Cited by 1,785Treatment of Major DepressionSex and Gender in HealthcareMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Why is depression more prevalent in women?

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Albert, Paul R.·2015·Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience

DOI 10.1503/jpn.150205PMC PMC4478054

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Abstract

Major depression is a chronic illness with a high prevalence and is a major component of disease burden. Depressive disorders were the second leading cause of years lived with disability in 2010 in Canada, the United States and globally.[1][1],[2][2] When depression-related deaths due to suicide and

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“, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause) [37], but women have higher DL levels than men do [2].”
Background
Effective connectivity between deep brain stimulation targets in individuals with treatment-resistant depression
Amiri, S., Arbabi, M., Rahimi, M., Parvaresh, M., & Mirbagheri, M. M. (2023) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad256 · Cited by 7
“68,79 Despite this, sex imbalance in the MDD group was expected to have a minimal impact on the reported results.”
Result
Long-Term Consumption of Green Tea Can Reduce the Degree of Depression in Postmenopausal Women by Increasing Estradiol
Wan, Z., Qin, X., Tian, Y., Ouyang, F., Wang, G., & Wan, Q. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214514 · Cited by 8
“Fluctuations in sex hormones are also an important reason for the increased risk of depression in women, especially postmenopausal women who face rapid hormonal changes and are at a higher risk of depression compared to premenopausal and menopausal transition [7–9].”
Background
Development and pharmacological evaluation of liposomes and nanocapsules containing paroxetine hydrochloride
Chiarentin, R., Bottcher, D. P., Zeni, B., Grave, C., Kaufmann, F. N., Saraiva, T. E. S., Berna, G. D. C., Führ, G. A., Hermann, B. S., Hoffmeister, B., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124304 · Cited by 7
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“It has beenpreviously shown that severe depression is common in women of reproductive age [20].”
BackgroundMethod
Clinical depression among patients after acute coronary syndrome: a prospective single-tertiary centre analysis
Leong, L., Zuhdi, A. S. M., & Hafidz, M. A. (2020) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2020079 · Cited by 7
“(22) One study found that women more often present with internalising symptoms, whereas men present with externalising symptoms.(24) Females who are depressed have also been found to have poorer outcomes than depressed males.”
Background
Cumulative incidences of hospital‐treated psychiatric disorders are increasing in five Finnish birth cohorts
Kerkelä, M., Gyllenberg, D., Gissler, M., Sillanmäki, L. H., Keski‐Säntti, M., Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki, S., Filatova, S., Hurtig, T. M., Miettunen, J., Sourander, A., et al. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13247 · Cited by 7
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“Introduction Depression is one of the most important and chronic mental disorders so that it affects nearly 25% and 12% of women and men, respectively (1).”
Background
Higher prescription of antidepressants and/or anxiolytics among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Pelgrim, C. E., van den Heuvel, J. M., Folkerts, G., Garssen, J., der Zee, A. H. M., & Kraneveld, A. D. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/1753466620961696 · Cited by 5
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“This may mean that hormonal shifts could explain the negative psychological results among women (Albert, 2015).”
Background
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“See Cyranowski et al. (2000) and Albert (2015) for further details.”
Background
Why Society Needs Patriarchy: A Scientific and Social Justification
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“1) Women are more likely to show signs of depression and anxiety than men are [27].”
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“[5] Depression rates are higher among women than men[6] – including among women with established CAD – suggesting that women with CAD and depression could be more vulnerable to CAD events.”
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“Moreover, it is well established that women are twice as likely as men to experience depression and that these conditions are independent of childbearing [10].”
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Szopa, A., Herbet, M., Poleszak, E., Bogatko, K., Ostrowska-Leśko, M., Świąder, K., Szponar, J., & Serefko, A. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12070586 · Cited by 8
“Certainly, our promising findings should be confirmed in female subjects, considering the fact that prevalence of major depression is even higher in women than in men [53].”
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“It is known, for example, that the incidence of depression in women is higher than in men [25].”
Background
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“clinically at-risk for PTSD on the 6-item abbreviated PCL items (above a threshold score of 14), a rate two or three times greater than the general population, respectively (Albert, 2015; Gradus, 2007).”
Background
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“On the other hand, the data are in line with the observation that depression is more prevalent among women than men (Albert, 2015).”
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“…more frequent in female adolescents (Wade et al., 2002; MARCOTTE et al., 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus, 1994; Hankin et al., 2007; HANKIN et al., 1998) and persists in adulthood (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999; Albert, 2015; LUCHT et al., 2003; Kuehner, 2003; BEBBINGTON et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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“Albert (2015) states that depression in women is related to hormonal changes that occur during puberty, before menstruation, during pregnancy, after childbirth and premenopause.”
Background
Peer victimization and associated alcohol and substance use: Prospective pathways for negative outcomes
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“This is consistent with known gender differences in the occurrence of anxiety and depression [48,49].”
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Background
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“Considering that MDD is more prevalent in women (Albert, 2015; Picco, Subramaniam, Abdin, Vaingankar, & Chong, 2017), further investigation is needed to understand the gender effect, which was regressed out in the current study.”
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“A higher susceptibility to depression among women than men due to biological differences, such as estrogen cycling, could be a reason for the higher prevalence of depression among women (Albert, 2015).”
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“While rates of depression are lower in men compared to women, rates of suicide are three times higher among men (Albert, 2015; Government of Canada, 2020).”
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“During puberty, increased estrogen enhances 5-HT function and strengthens amygdala–pre-frontal connectivity, making girls’ emotional nodes more tightly linked [30].”
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“MDD is more prevalent in women than men [6], with women experiencing more severe forms of MDD [7], and being more susceptible to stress [8].”
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“[16] Except for hormonal properties, earnings also played a crucial part in onset of anxiety and depression.”
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“Some sources note that women are nearly twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression as men.(15) The reasons are multifactorial and complex and may involve reporting bias but there is also evidence for biological and psychosocial causes.”
Background
The magnitude and associated factors of anxiety and depression among non-communicable chronic disease patients during COVID-19 pandemic in a resource-limited setting
Mehari, E. A., Kidane, R. B., Areki, M. F., Seid, A. M., & Gelaye, A. T. (2023) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101274 · Cited by 7
“This could be attributable to genetic, hormonal, social, and psychological 281 influences.(32) Furthermore, because males have androgen receptors, androgen has a protective 282 impact, (33) and testosterone hormone does not cycle like estrogen in women, resulting in a 283 lower risk of depression due to its protective…”
Background
A study on prevalence and risk factors of depression among adolescent girls studying in government and private schools—A comparative study
Alex, P., Cynthia, D. S., & Kanagalakshmi, V. (2023) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_402_23 · Cited by 6
“[5] A report by Anne C. Petersen et al .”
Background
Serotonin transporter knockdown relieves depression-like behavior and ethanol-induced CPP in mice after chronic social defeat stress
Bahí, A. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114998 · Cited by 6
The Impact of Time Since Menarche for Depressive and Anxiety Symptom Severity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Zhang, Z. Z., Peckins, M. K., Beal, S. J., Schnabel, D. J. D., Shenk, C. E., & Dorn, L. D. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.03.010 · Cited by 7
Facilitating Thought Progression to Reduce Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial
Yatziv, S.-L., Pedrelli, P., Baror, S., DeCaro, S. A., Shachar, N., Sofer, B., Hull, S., Curtiss, J. E., & Bar, M. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/56201 · Cited by 6
“Second, in an exploratory analysis, it was found that for women, the intervention was more effective as age increased (Multimedia Appendix 1 [67-71]).”
Maternal obesity induces sex-specific changes in the endocannabinoid system of the hypothalamus and dorsal hippocampus of offspring associated with anxiety-like behavior in adolescent female rats
Calviño, C., de Almeida, M. M., Reis-Gomes, C. F., Andrade, B. D. S., Neves, G. A., Pazos-Moura, C. C., & Trevenzoli, I. H. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105648 · Cited by 6
The “conflict avoidance theory of inflammation-induced anxiety” (CATIA): A psychoneuroimmunologic hypothesis
Nelles, P., Singewald, N., Sperner‐Unterweger, B., & Hüfner, K. (2025) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2025.111580 · Cited by 8
Exploring the shared genetic architecture between testosterone traits and major depressive disorder
Lu, W., He, X., Peng, H., Lei, P., Liu, J., Ding, Y., Yan, B., Ma, X., & Yang, J. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07096-5 · Cited by 6
“In all countries and races, the incidence of depression in women is two times higher than that in men [2, 9, 10], suggesting a likely role for sex hormones in depression [11].”
Determinants of Depressive Symptoms Among Rural Health Workers: An Application of Socio-Ecological Framework
Bakhtari, F., Sarbakhsh, P., Daneshvar, J., Bhalla, D., & Nadrian, H. (2020) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s255436 · Cited by 6
Exploring the Relationship between Identity Orientation and Symptoms of Depression among Third Culture Kids college students
Habeeb, H., & Hamid, A. A. R. M. (2021) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2021.14358a · Cited by 6
“Women may experience greater depression due to hormonal changes and chromosomal differences (Albert, 2015).”
Exercise as a treatment for clinical depression in adults and progressing the physiotherapists role: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Davis, M. E., & McGrane, N. (2021) · Physiotherapy Practice and Research · doi:10.3233/ppr-210512 · Cited by 6
“However, research suggests that depression rates are greater in women [84] and in recent years the prevalence has increased in young adults [85], thus potentially contributing to this sample’s skew.”
Association of Environmental tobacco smoke exposure with depression among non-smoking adults
Okekunle, A. P., Asowata, O. J., Lee, J. E., & Akpa, O. M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11780-y · Cited by 6
“Similarly, a correlation between the prevalence of depression and hormonal changes (during puberty, pregnancy, and perimenopause) has been hypothesized among females [65].”
Background
Predictors of Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help in Hong Kong
Rochelle, T. L., & Lo, C. H. (2022) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2022.2077293 · Cited by 6
Psychological Distress among University Staff before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Tanifuji, T., Mouri, K., Yamamoto, Y., & Aoyama, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032208 · Cited by 19
“A global study showed that the prevalence of major depression was higher in females than males before the COVID-19 pandemic [42].”
Background
Pregnant in a Pandemic: Mental Wellbeing and Associated Healthy Behaviors Among Pregnant People in California During COVID-19
Phipps, J. E., Whipps, M. D. M., D’Souza, I. A., LaSalle, J. M., & Simmons, L. A. (2023) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03657-w · Cited by 10
“Pregnant people are at increased risk of mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety, compared to the general population (Albert, 2015; Biaggi et al., 2016).”
Background
Gender, Health, and AI: How Using AI to Empower Women Could Positively Impact the Sustainable Development Goals
García-Micó, T. G., & Laukyte, M. (2023) · Philosophical studies series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21147-8_16 · Cited by 6
The genetics of a “femaleness/maleness” score in cardiometabolic traits in the UK biobank
Vosberg, D. E., Pausová, Z., & Paus, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36132-1 · Cited by 6
Stress, anxiety and depression among medical students during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ayubi, E., Bashirian, S., Jenabi, E., Barati, M., & Khazaei, S. (2023) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2023.100108 · Cited by 6
Health-related behaviors and multiple chronic health conditions among persons with traumatic spinal cord injury
Cao, Y., Jarnecke, M., & Krause, J. S. (2018) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/s41393-018-0227-3 · Cited by 6
Making a Case for Integrating Evidence-Based Sexual Risk Reduction and Mental Health Interventions for Adolescent Girls
Morrison-Beedy, D. C., & Melnyk, B. M. (2019) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2019.1639087 · Cited by 6
“pared to males (Albert, 2015), coupled with the overwhelm-”
Background
Retracted
Equity360: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity—Trapped in the Joint Pain Vicious Cycle (Part I)
O’Connor, M. I. (2019) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000000977 · Cited by 6
“The co-morbid and often life-threatening conditions seen in the cycle (heart disease [12], diabetes [14], and depression [1]) impact women or indiviudals of color more so than men or whites.”
Background
Undergraduate Students’ Stress, Anxiety and Depression Remote Health Monitoring System
Liaw, M. A. W., & Olowolayemo, A. (2020) · International Journal on Perceptive and Cognitive Computing · doi:10.31436/ijpcc.v6i2.159 · Cited by 6
“This can be supported by another research carried out by [25], where he mentions that women suffer from major depression is higher than men.”
Background
Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of major depressive disorder in older adults in Hebei province, China
Zhang, Y.-S., Jin, Y., Rao, W., Cui, L.-J., Li, J.-F., Li, L., Ungvari, G. S., Hall, B. J., Li, K.-Q., & Xiang, Y. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.096 · Cited by 6
The effects of violent urban settings on neuropsychological outcomes: A review
Bajnath, V., Harcourt, S., Spagna, S., & Derbaly, A. (2020) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101410 · Cited by 10
Depression among Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis at the State Hospital of Makassar
Zainuddin, A. A., Ramadany, S., & Santoso, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_50_20 · Cited by 6
“Women are also more vulnerable to show various forms of depression related to illnesses such as premenstrual disorder, postnatal depression, and postmenopausal as it deals with ovarian hormones.[5]”
Venlafaxine reduces the striatal il6/il10 ratio and increases hippocampal GR expression in female mice subjected to chronic social instability stress
Labaka, A., Gómez-Lázaro, E., Goñi‐Balentziaga, O., Pérez-Tejada, J., Vegas, Ó., & Garmendia, L. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.1895111 · Cited by 6
“The prevalence of depression is twice as high in women as in men, and antidepressant treatment is more frequent in the female population (Albert, 2015).”
Background
COVID-19 anxiety and hygiene status in vocational schools of health services students in Turkey: A multicenter study
Pi̇ri̇nçci̇, E., Arca, M., Şen, M. A., Atıcı, E., Varsak, S., Yaraşır, E., Kurt, O., Oğuzöncül, A. F., & Deveci, S. E. (2021) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-205254 · Cited by 6
“Biological gender differences, culture, diet, hormonal changes, and educational status of women were some factors contributing to higher anxiety and depression rates [30].”
Background
Ageing: Not only an age-related issue
Navarro‐Pardo, E., Suay, F., & Murphy, M. F. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111568 · Cited by 6
“Women show depression at higher rates (approximately twice as much as men) from puberty until menopause (Albert, 2015; Friedrich, 2017); while perimenopause is associated with an increased risk of depression (Navarro-Pardo et al.”
Mental health diagnoses in hospitalized adults with congenital heart disease in the state of Texas: A 10-year review
Mercado, A. E., Well, A. M., Lamari‐Fisher, A., Mizrahi, M., Johnson, G. L., Patt, H. A., Fraser, C. D., Mery, C. M., & Beckerman, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Cardiology Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1016/j.ijcchd.2022.100340 · Cited by 6
“In the general population, it has been previously established that women have higher rates of depression and anxiety due to a tendency to internalize emotions [16].”
Mental Health Status before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients First Visiting a Psychosomatic Internal Medicine Clinic in Tokyo, Japan
Shaku, F., Ishiburo, M., Miwa, M., & Maruoka, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042488 · Cited by 6
“The prevalence rate of depression was reported to be higher in women than in men, which could reflect the established gender gap for symptoms of depression [11].”
Background
Feasibility of a birth-cohort in Pakistan: evidence for better lives study
Anwer, Y., Abbasi, F., Dar, A., Hafeez, A., Valdebenito, S., Eisner, M., Sikander, S., & Hafeez, A. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-00980-x · Cited by 5
“Where men are more likely to externalize extreme stress through aggression and substance use, there is a propensity for women to internalize, leading to anxiety and mood disorders [49, 50].”
Background
Treatment for temporomandibular disorders in South Korea: A 9‐year trend using cluster analysis
Jung, S. Y., Kim, E., Kim, K., Cho, J., Lee, Y. J., & Ha, I. (2022) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.13333 · Cited by 6
Neural circuits underpinning face tuning in male depression
Kubon, J., Romagnano, V., Sokolov, A. N., Fallgatter, A. J., Braun, C., & Pavlova, M. A. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac310 · Cited by 6
The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on primary health care professionals in Greece
Gavana, M., Papageorgiou, D. I., Stachteas, P., Vlachopoulos, N., Pagkozidis, I., Angelopoulou, P., Haidich, A., & Smyrnakis, Ε. (2023) · Psychiatriki · doi:10.22365/jpsych.2023.008 · Cited by 9
“More specifically, more female than male PHCPs exhibit high levels of anxiety and depression, probably reflecting the already established gender gap for anxious and depressive symptoms in the general population.(42) Our findings are consistent with a study conducted in Lebanon(43) which indicates that women HCPs are a…”
Result
Framework for Automatic Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders
Mallya, G. P., Hiremani, A., Gajakosh, G., Badiger, D., & Hiremath, P. G. S. (2018) · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N) · doi:10.1109/icacccn.2018.8748450 · Cited by 6
“A study [12] has indicated that this could be possibly due to hormonal changes between the two genders.”
Background
Common and differential associations between levels of alcohol drinking, gender-specific neurobehaviors and mental distress in college students
Begdache, L., Kianmehr, H., Sabounchi, N. S., Marszalek, A., & Dolma, N. (2020) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2020.100129 · Cited by 6
Correction: Novel polygenic risk score as a translational tool linking depression-related changes in the corticolimbic transcriptome with neural face processing and anhedonic symptoms
Marečková, K., Hawco, C. S., Santos, F. C. D., Bakht, A., Calarco, N., Miles, A. E., Voineskos, A. N., Sibille, E. L., Hariri, A. R., & Nikolova, Y. S. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01277-y · Cited by 6
Depression in Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection
Zilio, F., Torre, A. L., Ciliberti, G., Fortuni, F., & Bonmassari, R. (2023) · JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2022.11.015 · Cited by 6
Prevalence and associated factors of psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy in the Casablanca–Settat region of Morocco: A cross‐sectional study
Hajji, E. B., Traoré, B., Hassoune, S., Khoubila, A., Bellakhdar, S., Rafai, M. A., & Lakhdar, A. (2024) · Epilepsia Open · doi:10.1002/epi4.12958 · Cited by 4
“62 However, further investigations are needed to elucidate the clinical value of the association of female gender with psychiatric comorbidity exclusively in epilepsy.”
Background
Improvements to mood, stress and loneliness following 12-week multivitamin supplementation in older adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled, trial
Docherty, S., Wetherell, M. A., McInnes, L., & Haskell‐Ramsay, C. F. (2024) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-024-01517-6 · Cited by 5
Lurasidone uses and dosages in Spain: RETROLUR, a real-world retrospective analysis using artificial intelligence
Mora, F., Sánchez-Lafuente, C. G., de Gauna, M. D. I. I., Roset, C., Cárdenas, A., Pérez, D., Álvarez‐Barón, E., & Gabarda-Inat, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1506142 · Cited by 4
“For example, we observed a notable predominance of women, which likely re ﬂ ects the higher prevalence of certain psychiatric disorders among females reported in the literature, such as major depressive disorder (38).”
Association of systemic immune inflammation index with depression among adult type 2 diabetic patients in a tertiary hospital, Ethiopia, 2022
Ali, S. Y., Sadik, M. I., Seid, A. M., Mohammed, A. H., Yimam, A. A., Shegere, M. M., Ayele, T. S., Wako, A. J., & Ibrahim, M. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1454793 · Cited by 4
“In contrast, testosterone conversion in a male brain via aromatase, the presence of androgen receptors in hippocampal neurons, the non-recycling nature of testosterone in males, and the presence of sexually dimorphic brain nuclei in males provide unique protection against depression (63 – 66).”
Adherence to the Eat-Lancet diet and its association with depression and anxiety among Iranian adults: a cross-sectional multicentric study
Tabatabaei, G. A., Mohammadifard, N., Haghighatdoost, F., Rafiee, H., Abbasi, M., Najafi, F., Farshidi, H., Lotfizadeh, M., Kazemi, T., Roohafza, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1524652 · Cited by 5

Authors: Albert, P. R.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Albert, Paul R.
ORCID: Albert, Paul R.
Venue: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 2015-07
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 219-221
ISSN: 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
1488-2434
DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150205
PMC: PMC4478054
OpenAlex: W2418872436
Cited by: 1,785
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 149 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 233 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 22.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (115098_1)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: major depressive disorder, sex differences, women, prevalence, suicide, disability burden, chronic disease
MeSH terms: Animals, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Prevalence

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