapy can reduce the burden of depression management in low income countries: A review
Ekong, M. B., & Iniodu, C. F. (2021) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.06.002 · Cited by 28
“The incidence is more prevalent in the female population compared to the male (Pappa et al., 2020), attributable to the female changing hormonal levels (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Nicotinic receptors promote susceptibility to social stress in female mice linked with neuroadaptations within VTA dopamine neurons
Ortiz, V., Campos, R. C., Fofo, H., Fernández, S. P., & Barik, J. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01314-4 · Cited by 30
“Although mood changes occur following hormonal fluctuations [4, 5], inherited traits and adverse life experiences constitute major risk factors of depression [2, 6].”
BackgroundInfluential
Leveraging the Science to Understand Factors Influencing the Use of AI-Powered Avatar in Healthcare Services
Moriuchi, E. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00277-z · Cited by 28
“The distribution of age and gender was similar to public health records of patients who suffer from depression (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Inflammation-activated C/EBPβ mediates high-fat diet-induced depression-like behaviors in mice
Li, Y., Chen, H., Wang, J., Wang, J., Niu, X., Wang, C., Qin, D., Li, F., Wang, Y., Xiong, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.1068164 · Cited by 27
“However, T2DM and depression affect both men and women and their prevalence is even higher in women (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Factors related to work ability and well-being among women on sick leave due to long-term pain in the neck/shoulders and/or back: a cross-sectional study
Rashid, M., Kristofferzon, M., Heiden, M., & Nilsson, A. K. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5580-9 · Cited by 28
“Possibly, anxiety is obscured by the high prevalence of depression in this population [50].”
Background
Depressive Symptoms and Addictive Behaviors in Young Adults After Childhood Trauma: The Mediating Role of Personality Organization and Despair
Fuchshuber, J., Hiebler‐Ragger, M., Kresse, A. E., Kapfhammer, H., & Unterrainer, . (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00318 · Cited by 30
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Nour, M. O., Alharbi, K. K. S., Hafiz, T. A., Alshehri, A., Alyamani, L. A., Alharbi, T. H., Alzahrani, R. S., Almalki, E. F., Althagafi, A. A., Kattan, E. T., et al. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/8854120 · Cited by 27
“However, biological sex di ﬀ erences and changes in ovarian hormones could contribute to the increased prevalence in female [67].”
Gut feeling: Exploring the intertwined trilateral nexus of gut microbiota, sex hormones, and mental health
Leão, L. L., Miri, S., & Hammami, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101173 · Cited by 29
“Furthermore, a strong body of evidence suggests that fluctuations in sex hormones among women are the primary biological factors contributing to sex differences in depression risk (Albert, 2015; Kundakovic & Rocks, 2022; Thériault & Perreault, 2019).”
Impact of psychiatric comorbidities on health care utilization and cost of care in multiple myeloma
Niazi, S. K., Frank, R. D., Sharma, M., Roy, V., Ames, S., Rummans, T. A., Spaulding, A., Sher, T., Ailawadhi, M., Bhatia, K., et al. (2018) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2018016717 · Cited by 27
“Although overall psychiatric diagnoses after MM were more commonly seen in males, depression wasmore common in females prior to or after the diagnosis of MM, similar to a higher prevalence of depression in females in the general population.(33) However, its impact on outcomes in MM patients was mostly similar to all o…”
Result
Maternal separation induces anhedonia in female heterozygous serotonin transporter knockout rats
Houwing, D. J., Ramsteijn, A. S., Riemersma, I. W., & Olivier, J. D. A. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.031 · Cited by 27
Prevalence of major depressive disorder in the general population of Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gharraee, B., Tajrishi, K. Z., Sheybani, F., Tahmasbi, N., Mirzaei, M., Farahani, H., & Naserbakht, M. (2019) · PubMed Central · doi:10.34171/mjiri.33.151 · Cited by 27
“This gender difference in major depressive disorder is highlighted in psychiatric literature, and some of its reasons can be attributed to psychological characteristics, biological differences, and gender roles (54, 55).”
Background
What Contributes to Gendered Work Time Inequality? An Australian Case Study
Doan, T. T., Thorning, P., Furuya‐Kanamori, L., & Strazdins, L. M. (2021) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02597-0 · Cited by 27
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“This could suggest men taking part have more severe symptoms due to the under‐detection and under‐reporting of milder forms of depression and anxiety by males (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Post-Stroke Depression in Patients with Large Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Avadhani, R., Thompson, R. E., Carhuapoma, L., Yenokyan, G., McBee, N. A., Lane, K., Ostapkovich, N. D., Stadnik, A., Awad, I. A., Hanley, D. F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106082 · Cited by 29
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“that confirmed the higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in female HCWs [18].”
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“Environmental and genetic influences are at the origin of this difference [18].”
Background
State-Specific Prevalence of Depression Among Adults With and Without Diabetes — United States, 2011–2019
Koyama, A. K., HORA, I. A., Bullard, K. M., Benoit, S. R., Tang, S., & Cho, P. (2023) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd20.220407 · Cited by 27
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Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes: a 20-year analysis
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Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway contributes to p-chlorodiphenyl diselenide antidepressant-like action in diabetic mice
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“Understanding how genetic difference confers sexual differences in predisposition tomental illness is a complex, multilevel puzzle that remains to be studied (Albert 2015).”
Background
Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety in Gout: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Howren, A. M., Bowie, D., Choi, H. K., Rai, S. K., & Vera, M. A. D. (2020) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.190974 · Cited by 26
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Background
Characteristics of and gender difference factors of hikikomori among the working-age population: A cross-sectional population study in rural Japan.
Yong, R. K. F., Fujita, K., Chau, P. Y., & Sasaki, H. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.11236/jph.67.4_237 · Cited by 26
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“…the previous research suggesting that women are at a particular risk of developing PTSD (Christiansen & Berke, 2020; Zasiekina et al., 2023) and appear to show a higher prevalence of depression (Albert, 2015), our contribution being that is also the case in an active war zone affecting civilians.”
Cognition across the Lifespan: Investigating Age, Sex, and Other Sociodemographic Influences
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“For example, depression is more prevalent in women, perhaps due to the presence of sex-specific forms such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder [55].”
Background
Parental Motivational Perseverance Predicts Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms: An Intergenerational Analysis with Actor-Partner Interdependence Model
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“…female sex is a significant risk factor for mental illness in hospital workers during a pandemic, and the authors proposed that female sex as a risk factor may partially reflect the already established sex gap for anxiety and depressive symptoms (Albert, 2015; Lai et al., 2020; Pappa et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResult
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms and Its Associated Factors Among Residents of Gondar Town During the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic
Akalu, T. Y., Gelaye, K. A., Beshaw, M. A., Tilahun, S. Y., Yeshaw, Y., Azale, T., Tsegaye, T., Asmelash, D., & Akalu, Y. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s296796 · Cited by 25
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“Females are generally more likely than their male counterparts to report symptoms of depression and anxiety which is hypothetically related to hormonal fluctuations, higher sensitivity to stress, and some socioeconomic factors, such as higher income in favor of their male counterparts.(49) Compared to other previously…”
Result
Prevalence of depression and anxiety among school-going adolescents in Indian Kashmir valley during COVID-19 pandemic
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Antidepressant Effects of South African Plants: An Appraisal of Ethnobotanical Surveys, Ethnopharmacological and Phytochemical Studies
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“The correlation between hormonal changes in women and an increased prevalence of depression suggests that fluctuations in hormones during puberty, menstruation, after pregnancy and around menopause may trigger depression in women (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Hormone contraceptive use in young women: Altered mood states, neuroendocrine and inflammatory biomarkers
Masama, C., Jarkas, D., Thaw, E., Daneshmend, A., Franklyn, S. I., Beaurepaire, C., & McQuaid, R. J. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105229 · Cited by 33
“hormone contraceptives as one contributing factor to the increasing rates of mood disorders among young women is warranted (Albert, 2015).”
Influential
Participation of the Serotonergic System and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Antidepressant-like Effect of Flavonoids
Germán-Ponciano, L. J., Rosas-Sánchez, G. U., Cueto‐Escobedo, J., Fernández-Demeneghi, R., Guillén-Ruiz, G., Soria-Fregozo, C., Herrera-Huerta, E. V., & Rodríguez‐Landa, J. F. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231810896 · Cited by 27
Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Peruvian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hernández-Yépez, P. J., Muñoz-Pino, C. O., Ayala-Laurel, V., Contreras, P. J., Inga-Berrospi, F., Vera-Ponce, V. J., Failoc-Rojas, V. E., Pereira-Victorio, C. J., & Valladares-Garrido, M. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114591 · Cited by 30
“Although various studies show that women have a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress than men [24,25], the data regarding university students in the context of COVID-19 are not conclusive [26].”
Examining equity in access and utilization of a freely available meditation app
Jiwani, Z., Tatar, R., Dahl, C. J., Wilson‐Mendenhall, C. D., Hirshberg, M. J., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2023) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00025-y · Cited by 23
“…reason for higher rates of accessing HMP is that women and younger individuals have been found to be more vulnerable to experiencing common mental health challenges such as depression 57,58 and may, for this reason, be more likely to access HMP to seek tools to support their mental health.”
Background
Long-term Influences of Prenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms on the Amygdala–Prefrontal Circuitry of the Offspring From Birth to Early Childhood
Lee, A., Poh, J. S., Wen, D. J. R., Guillaume, B., Chong, Y. S., Shek, L. P., Fortier, M. V., & Qiu, A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.006 · Cited by 25
The effect of family and neighbourhood social capital on youth mental health in South Africa
Somefun, O. D., & Fotso, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.009 · Cited by 25
Relation of Promoter Methylation of the Oxytocin Gene to Stressful Life Events and Depression Severity
Sanwald, S., Gahr, M., Widenhorn‐Müller, K., Schönfeldt‐Lecuona, C., Richter, K., Connemann, B. J., Kammer, T., Montag, C., & Kiefer, M. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-019-01446-1 · Cited by 24
“This observation is in line with the assumption of biological sex differences in brain functioning contributing to sex differences in the prevalence of major depression (Albert 2015).”
Result
Toddler teacher job strain, resources, and classroom quality
Henry, A., Hatfield, B. E., & Chandler, K. D. (2021) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2021.1892596 · Cited by 24
“The ECE workforce presents a vulnerable population of workers whose characteristics (e.g. predominantly women, low compensation) may predispose them to increased risks for psychological symptomology (Albert 2015).”
Background
Work-Related Stress and Anxiety Among Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
D’emeh, W. M., Yacoub, M. I., & Shahwan, B. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20210322-02 · Cited by 26
Theme Trends and Knowledge-Relationship in Lifestyle Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
Kim, A., & Park, H. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147503 · Cited by 26
“According to a recent study, young adults and women are at higher risk of mental distress [30].”
Background
Symptom Presentation and Access to Medical Care in Patients With Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Role of Sex
Bourne, K. M., Hall, J., Stiles, L. E., Sheldon, R. S., Shibao, C. A., Okamoto, L. E., Garland, E. M., Gamboa, A. C., Peltier, A., Diedrich, A., et al. (2021) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2021.08.014 · Cited by 28
“The age of initial POTS symptom onset was marginally older in male compared to female patients (17 [13-31] vs 17 [13-27] years, P 1⁄4 0.”
Background
Factors Associated With Depression Among Family Caregivers of Patients With Stroke in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Fauziah, W., Kato, M. K., Shogenji, M., Tsujiguchi, H., & TANIGUCHI, Y. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000515 · Cited by 28
Instagram Use and Mental Well-Being
Stefana, A., Dakanalis, A., Mura, M., Colmegna, F., & Clerici, M. (2022) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001577 · Cited by 26
Overview of metabolomic aspects in postpartum depression
Konjevod, M., Gredičak, M., Vuić, B., Tudor, L., Perković, M. N., Milos, T., Štrac, D. Š., Pivac, N., & Erjavec, G. N. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110836 · Cited by 24
The Sex–Gender Effects in the Road to Tailored Botanicals
Campesi, I., Romani, A., & Franconi, F. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071637 · Cited by 25
“It varies in overactive bladders with and without urgency urinary incontinence [88], and in major depression [90], a mood disturb that mainly affects women versus men [91].”
Background
Peripubertal stress following maternal immune activation sex-dependently alters depression-like behaviors in offspring
Ranaei, E., Torshizi, S., Amini, A., Heidari, M. H., Namvarpour, Z., Fathabady, F. F., & Salari, A. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112800 · Cited by 24
Epidemiology of depressive disorders in people living with hypertension in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Endomba, F. T., Temgoua, M. N., & Bigna, J. J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037975 · Cited by 29
Fear of COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 stress and association with sociodemographic and psychological process factors in cases under surveillance in a frontline worker population in borneo
Pang, N. T. P., Nold Imon, G., Johoniki, E., Mohd Kassim, M. A., Omar, A., Syed Abdul Rahim, S. S., Hayati, F., Jeffree, M. S., & Ng, J. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18137210 · Cited by 23
A repeated cross-sectional study of factors associated with pregabalin-positive poisoning deaths in Ireland
Lynn, E. C., Cousins, G., Lyons, S., & Bennett, K. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107741 · Cited by 27
Liver at the nexus of rat postnatal HPA axis maturation and sexual dimorphism
Toews, J. N. C., Hammond, G. L., & Viau, V. (2020) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-20-0286 · Cited by 25
“2014), and certain stress-related disorders such as depression and anxiety are more prevalent in women (Albert 2015).”
Background
Family Physicians’ Standpoint and Mental Health Assessment in the Light of COVID-19 Pandemic—A Nationwide Survey Study
Vilović, T., Božić, J., Vilović, M., Rušić, D., Furlan, S. Ž., Rađa, M., & Tomičić, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042093 · Cited by 23
Depression among healthcare workers in North West Armed Forces hospital-Tabuk, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and associated factors
Almarhapi, S. A., & Khalil, T. A. (2021) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102681 · Cited by 26
Blunted Flanker P300 Demonstrates Specificity to Depressive Symptoms in Females during Adolescence
Santopetro, N. J., Kallen, A. M., Threadgill, A. H., Amir, N., & Hajcak, G. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00876-z · Cited by 23
“, 2016), and have been theorized to affect depressive symptoms in adolescence (Albert, 2015; Altemus et al., 2014).”
Background
Association of peripheral manifestation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor with depression: A meta‐analysis
Tiwari, S., Qi, L., Wong, J. W., & Han, Z. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2581 · Cited by 23
“…of BDNF (Figures S2 and S 3), even thoughmany of the previously published studies have reported that BDNF concentrations considerably decrease with increasing age and in females compared to males (Albert, 2015; Geldsetzer et al., 2019; Kreinin et al., 2015; Weisbrod et al., 2019; Zis et al., 2017).”
Background
Depressive symptoms and suicidality by menopausal stages among middle-aged Korean women
An, S. Y., Kim, Y., Kwon, R., Lim, G., Choi, H. R., Namgoung, S., Jeon, S. W., Chang, Y., & Ryu, S. (2022) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796022000439 · Cited by 25
“Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression as men (Albert, 2015), and depressive symptoms are associated with reproductive events such as menstruation, childbirth and menopause (Soares and Zitek, 2008; Smith et al.”
Background
Influence of COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination on the menstrual cycle: A retrospective study in Hungary
Barabás, K., Makkai, B., Farkas, N., Horváth, H. R., Nagy, Z., Váradi, K., & Zelena, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.974788 · Cited by 26
“Women during their reproductive years are nearly twice as likely to develop depression as men (31).”
Background
Burnout in primary healthcare physicians and nurses in Turkey during COVID-19 pandemic
Ayaslıer, A. A., Albayrak, B., Çelik, E., Özdemir, Ö., Özgür, Ö., Kırımlı, E., Kayı, İ., & Sakarya, S. (2023) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s146342362200069x · Cited by 23
“8%), our findings reflect the already existing gender difference in the mental health status of individuals in the population (Albert, 2015; Kose, 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Postpartum Depression and Health: Role of Perceived Social Support among Pakistani Women
Jamshaid, S., Malik, N. I., Ullah, I., Saboor, S., Arain, F., & Berardis, D. D. (2023) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases11020053 · Cited by 33
“However, there is no actual evidence for these differences [46].”
Background
Sex differences in behavioral and psychological expression of grief during adolescence: A meta‐analysis
Shulla, R. M., & Toomey, R. B. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.04.001 · Cited by 29
Quality of life and associated factors in patients with chronic Chagas disease
Santos‐Filho, J. C. L., Vieira, M. C., Xavier, I. G. G., Maciel, E. R., Rodrigues, L. F., Curvo, E. O., Pereira, I. M., Quintana, M. D. S. B., da Silva, G. M. S., Veloso, H. H., et al. (2018) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.13144 · Cited by 23
“Many studies have demonstrated a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms among women, which also is extremely important in the perception of QoL [23, 24].”
Background
Behavioral depression is associated with increased vagally mediated heart rate variability in adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Jarczok, M., Koenig, J., Shively, C., & Thayer, J. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.004 · Cited by 24
“This 2:1 ratio is similar in other countries (Albert, 2015; Kendler and Gardner, 2014; Kessler, 2003; Int J Psychophysiol.”
Result
Can’t Shake the Prison Guard Blues: Examining the Effects of Work Stress, Job Satisfaction, Boundary Violations, and the Mistreatment of Inmates on the Depressive Symptomatology of Correctional Officers
Worley, R. M., Lambert, E. G., & Worley, V. B. (2023) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/07340168221123229 · Cited by 22
“Women, in general, report higher levels of depression than men in society (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Sleep health challenges among women: insomnia across the lifespan
Benge, E., Pavlova, M. K., & Javaheri, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1322761 · Cited by 22
“Women are also at risk of more speciﬁc types of depression-related illnesses such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder, postpartum depression, and postmenopausal depression and anxiety (Albert, 2015; Wang et al., 2021).”
Evidence of bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and depression; a Mendelian randomization study
Bala, R., Handley, D., Gillett, A. C., Green, H., Bowden, J., Wood, A. R., Barroso, I., Lewis, C. M., & Tyrrell, J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03083-0 · Cited by 25
“We, instead, report con ﬁ dence intervals for all our estimates.”
Prevalence of and factors associated with depression in the hill tribe population aged 40 years and older in northern Thailand
Singkhorn, O., Apidechkul, T., Pitchalard, K., Moonpanane, K., Hamtanon, P., Sunsern, R., Leaungsomnapa, Y., & Thepsaw, J. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-021-00487-7 · Cited by 24
Baseline Depression-Like Behaviors in Wild-Type Adolescent Mice Are Strain and Age but Not Sex Dependent
Eltokhi, A., Kurpiers, B., & Pitzer, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.759574 · Cited by 24
“The global increased prevalence of depression in women compared to men suggests that the differential risk is highly dependent on biological sex differences rather than race, culture or other potentially confounding social and economic factors (Albert, 2015).”
Background
The influence of hormonal contraception on depression and female sexuality: a narrative review of the literature
Buggio, L., Barbàra, G., Facchin, F., Ghezzi, L., Dridi, D., & Vercellini, P. (2021) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2021.2016693 · Cited by 26
“depression is higher in women than men [65], which may partially depend on the potential central role of the two female sex”
Background
Age, sex and APOE-ε4 modify the balance between soluble and fibrillar β-amyloid in non-demented individuals: topographical patterns across two independent cohorts
Cacciaglia, R., Salvadó, G., Molinuevo, J. L., Shekari, M., Falcón, C., Operto, G., Suárez‐Calvet, M., Milà‐Alomà, M., Sala, A., Rodriguez‐Vieitez, E., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01436-7 · Cited by 23
A Systematic Review Assessing Patient-Related Predictors of Response to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Major Depressive Disorder
Gonterman, F. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s388164 · Cited by 25
An Apriori Algorithm-Based Association Rule Analysis to detect Human Suicidal Behaviour
Hassan, M. M., Karim, A., Mollick, S., Azam, S., Ignatious, E., & Haque, A. S. M. F. A. (2023) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.412 · Cited by 22
Machine learning models for predicting depression in Korean young employees
Kim, S., Gil, M., & Min, E. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1201054 · Cited by 24
“A reduction in estrogen levels may contribute to an increased risk of depression among women (54).”
Background
Multiple integrated social stress induces depressive-like behavioral and neural adaptations in female C57BL/6J mice
Zhai, X., Ai, L., Chen, D., Zhou, D., Han, Y., Ji, R., Hu, M., Wang, Q., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106374 · Cited by 22
“Interestingly, women consistently represent about two-thirds of those affected by depression at different ages besides various geographical locations (Albert, 2015; Baxter et al., 2014; Cyranowski et al., 2000; Ford and Erlinger, 2004; Malhi and Mann, 2018; Whiteford et al., 2013).”
Peripheral immune factors are elevated in women with current or recent alcohol dependence and associated with altered mood and memory
Wilhelm, C., Fuller, B. E., Huckans, M. S., & Loftis, J. M. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.023 · Cited by 22
“Women experience higher rates of depression than men (reviewed in Albert, 2015), and inflammation appears to be a key contributor to depression in women (reviewed in Derry et al., 2015).”
Background
Adherence to the Australian dietary guidelines and development of depressive symptoms at 5 years follow-up amongst women in the READI cohort study
Opie, R., Ball, K., Abbott, G., Crawford, D. A., Teychenne, M. J., & McNaughton, S. A. (2020) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00540-0 · Cited by 23
“Depression is more common amongst women than men [3], and amongst those of a low socio-economic position (SEP) (e.”
Background
Testosterone is related to GABA+ levels in the posterior-cingulate in unmedicated depressed women during reproductive life
Flores-Ramos, M., Alcauter, S., López-Titla, M., Bernal-Santamaría, N., Calva-Coraza, E., & Edden, R. A. E. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.033 · Cited by 21
“The complexity of this disorder notwithstanding, biological factors are suggested as triggers of a depressive episode in women (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Sex differences in trajectories of depression symptoms and associations with 10‐year mortality in patients with stroke: the South London Stroke Register
Ayis, S. A., Rudd, A. G., Ayerbe, L., & Wolfe, C. D. A. (2019) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.13899 · Cited by 21
“Others have proposed psychosocial, genetics and epigenetics causes or suggested that differences are at least partially driven by hormonal influences in the brain [22].”
Background
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: Shedding new light on the darkness of depression?
Duarte-Silva, E. P., Filho, A. J. M. C., Barichello, T., Quevedo, J., Macêdo, D. S., & Peixoto, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.114 · Cited by 20
Life-History Factors Influence Teenagers’ Suicidal Ideation: A Model Selection Analysis of the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth
Ziker, J. P., & Snopkowski, K. (2020) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704920939521 · Cited by 22
“With the set of control variables, we find that being female is associated with an increased likelihood of having suicidal thoughts, a result that mirrors frequencies of major depression in the United States and Canada (Albert, 2015).”
Background

Authors: Albert, P. R.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Albert, Paul R.
ORCID: Albert, Paul R.
Venue: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 2015-07
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 219-221
ISSN: 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
1488-2434
DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150205
PMC: PMC4478054
OpenAlex: W2418872436
Cited by: 1,785
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 149 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 233 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 22.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (115098_1)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: major depressive disorder, sex differences, women, prevalence, suicide, disability burden, chronic disease
MeSH terms: Animals, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Prevalence

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