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Why is depression more prevalent in women?
Open accessAbstract
Major depression is a chronic illness with a high prevalence and is a major component of disease burden. Depressive disorders were the second leading cause of years lived with disability in 2010 in Canada, the United States and globally.[1][1],[2][2] When depression-related deaths due to suicide and
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“the female gender was noted to have higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress as compared to the male gender.”
From Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
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“Similar trends were reported during previous pandemics [61,62,63,64].”
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Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 · Cited by 3,617
“The prevalence rate of anxiety and depression appeared to be higher in females, which probably reflects the already established gender gap for anxious and depressive symptoms (Albert, 2015).”
Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202043 · Cited by 1,699
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Animal models of major depression: drawbacks and challenges
Planchez, B., Surget, A., & Belzung, C. (2019) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02084-y · Cited by 480
“However, while women are more vulnerable to psychosocial stress and are more prompt to develop depressive-like behaviours (Kessler 2003; Albert 2015; Kuehner 2017), a serious dearth in female-based animal models of depression persists (Beery and Zucker 2011).”
BackgroundA wearable aptamer nanobiosensor for non-invasive female hormone monitoring
Ye, C., Wang, M., Min, J., Tay, R. Y., Lukas, H., Sempionatto, J. R., Li, J., Xu, C., & Gao, W. F. (2023) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-023-01513-0 · Cited by 481
“Female hormones affect much of women’s health, from menstruation to pregnancy to menopause and more (for example, depression) 1,2 .”
BackgroundSex differences in the developing brain: insights from multimodal neuroimaging
Kaczkurkin, A. N., Raznahan, A., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0111-z · Cited by 403
Linked dimensions of psychopathology and connectivity in functional brain networks
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“This could be attributed to increased frequency of hormonal fluctuation in women compared with men (Albert, 2015; Bartels, Cacioppo, van Beijsterveldt, & Boomsma, 2013).”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms
Ivie, E. J., Pettitt, A., Moses, L. J., & Allen, N. B. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.014 · Cited by 358
Kulkarni, A. P., Khasne, R. W., Dhakulkar, B. S., & Mahajan, H. C. (2020) · Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23518 · Cited by 325
Xiong, C., Biscardi, M., Astell, A., Nalder, E., Cameron, J. I., Mihailidis, A., & Colantonio, A. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231848 · Cited by 290
“nosed with depression than men [70], they may not necessarily reflect variations in the caregiving experiences between males and females.”
Visual Impairment and Mental Health: Unmet Needs and Treatment Options
Demmin, D. L., & Silverstein, S. M. (2020) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s258783 · Cited by 344
Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults
US Preventive Services Task Force, Barry, M. J., Nicholson, W. K., Silverstein, M., Chelmow, D. P., Coker, T. R., Davidson, K. W., Davis, E. M., Donahue, K. E., Jaén, C. R., et al. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.9297 · Cited by 316
Biological Sex Differences in Depression: A Systematic Review
Labaka, A., Goñi‐Balentziaga, O., Lebeña, A., & Pérez-Tejada, J. (2018) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800418776082 · Cited by 297
Using genetics to understand the causal influence of higher BMI on depression
Tyrrell, J., Mulugeta, A., Wood, A. R., Zhou, A., Beaumont, R. N., Tuke, M. A., Jones, S. E., Ruth, K. S., Yaghootkar, H., Sharp, S. A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy223 · Cited by 262
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Sex and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Favalli, E. G., Biggioggero, M., Crotti, C., Becciolini, A., Raimondo, M. G., & Meroni, P. L. (2018) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-018-8672-5 · Cited by 249
“7fold higher in females than in males [44, 45] and is reported as a frequent RA comorbidity with a prevalence of 13–42% depending on the sociodemographic and disease characteristics of the population studied [46], at least double to four-times that in the general population.”
Circadian regulation of depression: A role for serotonin
Daut, R. A., & Fonken, L. K. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.04.003 · Cited by 237
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Post-COVID-19 Depressive Symptoms: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Treatment
Mazza, M. G., Palladini, M., Poletti, S., & Benedetti, F. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00931-3 · Cited by 248
“We have to consider that while males are at higher risk of COVID-19 severe outcome and related higher inflammatory response [121], females have a higher risk of developing depression than males [122].”
BackgroundPsychological distress related to COVID-19 – The contribution of continuous traumatic stress
Lahav, Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.141 · Cited by 215
“This finding coincides with previous studies that found women to be at an elevated risk for depression and anxiety (Bekker and van Mens- Verhulst, 2007; Lim et al., 2018), findings which might be rooted in biological and socioeconomic factors (Albert, 2015).”
Sun, P., Wang, M., Song, T., Wu, Y., Luo, J., Chen, L., & Yan, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626547 · Cited by 214
Luo, W. P., Zhong, B., & Chiu, H. F. K. (2021) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796021000202 · Cited by 210
Fiorenzato, E., Zabberoni, S., da Costa, A. L. C., & Cona, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246204 · Cited by 214
“Despite possible biological vulnerability factors for mental health issues and different stress responses related to gender [32, 33], in this unique context, an explanation could be that women, especially mothers, could become overloaded with family, household and career under restrictions [3, 34].”
BackgroundCénat, J. M., Farahi, S. M. M. M., Dalexis, R. D., Darius, W. P., Bekarkhanechi, F. M., Poisson, H., Broussard, C., Ukwu, G., Auguste, E., Nguyen, D. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.011 · Cited by 194
“, hormonal changes) reasons (Albert, 2015; Kuehner, 2017), which are often cited in scientific literature to explain why women often have higher rates of depression and anxiety.”
Rahman, A., Jackson, H. C., Hristov, H., Isaacson, R., Saif, N., Shetty, T., Etingin, O. R., Henchcliffe, C., Brinton, R. D., & Mosconi, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00315 · Cited by 204
“However, women are two times more likely than men to experience depression (Albert, 2015).”
BackgroundNorris, C. M., Yip, C. Y. Y., Nerenberg, K. A., Clavel, M.-A. A., Pacheco, C., Foulds, H. J. A., Hardy, M., Gonsalves, C. A., Jaffer, S., Parry, M. J. E., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015634 · Cited by 202
“Depression • Incidence is 2 times higher in women than in men.(24,25) • Increases a women’s risk for a cardiac event by 50% to 70%(26,27) and correlates with fatal cardiac events in postmenopausal women.”
BackgroundGuinle, M. I. B. (2020) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v40.2.05 · Cited by 206
Almutary, H. H., Bonner, A., & Douglas, C. (2016) · Journal of Renal Care · doi:10.1111/jorc.12152 · Cited by 178
“For example, evidence suggests that increased depression and anxiety inwomen is associatedwith physiological factors such as hormonal changes (Albert 2015).”
BackgroundPsychological symptoms of the outbreak of the COVID-19 confinement in Spain
Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo‐Gómez, Á., Muñiz, M. J. I., & de Luis-Garcı́a, R. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320967086 · Cited by 171
“It has been observed that common mental disorders such as anxiety and depression are more prevalent in young people and particularly in women (Albert, 2015; McManus et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2007; Zender and Olshanky, 2009).”
BackgroundSucrose preference test: A systematic review of protocols for the assessment of anhedonia in rodents
Primo, M. J., Fonseca‐Rodrigues, D., Almeida, A., Teixeira, P., & Pinto‐Ribeiro, F. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.08.496 · Cited by 184
Mechanistic Insights into the Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Major Depression: An Extensive Review
Sonali, S., Ray, B., Hediyal, T. A., Rathipriya, A. G., Sunanda, T., Mahalakshmi, A. M., Rungratanawanich, W., Essa, M. M., Qoronfleh, M. W., Chidambaram, S. B., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11081362 · Cited by 165
“The prevalence is more common in women than men [3].”
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The prevalence of depression among patients with tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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“Previous studies demonstrated a significantly higher heritability of major depressive disorders in females, which may be related to a higher prevalence of depression in women [40].”
Zhong, B., Ruan, Y., Xu, Y., Chen, W.-C., & Liu, L.-F. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.011 · Cited by 133
Depression: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in the United Arab Emirates
Abdul Razzak, H., Harbi, A., & Ahli, S. (2019) · Oman Medical Journal · doi:10.5001/omj.2019.56 · Cited by 129
“MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 Oct;59(38):1229-1235.”
D-vlog: Multimodal Vlog Dataset for Depression Detection
Yoon, J., Kang, C., Kim, S., & Han, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21483 · Cited by 134
“We find that there are twice more females than males in the depression vlogs, which is aligned with the prior work that showed major depression is more prevalent in women than men (Albert 2015).”
ResultIndividuals with depression express more distorted thinking on social media
Bathina, K. C., ten Thij, M., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Rutter, L. A., & Bollen, J. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01050-7 · Cited by 146
Ortega, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Guijarro, L. G., Lahera, G., Monserrat, J., Valls, P., Mora, F., Rodríguez–Jiménez, R., et al. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12010050 · Cited by 129
“There are differences of prevalence regarding sex too: more women suffer from depression than men [14] and more men die due to suicide than women [15].”
BackgroundThe neuroscience of sadness: A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review
Arias-López, J. A., Williams, C., Raghvani, R., Aghajani, M., Báez, S., Belzung, C., Booij, L., Busatto, G. F., Chiarella, J., Fu, C. H. Y., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.006 · Cited by 138
“Fluctuations in estrogen across the female lifespan may also play a role in increasing depressive symptoms (Albert, 2015), which may”
Mental health of frontline healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 in Egypt: A call for action
Elkholy, H. A., Tawfik, F. A., Ibrahim, I., Eldin, W. S., Sabry, M. A., Mohammed, S., Hamza, M., Mohamed, A., Fawzy, A. Z., Ashmawy, R., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020960192 · Cited by 127
“Barbisch et al. (2015) described how the confinement ‘caused a sense of collective hysteria, leading the staff to desperate measures’.”
BackgroundPsychological effects and associated factors of COVID-19 in a Mexican sample
Cortés-Álvarez, N. Y., Piñeiro-Lamas, R., & Vuelvas-Olmos, C. R. (2020) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.215 · Cited by 114
The role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders
Jones, D. N., & Raghanti, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101957 · Cited by 122
Bedaso, A., Mekonnen, N., & Duko, B. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058187 · Cited by 160
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“Unfortunately for women, an emotional response can make a painful situation worse: women are more likely than men to develop anxiety or depression that can increase feelings of pain and the risk of disability [268].”
BackgroundThe Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression
Rudzki, L., & Maes, M. H. J. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-01961-y · Cited by 115
Jee, H. J., Lee, S. G., Bormate, K. J., & Jung, Y.-S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103080 · Cited by 111
“In conclusion, in those with chronic HCV infection, anxiety and depression were more common in women than in men [48].”
BackgroundInfluentialSeafarers’ depression and suicide
Mellbye, A., & Carter, T. (2017) · International Maritime Health · doi:10.5603/imh.2017.0020 · Cited by 119
“However, when comparing women seafarers’ anxiety, stress and depression with male seafarers’ the predisposition of women to report these symptoms is well known from other settings [36, 37].”
BackgroundPreez, A. D., Law, T., Onorato, D., Lim, Y. M., Eiben, P., Musaelyan, K., Egeland, M. T., Hye, A., Zunszain, P. A., Thuret, S., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01000-3 · Cited by 118
Shifera, N., Ayenew, M., & Mekuria, R. M. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s275593 · Cited by 128
Halain, A. A., Tang, L. Y., Chong, M. C., Ibrahim, N. A., & Abdullah, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15962 · Cited by 117
Psychological Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Public in Egypt
Arafa, A., Mohamed, A. A. E., Saleh, L., & Senosy, S. A. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00701-9 · Cited by 114
“Our results showed that women were more likely to suffer psychological disturbances than men which reflects the already known gender gap for depression and anxiety (Albert 2015).”
ResultMartinez, G. J., Appleton, M., Kipp, Z. A., Loria, A. S., Min, B., & Hinds, T. D. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00021.2023 · Cited by 115
Sex Differences in Dopamine Receptors and Relevance to Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Williams, O. O. F., Coppolino, M., George, S. R., & Perreault, M. L. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091199 · Cited by 106
Hamidovic, A., Karapetyan, K., Serdarevic, F., Choi, S. H., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., & Pinna, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00311 · Cited by 99
Management of depressive symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: EMAS position statement
Stute, P., Spyropoulou, A. C., Karageorgiou, V., Cano, A., Bitzer, J., Ceauşu, I., Chedraui, P. A., Durmuşoğlu, F., Erkkola, R. U., Goulis, D. G., et al. (2019) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.002 · Cited by 105
EEG-based deep learning model for the automatic detection of clinical depression
Thoduparambil, P. P., Dominic, A., & Varghese, S. M. (2020) · Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13246-020-00938-4 · Cited by 108
Social participation and perceived depression among elderly population in South Africa
Hao, G., Bishwajit, G., Tang, S., Nie, C., Ji, L., & Huang, R. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s137993 · Cited by 102
“7:1.(12) Another possible explanation might be the higher rate of reporting difficulty in social participation indicators used in this study (result not shown).”
Sex- and gender-related differences in psoriatic arthritis
Tarannum, S., Leung, Y. Y., Johnson, S. R., Widdifield, J., Strand, V., Rochon, P. A., & Eder, L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/s41584-022-00810-7 · Cited by 100
Exploratory study on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on the general Brazilian population
Serafim, A. D. P., Durães, R. S. S., Rocca, C. C. D. A., Gonçalves, P. D., Saffi, F., Cappellozza, A., Paulino, M., Dumas-Diniz, R., Brissos, S., Brites, R., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245868 · Cited by 124
Shivappa, N., Schoenaker, D. A. J. M., Hébert, J. R., & Mishra, G. D. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516002853 · Cited by 101
“Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression compared with men((3,4)).”
BackgroundMonitoring Depression Trends on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study
Zhang, Y., Lyu, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., & Luo, J. (2021) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/26769 · Cited by 125
“Women are known to be substantially more likely to have depression [57].”
BackgroundGlobal Prevalence of Depression among Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Moradi, M., Doostkami, M., Behnamfar, N., Rafiemanesh, H., & Behzadmehr, R. (2021) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100848 · Cited by 98
Treatment-Resistant Depression Revisited: A Glimmer of Hope
Halaris, A. E., Sohl, E., & Whitham, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11020155 · Cited by 101
Tareke, S. A., Lelisho, M. E., Hassen, S. S., Seid, A. A., Jemal, S. S., Teshale, B. M., Wotale, T. W., & Pandey, B. K. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01195-1 · Cited by 100
Depression among caregivers of cancer patients: Updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Bedaso, A., Kibret, G. D., & Duko, B. (2022) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6045 · Cited by 107
“The higher prevalence of depression among female caregivers could be because females are highly exposed to sexual violence and have a higher rate of experiencing mental health problems such as depression than males.(70) Also, the diatheses stress model of depression indicated a preponderance of depression among female…”
BackgroundCreatine supplementation in women's health: a lifespan perspective
Smith-Ryan, A. E., Cabre, H. E., Eckerson, J. M., & Candow, D. G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030877 · Cited by 92
“The increased prevalence of depression among females has been directly linked with hormonal milestones; major depression rates increase during puberty, during the luteal (high estrogen) phase, following pregnancy, and during perimenopause [75].”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Depressive Disorders in Pregnant Women—A Systematic Review
Kołomańska-Bogucka, D., Zarawski, M., & Mazur-Biały, A. I. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55050212 · Cited by 103
“Women are at risk of developing depression during adolescence, before menstruation, during pregnancy, after delivery, and at perimenopausal age [12].”
BackgroundA systematic review on automated clinical depression diagnosis
Mao, K., Wu, Y., & Chen, J. (2023) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00040-z · Cited by 106
Stress and coping in women with breast cancer:unravelling the mechanisms to improve resilience
Borgi, M., Collacchi, B., Ortona, E., & Cirulli, F. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.011 · Cited by 90
Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and the risk of depression symptoms in adults
Shakya, P. R., Melaku, Y. A., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Adams, R., Page, A. J., & Gill, T. K. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.031 · Cited by 95
Watcharin, S., Sovijit, W., Pu, S., Usuda, K., Inoüe, R., Watanabe, G., Yamaguchi, H., & Nagaoka, K. (2019) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2019.04.005 · Cited by 94
Lofgren, S. M., Bond, D. J., Nakasujja, N., & Boulware, D. R. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02706-2 · Cited by 95
“This difference in prevalence has been shown in other settings [94].”
ResultDepression and anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A cross‐sectional study
Alyami, H. S., Naser, A. Y., Dahmash, E. Z., Alyami, M. H., & Alyami, M. S. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14244 · Cited by 92
Dhahri, A. A., Arain, S. Y., Memon, A. M., Rao, A., Mian, M. A., Khan, M., Hafeez, G., Dhahri, M. A., Mustafa, F. G., Malhi, S., et al. (2020) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.025 · Cited by 93
Liu, C., Pan, W., Li, L., Li, B., Ren, Y., & Ma, X. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110516 · Cited by 92
“The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms appeared to be higher in female, which possibly reflects the already established gender gap for depression and anxiety [45,46].”
Sex differences in behavior and neuropharmacology of zebrafish
Genário, R., de Abreu, M. S., Giacomini, A. C. V. V., Demin, K. A., & Kalueff, A. V. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14438 · Cited by 86
Alsairafi, Z. K., Naser, A. Y., Alsaleh, F. M., Awad, A. I., & Jalal, Z. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042203 · Cited by 85
“This could be attributed to the increased frequency of hormonal fluctuation in women, which leads to mood changes compared to men [58,59].”
ResultBarreto, T. M., Bento, M. N., Barreto, T. M., Jagersbacher, J. G., Jones, N. S., Lucena, R., & Bandeira, I. D. (2019) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14321 · Cited by 82
Reviewing the Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Pathophysiology of Depression
Gallego‐Landin, I., García-Baos, A., Castro‐Zavala, A., & Valverde, O. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.762738 · Cited by 85
“These are associated with alterations in the fluctuation of ovarian hormones, which might directly or indirectly contribute to the elevated prevalence (Albert, 2015).”
BackgroundSun, Y.-Y., Wang, D.-Y., Han, Z., Gao, J., Zhu, S.-S., & Zhang, H. (2020) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.20125 · Cited by 71
“Although there are more European and American studies, female students are more likely to suffer from anxiety [25-27].”
BackgroundSex differences in the inflammation-depression link: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jarkas, D., Villeneuve, A. H., Daneshmend, A., Villeneuve, P. J., & McQuaid, R. J. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.037 · Cited by 84
“Thus, sex-specific factors that influence vulnerability to depression require consideration, and it is suggested that biological processes, such as sex steroid hormones (Albert, 2015) and inflammation (Derry et al., 2015; Kropp and Hodes, 2023), are involved.”
BackgroundRole of Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Depression: Emerging Therapeutic Avenues
Bhatt, S., Kanoujia, J., Lakshmi, S. M., Patil, C., Gupta, G., Chellappan, D. K., & Dua, K. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527321666220329140804 · Cited by 81
Evidence of sex differences in cellular senescence
Ng, M., & Hazrati, L. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.08.014 · Cited by 85
“, 2015), greater likelihood of being diagnosed with depression (Albert, 2015) and greater likelihood of experiencing worse post-mTBI symptoms (Bazarian et al.”
InfluentialImpact of Stress on Menstrual Cyclicity During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Survey Study
Ozimek, N., Velez, K. M., Anvari, H., Butler, L., Goldman, K. N., & Woitowich, N. C. (2021) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0158 · Cited by 91
Tsui, Y. Y.-Y., & Cheng, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722353 · Cited by 82
Targeting inflammation: a potential approach for the treatment of depression
Bhatt, S., Devadoss, T., Jha, N. K., Baidya, M., Gupta, G., Chellappan, D. K., Singh, S. K., & Dua, K. (2022) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-022-01095-1 · Cited by 83
“There are chances to decrease in the levels of 5-HT and DA in the affected area due to degeneration of neurons (Albert 2015).”
BackgroundBordeleau, M., Carrier, M., Luheshi, G. N., & Tremblay, M.-È. (2019) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.06.001 · Cited by 75
Hanach, N., de Vries, N., Radwan, H., & Bissani, N. (2021) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2020.102906 · Cited by 75
Moreno-Rius, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100774 · Cited by 77
Rakofsky, J. J., & Rapaport, M. H. (2018) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000604 · Cited by 88
Depression screening using mobile phone usage metadata: a machine learning approach
Razavi, R., Gharipour, A., & Gharipour, M. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocz221 · Cited by 74
Cénat, J. M., Kogan, C. S., Noorishad, P., Hajizadeh, S., Dalexis, R. D., Ndengeyingoma, A., & Guerrier, M. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23158 · Cited by 78
“The significant gender difference replicates previous studies among the general population in Canada and elsewhere (Akhtar‐Danesh & Landeen, 2007; Albert, 2015; Kessler et al., 2015).”
ResultPappa, S., Sakkas, N., & Sakka, E. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.009 · Cited by 84
“These results may be partly confounded by the fact that nurses are mostly female while also reflecting the already established gender gap for anxious and depressive symptoms [42].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Albert, P. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Albert, Paul R.
- ORCID
- Albert, Paul R.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 219-221
- ISSN
- 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2434
- PMC
- PMC4478054
- OpenAlex
- W2418872436
- Cited by
- 1,785
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 149 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 233 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 22.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (115098_1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, sex differences, women, prevalence, suicide, disability burden, chronic disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Prevalence
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