Cited by 1,785Treatment of Major DepressionSex and Gender in HealthcareMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Why is depression more prevalent in women?

Open access

Albert, Paul R.·2015·Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience

DOI 10.1503/jpn.150205PMC PMC4478054

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Major depression is a chronic illness with a high prevalence and is a major component of disease burden. Depressive disorders were the second leading cause of years lived with disability in 2010 in Canada, the United States and globally.[1][1],[2][2] When depression-related deaths due to suicide and

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1503/jpn.150205

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006
The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Murray, C. J. L. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805 · Cited by 2,438 · cited 1×
“J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011;36(2):78–86”
Adolescent Onset of the Gender Difference in Lifetime Rates of Major Depression: A Theoretical Model
Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21 · Cited by 1,276 · cited 1×
“J Psychiatry Neurosci 2008;33(6):487–8”
Risk for New Onset of Depression During the Menopausal Transition
Cohen, L. S., Soares, C. N., Vitonis, A. F., Otto, M. W., & Harlow, B. L. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.385 · Cited by 852
Estrogen actions in the brain and the basis for differential action in men and women: a case for sex-specific medicines
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733
Depression and C-Reactive Protein in US Adults: Data From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ford, D. E., & Erlinger, T. P. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.9.1010 · Cited by 544
The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Freedman, G., Baxter, A. J., Pirkis, J. E., Harris, M. G., Page, A., Carnahan, E., Degenhardt, L., Vos, T., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091936 · Cited by 480
Descriptive Epidemiology of Major Depression in Canada
Patten, S. B., Wang, J. L., Williams, J. V., Currie, S., Beck, C. A., Maxwell, C. J., & el-Guebaly, N. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605100204 · Cited by 443
CHALLENGING THE MYTH OF AN “EPIDEMIC” OF COMMON MENTAL DISORDERS: TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION BETWEEN 1990 AND 2010: Research Article: Challenging Myths of a Mental Disorder Epidemic
Baxter, A. J., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22230 · Cited by 403
Sex Differences in the Pathways to Major Depression: A Study of Opposite-Sex Twin Pairs
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101375 · Cited by 307

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 29 references

2 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Rotermann M, 2014, Health Reports, 25, 1

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,001

The predictive role of nursing students' individual characteristics and psychological resilience in psychological distress
Yüksel, Ö. S., İnce, S. Ç., Özkul, B., & Günüşen, N. P. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12731 · Cited by 21
ICD‐11 ‘mixed depressive and anxiety disorder’ is clinical rather than sub‐clinical and more common than anxiety and depression in the general population
Shevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Nolan, E., Owczarek, M., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Karatzias, T. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12321 · Cited by 27
“The effect was not found for the ‘depression’ class which contradicts previous findings (Albert, 2015; Seedat et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResult
Association of menopausal status and symptoms with depressive symptoms in middle-aged Chinese women
Wang, X. Y., Wang, L. H., Di, J., Zhang, X. S., & Zhao, G. (2021) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2021.1998435 · Cited by 21
“period and the menopausal transition [2].”
Mental Health Condition among University Students of Bangladesh during the Critical COVID-19 Period
Rahman, M. M., Asikunnaby, Khan, S. J., Arony, A., Mamun, Z. A., Procheta, N. F., Sakib, M. S., Aryal, K., Rahman, F., & Islam, A. R. M. T. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154617 · Cited by 24
“This finding is consistent with prior research demonstrating that hormonal variables contribute to female candidates experiencing higher depression [54,55].”
Result
Modulation of the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors as a novel treatment option for depression: current clinical evidence and therapeutic potential of rapastinel (GLYX-13)
Vasilescu, A.-N., Schweinfurth, N., Borgwardt, S., Gass, P., Lang, U. E., Inta, D., & Eckart, S. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s119004 · Cited by 21
“10 The results in humans with MDD implicating the glutamate system in the pathophysiology of depression can be corroborated with data obtained in animal models.”
Characterization of mental health in cannabis dispensary users, using structured clinical interviews and standardized assessment instruments
Yau, J. C., Yu, S. M., Panenka, W. J., Pearce, H. L., Gicas, K. M., Procyshyn, R. M., MacCallum, C. A., Honer, W. G., & Barr, A. M. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2324-z · Cited by 21
Overall Population Generalities, Sex Differences, and Individual Differences in Sleep Electroencephalography Functional Connectivity
Liao, Y., Zhou, G., Liang, J., Zhang, X., Guo, X., & Luo, Y. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2950066 · Cited by 21
Elevated plasma oxytocin levels and higher satisfaction with life in young oral contraceptive users
Garforth, B., Degnbol, H., Terris, E. T., Zak, P. J., & Winterdahl, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64528-w · Cited by 21
Estimate of the prevalence of depression among older people in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bedaso, A., Mekonnen, N., & Duko, B. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1932740 · Cited by 26
“The higher burden of depression among females might be due to females are more likely to be exposed to sexual violence, have a higher rates of experiencing mental illness like anxiety and depression compared to males (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Fear, anxiety, burnout, and insomnia levels of healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in TurkeyPreprint
Yılmaz, Y., Erdogan, A. R., & Bahadır, E. (2022) · doi:10.22541/au.164864621.11164274/v1 · Cited by 21
“In addition, the rate of depression was 1.6-fold higher in women than men, suggesting that sex is a risk factor for psychiatric illnesses (Albert 2015, Bartels et al. 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Treatment Complications of Head and Neck Cancers and Rehabilitation Measures: A Narrative Review
Sharma, S., Upadhyay, A. K., Prakash, A., Singodia, P., Kiran, S. R., & Shankar, R. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.61173 · Cited by 23
Monocyte-driven inflamm-aging reduces intestinal barrier function in females
Quin, C., Breznik, J. A., Kennedy, A. E., DeJong, E. N., Andary, C. M., Ermolina, S., Davidson, D. J., Ma, J., Surette, M. G., & Bowdish, D. M. E. (2024) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-024-00469-6 · Cited by 21
“Consistent with the rates in the Canadian population, females had greater incidence of hypo-thyroidism [39] and mood disorders [40].”
Result
Global trends of depressive disorders among women of reproductive age from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis of burden, sociodemographic disparities, and health workforce correlations
Dai, F., Cai, Y., Chen, M., & Dai, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06697-4 · Cited by 22
“This demographic faces unique vulnerabilities due to a combination of biological factors, such as hormonal fluctuations associated with menstruation, pregnancy, and postpartum stages, and societal roles, including caregiving responsibilities [3, 4].”
Exosomes: A Novel Therapeutic Paradigm for the Treatment of Depression
Bhatt, S., Kanoujia, J., Dhar, A. K., Arumugam, S., Silva, A., & Mishra, N. (2020) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450121999201006193005 · Cited by 20
“Women are more susceptible to get depression as 5 compared to men [3].”
Background
Associations between Sex, Rumination, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Adolescence: A Four-Year Longitudinal Investigation
Dawson, G. C., Adrian, M. C., Chu, P. V., McCauley, E., & Stoep, A. V. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.2019049 · Cited by 20
Internal Migration and Depression Among Junior High School Students in China: A Comparison Between Migrant and Left-Behind Children
Zheng, X., Zhang, Y., & Jiang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.811617 · Cited by 20
“Such gender difference may not only result in a high prevalence of diagnostic depression among females, but also lead to an increased difficulty to reduce female depressive symptoms (Albert, 2015; Girgus and Yang, 2015; Gallo et al., 2018; Zheng et al., 2019).”
Background
Trends and Gender Differences in Mental Disorders in Hospitalized Patients in Thailand
Suanrueang, P., Peltzer, K., Suen, M., Lin, H., & Er, T. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221092827 · Cited by 20
A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Two Treatment Strategies, Evaluating the Meaningfulness of HAM-D Rating Scale in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Asghar, J., Tabasam, M., Althobaiti, M. M., Ashour, A. A., Aleid, M. A., Khalaf, O. I., & Aldhyani, T. H. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.873693 · Cited by 22
Hair cortisol as a risk marker for increased depressive symptoms among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Feeney, J. C., & Kenny, R. A. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105847 · Cited by 20
“Depression is also more prevalent among women than men (Albert, 2015), and one of the proposed mechanisms underlying this disparity is the interaction between sex hormones and stress response systems (Albert and Newhouse, 2019).”
Physical activity (PA) influences the risk of depression associated with long working hours
Yan, T., Ding, X., Xie, T., Lan, T., Niu, D., Li, J., Guo, D., Wang, M., & Wang, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.043 · Cited by 22
Sex Steroid Hormones in Depressive Disorders as a Basis for New Potential Treatment Strategies
Pillerová, M., Pastorek, M., Borbélyová, V., RILJAK, V., Frick, K. M., Hodosy, J., & Tóthová, Ľ. (2022) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.935001 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness of online cognitive behavioural therapy on quality of life in adults with depression: A systematic review
Fadipe, M., Aggarwal, S. S., Johnson, C., & Beauchamp, J. E. S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12924 · Cited by 24
Depression Prediction: A Clinical Questionnaire and Machine Learning Based Approach
Farooq, S. A., Ali, W., & Gillani, I. A. (2022) · International Conference on Futuristic Technologies (INCOFT) · doi:10.1109/incoft55651.2022.10094365 · Cited by 20
Development and performance analysis of machine learning methods for predicting depression among menopausal women
Ali, M. M., Algashamy, H. A. A., Alzidi, E., Ahmed, K., Bui, F. M., Patel, S. K., Azam, S., Abdulrazak, L. F., & Moni, M. A. (2023) · Healthcare Analytics · doi:10.1016/j.health.2023.100202 · Cited by 20
Running from stress: a perspective on the potential benefits of exercise-induced small extracellular vesicles for individuals with major depressive disorder
Khoury, R. E., & Nagy, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1154872 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, the global prevalence of MDD is twice as common in women than in men (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Antenatal depression across trimesters as a risk for postpartum depression and estimation of the fraction of postpartum depression attributable to antenatal depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Dlamini, L. P., Amelia, V. L., Shongwe, M. C., Chang, P., & Chung, M. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.09.005 · Cited by 22
A Comprehensive Review on Harnessing Wearable Technology for Enhanced Depression Treatment
Borghare, P. T., Methwani, D. A., & Pathade, A. G. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.66173 · Cited by 23
“Despite these statistics, many individuals do not seek help, resulting in underreporting and a significant treatment gap [10].”
Background
Research note: social leisure engagement, peer support, and depressive symptomology among emerging adults
Duncan, J. M., Withers, M. C., Lucier‐Greer, M., Ferraro, A. J., & Reed‐Fitzke, K. (2017) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2017.1411968 · Cited by 21
Prevalence of and factors associated with depression among hill tribe individuals aged 30 years and over in Thailand
Chomchoei, C., Apidechkul, T., Keawdounglek, V., Wongfu, C., Khunthason, S., Kullawong, N., Tamornpark, R., Upala, P., & Yeemard, F. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04273 · Cited by 14
Mental health of postgraduate trainees in primary care: a cross-sectional study
Bugaj, T. J., Krug, K., Rentschler, A., Nikendei, C., Szécsényi, J., & Schwill, S. (2020) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-020-01199-6 · Cited by 23
Counterbalanced microcircuits for Orx1 and Orx2 regulation of stress reactivity
Yaeger, J. D. W., Krupp, K. T., Gale, J., & Summers, C. H. (2020) · Medicine in Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100059 · Cited by 21
Prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients with glaucoma: a cross-sectional study
Abe, R. Y., Silva, L. N. P., Silva, D. M., de Vasconcellos, J. P. C., & Costa, V. P. (2021) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20210006 · Cited by 23
“Society-driven risk factors for anxiety and depression in women are likely have a biological origin; among these traits, we consider differences in physical strength and related personality traits(28).”
Depression among Medical Students of a Medical College in Nepal during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Adhikari, A., Sujakhu, E., Sandervee, G. C., & Zoowa, S. B. (2021) · Journal of Nepal Medical Association · doi:10.31729/jnma.5441 · Cited by 20
Prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and their relationship with life-threatening events, tobacco dependence and hazardous alcohol drinking: a population-based study in the Brazilian Amazon
Tiguman, G. M. B., Silva, M. T., & Galvão, T. F. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.059 · Cited by 20
Relationships between psychopathology, psychological process variables, and sociodemographic variables and comparison of quarantined and non-quarantined groups of malaysian university students in the covid-19 pandemic
Pang, N. T. P., James, S., Giloi, N., Rahim, S. S. S. A., Omar, A., Jeffree, M. S., Hayati, F., Lim, M. C., Kassim, M. A. M., & Ng, J. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189656 · Cited by 19
Prevalence and moderators of depression symptoms among Black individuals in Western Countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis among 1.3 million people in 421 studies
Cénat, J. M., Farahi, S. M. M. M., Gakima, L., Mukunzi, J. N., Darius, W. P., Diao, D. G., Bekarkhanechi, F. M., Dalcé, A., Bangoura, B.-K., Mkhatri, J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2025.101027 · Cited by 22
“61 – 65 In fact, Black women are exposed both to discrimination linked to skin colour and gender and to the social conditions surrounding these two statuses (e.g. angry Black woman, sexual myths), which constitute major risk factors for their mood.”
Gender Differences in Developing Biomarker-Based Major Depressive Disorder Diagnostics
Jentsch, M., Burger, H., Meddens, M. B. M., Beijers, L., van den Heuvel, E. R., Meddens, M. J. M., & Schoevers, R. A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21093039 · Cited by 19
“MDD is two times more common in women than in men [19], a difference that has been attributed to both psychological and biological differences [20].”
Background
Depression, dietary intake, and body image during coronavirus disease 2019 quarantine in Peru: An online cross-sectional study
León-Paucar, S. D., Calderón-Olivos, B. C., Calizaya-Milla, Y. E., & Saintila, J. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211051914 · Cited by 23
Food insecurity and associated depression among older adults in India: evidence from a population-based study
Muhammad, T., Sulaiman, K., Drishti, D., & Srivastava, S. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052718 · Cited by 18
Province- and Individual-Level Influential Factors of Depression: Multilevel Cross-Provinces Comparison in China
Gou, Y., Wu, N., Xia, J., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Wang, H., Yan, T., & Luo, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.893280 · Cited by 19
Sex differences in sleep quality and psychological distress: Insights from a middle‐aged twin sample from Spain
Madrid‐Valero, J. J., Kirkpatrick, R. M., Javier, F. G., Gregory, A. M., & Ordoñana, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13714 · Cited by 19
Eight-week antidepressant treatment changes intrinsic functional brain topology in first-episode drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder
Dai, Y., Wu, Y., Chen, X., Zeng, Y., Li, K., Li, J., Su, Y., Zhu, L.-L., Yan, C., & Si, T. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.126 · Cited by 20
Sexual dimorphism in neurobehavioural phenotype and gut microbial composition upon long-term exposure to structural analogues of bisphenol-A
Singh, D. P., Kumar, A., Prajapati, J., Bijalwan, V., Kumar, J., Amin, P., Kandoriya, D., Vidhani, H., Patil, G. P., Bishnoi, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135178 · Cited by 20
Sex differences in the murine HPA axis after acute and repeated restraint stress
Nalepa, I., Nielsen, V., Wolf, T. E., Touma, C., Grupe, M., Asuni, A. A., & Ratner, C. (2024) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2024.2447079 · Cited by 19
“the integrity of the negative feedback system was investigated as deficit negative feedback is commonly observed in MDD patients with hPa axis hyperactivity (Keller et al., 2017), and this has been described to be more pronounced in females (Goel & Bale, 2010).”
Influential
Pets enhance antidepressant pharmacotherapy effects in patients with treatment resistant major depressive disorder
Mota-Pereira, J., & Fonte, D. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.07.004 · Cited by 22
GHQ score changes from teenage to young adulthood
Furnham, A. F., & Cheng, H. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.006 · Cited by 19
Prevalence and association of depression in in-patient orthopaedic trauma patients: A single centre study in India
Kumar, S., Verma, V., Kushwaha, U., Hynes, E. J. C., Arya, A., & Agarwal, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma · doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2019.12.010 · Cited by 19
Gender-based functional connectivity differences in brain networks in childhood
İçer, S., Acer, İ., & Baş, A. (2020) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105444 · Cited by 19
The Verbal and Non Verbal Signals of Depression -- Combining Acoustics, Text and Visuals for Estimating Depression LevelPreprint
Qureshi, S. A., Hasanuzzaman, M., Saha, S., & Dias, G. H. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.07656 · Cited by 29
“Note that gender plays an important role in the classification process of depression (Albert, 2015).”
Real-world behavioral dataset from two fully remote smartphone-based randomized clinical trials for depression
Pratap, A., Homiar, A., Waninger, L., Herd, C., Suver, C., Volponi, J. J., Anguera, J. A., & Areán, P. A. (2022) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01633-7 · Cited by 22
Psychological distress among people living with chronic medical illness and the general population, Northwest Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study
Tareke, M., Bayeh, A. B., Birhanu, M., & Belete, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278235 · Cited by 18
“In that study, women had a higher magnitude of of depression and anxiety than men [37].”
Background
American Gun Violence & Mental Illness: Reducing Risk, Restoring Health, Respecting Rights & Reviving Communities
Swanson, J. W., & Rosenberg, M. L. (2023) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02031 · Cited by 18
Exploring mechanisms behind the increasing gender gap in adolescent psychological symptoms, 2002–2022: the role of national‐level gender equality
de Looze, M. E., Cosma, A. P., Elgar, F. J., Schrijvers, K., Inchley, J., Walsh, S. D., & Stevens, G. W. J. M. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14081 · Cited by 23
“As the adolescent years are a critical stage for lifelong mental health (Kessler et al., 2007), the gender gap in internalising problems among adolescents sets the stage for the higher prevalence of mental health disorders in adult women compared to men world-wide (Albert, 2015).”
Role of astrocyte in neuroinflammation‐induced loss in neuroplasticity and subsequent onset of depression: A systematic review
Singhal, G., Singhal, S., & Baune, B. T. (2025) · Neuroprotection/Neuroprotection (Chichester, England. Print) · doi:10.1002/nep3.70009 · Cited by 22
“This modi ﬁ cation, mediated by bromodomain ‐ containing protein 4, promotes a neurotoxic A1 astrocyte phenotype, exacerbating neuroin ﬂ ammation and impairing neuronal recovery.”
Effects and moderators of coping skills training on symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with cancer: Aggregate data and individual patient data meta-analyses
Buffart, L. M., Schreurs, M. A. C., Abrahams, H. J. G., Kalter, J., Aaronson, N. K., Jacobsen, P. B., Newton, R. U., Courneya, K. S., Armes, J., Arving, C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101882 · Cited by 19
“Some studies report that depression (Albert, 2015; Hong & Tian, 2014) and anxiety (Linden et al.”
Background
Depression Symptoms among Family Members of Nyaope Users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa
Madiga, M., & Mokwena, K. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074097 · Cited by 18
“The literature seems to suggest that hormonal changes might be the main contributing factor to this high prevalence of depression in women [45].”
Background
3,3′-Diindolylmethane and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid prevent chronic mild stress induced depressive-like behaviors in female mice
Madison, C. A., Kuempel, J., Albrecht, G. L., Hillbrick, L., Jayaraman, A., Safe, S. H., Chapkin, R. S., & Eitan, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.106 · Cited by 17
Depression in Brazilian farmers: prevalence and associated factors
Petarli, G. B., Cattafesta, M., Viana, M. C., Bezerra, O. M. D. P. A., Zandonade, E., & Salaroli, L. B. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2069701 · Cited by 18
“It has been suggested that these differences are related to hormonal variations, especially in estrogen, which acts as a trigger for the development of depression in women, especially in phrases such as puberty, the premenstrual period, after pregnancy, and in perimenopause (Albert, 2015).”
Background
Crisis due to war: anxiety, depression and stress in the population of 13 Latin American countries
Mejia, C. R., Álvarez-Risco, A., Chamorro–Espinoza, S. E., Castrillón-Lozano, J. A., Paucar, M. C., Padilla-F, V. J., Pacheco, J. M. A., Vilela-Estrada, M. A., Serna-Alarcón, V., Del-Aguila-Arcentales, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1218298 · Cited by 20
“Although no clear explanation has been found for this, it may be due to ovarian hormonal variations and the decrease in estrogen levels in women, which is why they are more prone to present these types of disorders (55).”
Background
Towards Outcome-Driven Patient Subgroups: A Machine Learning Analysis Across Six Depression Treatment Studies
Benrimoh, D. A., Kleinerman, A., Furukawa, T. A., Reynolds, C. F., Lenze, E. J., Karp, J. F., Mulsant, B. H., Armstrong, C., Mehltretter, J., Fratila, R., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2023.09.009 · Cited by 18
Depression and fatigue six months post-COVID-19 disease are associated with overlapping symptom constellations: A prospective, multi-center, population-based cohort study
Weiss, M. H., Gutzeit, J., Appel, K. S., Bahmer, T., Beutel, M. E., Deckert, J., Fricke, J., Hanß, S., Hettich-Damm, N., Heuschmann, P. U., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.041 · Cited by 25
Accelerated biological aging as potential mediator mediates the relationship between pro-inflammatory diets and the risk of depression and anxiety: A prospective analysis from the UK biobank
Lin, F., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Shi, Y., Wang, Y.-Q., Zeng, Y., Ye, Q., Chen, X., Wu, X., Shi, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.135 · Cited by 18
Childhood determinants for early psychiatric disability pension: A 10-year follow-up study of the 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort
Merikukka, M., Ristikari, T., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Gissler, M., & Laaksonen, M. (2018) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764018806936 · Cited by 18
“It is already well known that sex associates with different mental disorders in different ways, for instance, females have more depression and anxiety disorders (Albert, 2015), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more commonly diagnosed in males (Hasson & Fine, 2012).”
Background
A Novel Animal Model for Studying Depression Featuring the Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response in Hippocampus
Timberlake, M. A., Roy, B., & Dwivedi, Y. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-019-01687-6 · Cited by 18
Transient Dose-dependent Effects of Ketamine on Neural Oscillatory Activity in Wistar-Kyoto Rats
Manduca, J. D., Thériault, R.-K., Williams, O. O. F., Rasmussen, D. J., & Perreault, M. L. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.012 · Cited by 19
Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: A Matter of Loops?
Mucci, V., Indovina, I., Browne, C. J., Blanchini, F., Giordano, G., Marinelli, L., & Burlando, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.576860 · Cited by 17
Gender differences in comorbidities and risk factors in ischemic stroke patients with a history of atrial fibrillation
Rathfoot, C., Edrissi, C., Sanders, C., Knisely, K., Poupore, N. S., & Nathaniel, T. (2021) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02214-8 · Cited by 17
“The effect of depression [29], HRT [30], migraine [31], HDL [32] and heart rate [33] were more severe in females, while CAD [34], drugs and Fig.”
Background
Curcumin ameliorated the mercuric chloride induced depression and anxiety in female mice offspring
Abu-Taweel, G. M., & Rudayni, H. A. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112031 · Cited by 18
E-Cigarette Use, Systemic Inflammation, and Depression
Farrell, K. R., Karey, E., Xu, S., Gibbon, G., Gordon, T., & Weitzman, M. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910402 · Cited by 22
The Continuing Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Well-Being and Mental Health of ICU Healthcare Workers in Turkey: A Single-Centre Cross-Sectional Later-Phase Study
Hüseyin, D. U. R. U. (2021) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/08850666211070740 · Cited by 18
“Age (year), median (min-max) 33(20-48) 31(21-50) .”
BackgroundInfluential
Depression, Estrogens, and Neuroinflammation: A Preclinical Review of Ketamine Treatment for Mood Disorders in Women
Gagne, C., Piot, A., & Brake, W. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.797577 · Cited by 18
“(3) Increased signal transmission leads to upregulation of AMPA receptors, increased depolarization, and influx of Ca through Voltage gated calcium channels.”
BackgroundInfluential
Social Media and Mental Health
Braghieri, L., Levy, R., & Makarin, A. (2021) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3919760 · Cited by 18
Deconstructing demographic bias in speech-based machine learning models for digital health
Yang, M. M. H., El-Attar, A.-A., & Chaspari, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1351637 · Cited by 16
“This ﬁ nding potentially aligns with empirical evidence suggesting higher depression rates among women, possibly attributed to psychological or biological factors (64 – 66).”
Background
Mechanistic intersections between migraine and major depressive disorder
Johnson, M., Filali, Y., Adegboyo, A., Eberle, M., Townsend, A., Hussien, Y., Marcinkiewcz, C. A., & Hultman, R. C. (2025) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-025-02097-x · Cited by 16
“Some evidence suggests stress contributes to the higher female prevalence in both diseases [301, 302].”
Feeding the feelings: gender differences in emotional eating during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zaiser, C., Pahlenkemper, M., Brandt, G., Reque, C. B., Sabel, L., Laskowski, N. M., & Paslakis, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1680872 · Cited by 21
“Reflecting the overall higher prevalence of depression and anxiety in women (109, 110), research indicates that women experienced significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress during the first wave of the pandemic (111).”
Old age and depression in Ghana: assessing and addressing diagnosis and treatment gaps
Lloyd-Sherlock, P. G., Agrawal, S., Amoakoh‐Coleman, M., Adom, S., Adjetey-Sorsey, E., Rocco, I., & Minicuci, N. (2019) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2019.1678282 · Cited by 19
“We targeted a female to male ratio of 60:40% due to the documented higher female depression prevalence ratios [18].”
Background
Predictors of postpartum depression among an obstetric population in South-Western Nigeria
Okunola, T. O., Awoleke, J. O., Olofinbiyi, B. A., Rosiji, B. O., Olubiyi, A. O., & Omoya, S. (2021) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2021.1886259 · Cited by 16
“(Adewuya et al., 2004; Albert, 2015; Rahman et al., 2008).”
Prevalence of depression and suicide ideation in Hong Kong doctors: a cross-sectional study
Ng, A. P. P., Chin, W. Y., Wan, E. Y. F., Chen, J. Y., & Lau, C. S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98668-4 · Cited by 17
Lasting impact of postnatal maternal separation on the developing BNST: Lifelong socioemotional consequences
Halladay, L. R., & Herron, S. M. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109404 · Cited by 19
The Role of Genetics in the Development and Pharmacotherapy of Depression and Its Impact on Drug Discovery
Zięba, A., Matosiuk, D., & Kaczor, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032946 · Cited by 20
“On the other hand, androgens could exhibit a protective effect in male hippocampal neurons [19].”
Background
Responsiveness to change in health status of the EQ-5D in patients treated for depression and anxiety
Sandin, K., Shields, G., Gjengedal, R. G. H., Osnes, K., Bjørndal, M. T., Rème, S. E., & Hjemdal, O. (2023) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-023-02116-y · Cited by 20
Toward practical machine-learning-based diagnosis for drug-naïve women with major depressive disorder using EEG channel reduction approach
Shim, M., Hwang, H.-J., & Lee, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.007 · Cited by 18
Clinical impacts of n -3 fatty acids supplementation on depression symptoms: an umbrella review of meta-analyses
Lu, Y., Qiao, D., & Mi, G. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452300226x · Cited by 18
“It may be related to hormonal changes, particularly oestrogen in women during the different periods of their life such as prior to menstruation, puberty, following pregnancy and at perimenopause (68) .”
Background
Determinants of multimorbidity in older adults in Iran: a cross-sectional study using latent class analysis on the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program
Marzban, M., Jamshidi, A., Khorrami, Z., Hall, M., Batty, J. A., Farhadi, A., Mahmudpour, M., Gholizade, M., Nabipour, I., Larijani, B. A., et al. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04848-y · Cited by 18
“…triglyceride levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure [41] due to higher waist circumference among women, estrogen levels which contribute to the risk of depression [42], and menopause contributing to cardiovascular risk [43] as well as a generally longer life expectancy among women [17].”
Background
Comparative analysis of nutritional status among institutionalised and community-dwelling elderly women and its association with mental health status and cognitive function
Shakil, S., Ghosh, J., Singh, K., & Choudhury, S. R. (2024) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1932_23 · Cited by 20
“[10] In older people who are depressed, malnutrition is more likely to occur, and vice versa.”
Background
The relationship between spiritual health, quality of life, stress, anxiety and depression in working women
Rakhshani, T., Saeedi, P., Kashfi, S. M., Bazrafkan, L., Kamyab, A., & Jeihooni, A. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1366230 · Cited by 17
Depression in geriatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors in Egypt
Ahmed, H., Khaled, H., Allam, A., Alodini, B., Azzam, A., Hjazeen, A. A., Hassan, H. S., Hussein, S. M., & Hassan, F. E. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05484-2 · Cited by 18
“This may be attributed to hormonal changes that make women more vulnerable to depression (postmenopausal depression) [38].”
Background
Prevalence of depression and anxiety and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in Northeast Brasil primary care patients
Santos-Veloso, M. A. O., de Melo, M. I. S. L., Cavalcanti, R. A. N., Bezerra, L. S., Chaves-Markman, Â. V., & de Lima, S. G. (2019) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.6.801 · Cited by 22
Commonly diagnosed mental disorders in a general hospital system
Scott, G. C., Beauchamp-Lebrón, A. M., Rosa-Jiménez, A. A., Hernández-Justiniano, J. G., Ramos-Lucca, A., Asencio-Toro, G., & Jiménez-Chávez, J. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-021-00484-w · Cited by 17
The evolution and social determinants of mental health during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in Luxembourg
Ribeiro, F. S., Schröder, V. E., Krüger, R., & Leist, A. K. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114090 · Cited by 17
Does compulsory schooling affect health? Evidence from ambulatory claims data
Begerow, T., & Jürges, H. (2021) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-021-01404-y · Cited by 17
Assessing the quality of mobile applications targeting postpartum depression in China
Li, Y., Zhao, Q. L., Cross, W. M., Chen, J., Qin, C., & Sun, M. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12713 · Cited by 17
Monitoring Depression Trend on Twitter during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study (Preprint)Preprint
Zhang, Y., Lyu, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., & Luo, J. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.26769 · Cited by 17
Psychosocial problems of family caregivers of palliative care patients and their spiritual coping styles
Özdemir, F., Doğan, S., & Timuçin Atayoğlu, A. (2020) · Perspectives in Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12479 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness of exercise in reducing symptom burden among hemodialysis patients: a non-pharmacological intervention approach
Alshammari, B., Edison, J., Alkubati, S. A., Alrasheeday, A., Albagawi, B. S., Alharbi, L. L., Motakef, H. I., Alshammari, L. S., Siam, B. G. A. E., Alharbi, N. A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580689 · Cited by 16
Depression shapes the recall of adverse childhood experiences: evidence from a three-wave longitudinal study of 6,260 Chinese adolescents
Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Zhang, R., Tang, Y., Zhang, Y., Qin, P., Su, B., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00580-7 · Cited by 18
“The higher probability of depression among females may be attributed to biological factors (such as hormonal changes) or sociocultural factors (such as heightened sensitivity to interpersonal relationships) 43,44 .”
Gender Differences in the Association Between Cataract and Mental Health in Adults With Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From the Spanish National Health Survey 2017
Sánchez, G. F. L., Smith, L., Jacob, L., Shin, J. I., Koyanagi, A., & Pardhan, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.769155 · Cited by 15
Impact of Exercise Training on Depressive Symptoms in Cancer Patients: A Critical Analysis
Marconcin, P., Marques, A., Ferrari, G., Gouveia, É. R., Peralta, M., & Ihle, A. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11040614 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, depression is more prevalent in women than men [36], and breast cancer is prevalent in women.”
Background
Online Questionnaire with Fibromyalgia Patients Reveals Correlations among Type of Pain, Psychological Alterations, and Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Therapies
Demori, I., Molinari, E., Rapallo, F., Mucci, V., Marinelli, L., Losacco, S., & Burlando, B. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10101975 · Cited by 16
“The marked female-biased sex ratio and perimenopausal prevalence suggest a gonadal involvement [17], while several comorbidities are also female-prevalent, such as depression [18], migraines [19], and central vestibular disorders [20].”
Background
Rising Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Acute Cardiac Events in Young Adults With Comorbid Depression: A Comparison Nationwide US Cohorts Hospitalized 10-years Apart
Vyas, A., Desai, R., Patel, V., Bansal, P. B., Jain, A., Gupta, T., Priyadarshni, S., Shalaby, M., & Khalife, W. I. (2023) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101755 · Cited by 16

Authors: Albert, P. R.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Albert, Paul R.
ORCID: Albert, Paul R.
Venue: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 2015-07
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 219-221
ISSN: 1180-4882 (ISSN-L)
1488-2434
DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150205
PMC: PMC4478054
OpenAlex: W2418872436
Cited by: 1,785
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 149 · 2025: 255 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 233 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 188 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 22.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (115098_1)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: major depressive disorder, sex differences, women, prevalence, suicide, disability burden, chronic disease
MeSH terms: Animals, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Prevalence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Why is depression more prevalent in women?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks