The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 28 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Lateral Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy
Open accessAbstract
Lateral exchange markets (LEMs) are sites of technologically intermediated exchange between actors occupying equivalent network positions. To develop an enriched understanding of these markets, the authors develop a more broad-based and differentiated understanding of peer-to-peer, sharing, and access-based markets. They focus on two key axes: the extent of (1) consociality and (2) platform intermediation. Drawing on these attributes, the authors theoretically deduce four ideal types—Forums, Enablers, Matchmakers, and Hubs. Each type provides value in a different way: Forums connect actors, Enablers equip actors, Matchmakers pair actors, and Hubs centralize exchange. Twenty organizational cases reveal insights into the failure, adaptation, and success of LEMs. Lateral exchange markets shift responsibility for personal and exchange security to relevant personal actors, to institutions, or to the governing algorithms of technology platforms. Extending the general proposition that sociality increasingly infuses market logics, the findings suggest a new frontier in which social resources and software platform algorithms interact as operand resources whose negative consequences (e.g., opportunism) require careful management through assurances and institutional arrangements matched to the type of LEM operation.
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Claims the paper makes
5 of 28 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Our findings demonstrate how Bardhi and Eckhardt's (2012) important conclusions about Zipcar should not be applied generally to all types of “accessbased consumption” or to all varieties of LEMs, but only to Hubs.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Revealing the Different Types of LEMs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bardhi and Eckhardt's (2012) source
The Method section identifies the study as interviews with Zipcar users, and the Discussion says its four outcomes are tied to the car-sharing context rather than all forms of access-based consumption. The restriction to “Hubs” is the citing authors’ own conclusion, not a finding attributed to Bardhi and Eckhardt. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“First, our quadripartite typology reveals limitations in prior research that generalized findings from just one LEM type, such as access-based consumption (Bardhi and Eckahrdt 2012) or collaborative consumption (Benoit et al. 2017), to all types.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Understanding LEMs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bardhi and Eckahrdt 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Benoit et al. 2017 source
The citation identifies Benoit et al. (2017) as research on collaborative consumption. The Introduction describes the paper’s focus as conceptualizing collaborative consumption, and the Conclusion says it distinguishes collaborative consumption from other forms of exchange. The citing authors’ claim about the limitations revealed by their quadripartite typology is their own framing, not a finding attributed to Benoit et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crossing extent of platform intermediation with extent of consociality yields four distinct market configurations for lateral exchange: Forums, Enablers, Matchmakers, and Hubs.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the form of the LEM has the effect-intended or not-of variously constricting or facilitating consociality between network actors.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This example shows that forums lower the search costs that actors incur when trying to find each other in a broad and disorganized market.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Four Types of LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hubs such as Lending Club lower search, decision, and surveillance costs as well as the enforcement costs that arise from ensuring that actors meet performance expectations.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > FIGURE 1 Lateral Exchange Market Types
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our analysis of 193 LEM companies reveals two structural patterns.First, LEMs are distinguished by the implementation of platform intermediation.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to lowering search and decision costs, Matchmakers such as DogVacay lower the surveillance costs that usually result from monitoring other actors (e.g., by requiring daily photo updates).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmakers pair actors.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The social experiences in this platform type are often characterized by offline in-person meetings (e.g., picking up goods from someone's home, riding in someone's car).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All LEM companies intermediate exchanges using a software-based technology platform.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclear
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- Probably not a substantial claim. 48
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Because only particular manifestations of these markets, such as those involving access-based consumption or collaborative consumption, have been studied, we still know very little about the breadth and diversity of the general phenomenon or about how generalizable conclusions gained studying one type of consumption might apply to other types.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bardhi and Eckhardt (2012, p. 881) source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites Benoit et al. (2017, 219) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Their classification accords perfectly with our typing of Uber as a Matchmaker.”
- Also stated in: § Revealing the Different Types of LEMs · plain
“Our findings contradict their generalization.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Revealing the Different Types of LEMs
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Benoit et al. 2017 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Revealing the Different Types of LEMs · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the site needed additional monitoring-leaving quality and value assessments in the hands of sellers led to a very uneven offering.”
- Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain
“Second, the requirement of trading entire boxes of used clothing was unwieldy.”
- Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain
“Finally, the commission structure was proving to be unprofitable.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Enabler Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain
In the paper
“However, much of the controversy surrounding Craigslist comes from the unintended side effects of its consocial affordances, which actors have used to promote services such as prostitution and which have been linked to 101 murders (Dewey 2016).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dewey 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Matchmakers mediate the service flow between providers and beneficiary actors (actor ← LEM firm → actor) and are characterized by high platform intermediation as well as high levels of consociality.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmakers pair actors.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whatever the format, it is noteworthy that although the LEM provides opportunities for social behaviors, the enactment of those behaviors is optional and may not occur.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forums are LEM configurations that facilitate the flow of services directly between actors (actor ↔ actor), providing low platform intermediation and high consociality.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Four Types of LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rules of conduct are mostly implicit.”
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
“In recounting their exchange experiences on Craigslist, our interview informants related numerous uncertainties about the norms governing the exchange”
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
“However, this level of ambiguity is typical for the Forum configuration.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
In the paper
“This firm has been successful and influential, funding over 100,000 projects with more than $2 billion pledged (Kickstarter 2017).”
- Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain
“However, Kickstarter's platform provides a template for project creations that standardizes the creative project's promotion.”
- Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain
“Kickstarter offers a “Creative Handbook” as a guide to educate creators about the best practices to produce videos and create sponsor rewards as well as how to design, manage, and advertise their projects.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Enabler Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Kickstarter 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Enabler Cases · plain
In the paper
“Although Kickstarter may be low in copresence, Mitra and Gilbert's (2014) research suggests that skillful use of language is an important element, with the use of socially charged phrases predicting significantly greater funding success.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Enabler Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mitra and Gilbert's (2014)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Forum LEM type is distinguished from the other types by having the most social user experience, wherein individual actors organize many aspects of their exchange.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Craigslist is a well-known bulletin board site that typifies the Forum LEM configuration.”
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
“Craigslist is one of the longest-running LEMs, but it has been plagued by safety and trust concerns.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enablers such as Poshmark lower search costs as well as decision costs, such as resources expended evaluating terms and assessing expected performance.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Four Types of LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enablers are configured to help individual actors provide services to other actors (LEM firm → actor → actor).They have relatively low levels of platform intermediation (i.e., they minimize use of their technology platform to coordinate the transaction) and low levels of consociality.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Four Types of LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Craigslist relies on high levels of consociality to mitigate trust concerns and encourages network actors to “deal locally with folks you can meet in person-follow this one rule and avoid 99% of scam attempts””
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hubs act as the central point in the exchange, resulting in two discrete and bidirectional flows between platform provider and actors (actor ↔ LEM firm ↔ actor).Combining high platform intermediation with low consociality, this configuration hides the service flow between equivalent actors behind its own platform.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > FIGURE 1 Lateral Exchange Market Types
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Matchmakers combine technology and sociality in sophisticated ways.”
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
“Their systems decrease search costs, simplify decisions, and locate matches that are superior to the ones actors could achieve on their own.”
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
“In addition, Matchmaker LEMs deploy platforms alongside institutional arrangements to intermediate exchanges.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmaker Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Hub is characterized by a uniform service experience similar to that found in a conventional marketplace.”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
“As with retail consignment, Hubs integrate resources from different actors and serve as a central place to enact exchanges.”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
“Hubs provide network actors with many assurances against risk: they create a marketplace, lower search costs, offer product guarantees, monitor actors, and ensure that the exchange transpires as planned.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Hub Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
In the paper
“TaskRabbit has raised $38 million in venture financing, employs 60 people, is available in 24 markets, and “is not yet profitable” (Stangel 2017).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmaker Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Stangel 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, many existing companies are entering LEMs as complementary businesses.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managerial Implications
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lateral exchange markets are not limited to the consumption of access-based, sharing-based exchange or the amateur-based activities of peers; nor are they characterized by a monadic approach to exchange.”
- Also stated in: § Understanding LEMs · plain
“These widespread and influential activities are technologically intermediated exchanges between the members of a network of buyers and sellers.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Understanding LEMs
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Understanding LEMs · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Shedding its Matchmaker skin and adopting the form of an Enabler, Skillshare transitioned to an online-only platform and began successfully delivering online and video courses.”
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
“In its first year online, the company attracted 75,000 new students, who provided $1.5 million in compensation to its online teachers (Griffith 2013).”
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
“Three years later, the company had 40 full-time employees and boasted 3 million enrollments from over 180 countries (Noto 2016).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmaker Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Griffith 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Noto 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many companies assure actors that they will not be paired again with other actors to whom they have given a low rating.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets / 33
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although exhibiting a high degree of platform intermediation and deploying institutional assurances, Matchmakers such as TaskRabbit pair actors in a situation of copresence.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmaker Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Uber's ostensibly legitimate heuristics allegedly cheated its drivers of millions of dollars through system programming that rounded fees to the nearest dollar in the company's favor (Newcomer 2017).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Newcomer 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, because prior studies have been limited in scope, they have been unable to compare different types of markets.Thus, we have very limited understanding about the underlying characteristics and relative effectiveness of different forms of peer-to-peer markets.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, personal meetings for the purpose of exchange entail heightened personal risk.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As intermediaries, LEM firms offer two potential benefits: they create the market and lower transaction costs.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Four Types of LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the multiple rounds of combined ethnographic data collection and analysis over the six years of the project, we returned to our field sites to investigate, gather additional details, seek nuance, and find disconfirming evidence.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Two Stages of Data Analysis: Typology Development and Principle Observation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Each LEM type represents a specific configuration of a service ecosystem (Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Four Types of LEMs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lateral exchange markets are a new form born of the potential of contemporary digital technology to coordinate and monetize networks.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > LEMs Are Technological, Economic, and Social Exchange Systems
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zimride struggled for several years because it failed to operate coherently as an LEM Forum.”
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
“It had created an LEM company that had both high intermediation (payment processing and oversight) as well as low intermediation (cash payments and minimal oversight).”
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
“As a result, the company could not sufficiently monetize the value-adding connections it enabled.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Forum Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Forum Cases · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The core value proposition of a Matchmaker LEM comes from providing a pairing of exchange actors.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > FIGURE 1 Lateral Exchange Market Types
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Platform intermediation therefore plays an important role in mitigating duplicity, incentivizing trustworthy behavior, and inspiring trust in the exchange.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Exchanges in LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: LEM buyers and sellers usually have no prior experience with one another.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our procedure is in keeping with accepted principles of mainstream qualitative data analysis and interpretation.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Two Stages of Data Analysis: Typology Development and Principle Observation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We systematically compared case data and emergent framework until our theoretical position was both internally consistent and externally able to accommodate both new entries to the industry and novel events occurring in a constantly changing empirical field.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Two Stages of Data Analysis: Typology Development and Principle Observation
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The technological elements of LEMs, which bring people together to create value, also create new forms of social connection and experience and, thus, new types of social operant resources.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Sociality in LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These two dimensions serve to effectively classify and explain the general principles behind LEMs.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Online netnographic activities followed the guidelines of Kozinets (2015) and were interrelated with the ethnography.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Data Collection
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kozinets (2015) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our approach builds on Adler's (2001) important insight that the increasingly knowledge-based economy is leading to hybrid market forms that differ in fundamental ways from market forms of the past.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > LEMs Are Technological, Economic, and Social Exchange Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Adler's (2001) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Complex social relationships embed value creation in any market (Lusch and Vargo 2014;Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Sociality in LEMs
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lusch and Vargo 2014 source
- Not matchedcites Vargo, Wieland, and Akaka 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We sought negative cases and revised or abandoned theoretical notions on the basis of whether they fit.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Two Stages of Data Analysis: Typology Development and Principle Observation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because their technology platforms combine social actors into various exchange-related configurations, LEMs do not fall neatly into existing categories but create new legal categories and institutional practices.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > LEMs Are Technological, Economic, and Social Exchange Systems
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings benefit from the contextual richness of our ethnographic method to demonstrate and organize the empirical complexity of LEMs.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Cases Illustrating Complexity, Competence, and Collapse
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These novel situations are social, but they are also instrumental, commodified, opportunistic, intermediated, and ephemeral.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Sociality in LEMs
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although avenues for more extensive interaction between actors are available, a type of “para-social interaction” (Horton and Wohl 1956) develops, similar to the one-sided attachment felt between fans and celebrities.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Enabler Cases
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Horton and Wohl 1956 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They provide their greatest source of value by appropriately pairing network actors.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets / 33
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hubs must operate in an LEM business environment devoid of the attractive, humanizing, and trustinspiring benefits of copresence.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Hubs.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although they were lateral network actors, Homejoy's cleaners were treated like employees; the platform charged customers for their services just as if it were any other cleaning service.”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
“Homejoy faced three major challenges common to the Hub form.”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
“Homejoy's quality control, legal, and opportunism challenges sunk the company.It ceased operations in July 2015.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Hub Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The sharing economy literature (Belk 2014) connects peer exchange with utopian themes, casting its market forms in a generally positive, sometimes idyllic, light (Arnould and Rose 2016).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Belk 2014 source
- Not matchedcites Arnould and Rose 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acting as an intermediary, the platform provider offers the two potential benefits of creating the marketplace and lowering various transaction costs.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Patterns of Assurance in Trusted Platforms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acting as a social space, the platform offers the opportunity to communicate, personalize, and negotiate.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Patterns of Assurance in Trusted Platforms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depending on the industry, these elements may be important sources of value for actors.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Hubs.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all of our empirical LEM cases, the need to instill and manage trust was strongly evident.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Patterns of Assurance in Trusted Platforms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enablers can minimize transaction risks by placing actors within a networking platform that allows them to broadcast a personal message that inspires interest and trust in other actors.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets / 33
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our model indicates that Zipcar is a Hub type, an LEM that deliberately inhibits consociality among actors and instead confers trust through strong platform intermediation.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Revealing the Different Types of LEMs
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, although it is true that all LEMs create value by bringing actors together, not all of them must use platforms with sophisticated algorithms, or perform complex optimization tasks.”
- Also stated in: § Revealing the Different Types of LEMs · plain
“Craigslist, Freecycle, and other Forum types rely on social connection between actors for these coordination and optimization tasks, whereas Enabler LEMs such as Yerdle and 99Dresses perform them by equipping actors to sell to one another.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Revealing the Different Types of LEMs
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Revealing the Different Types of LEMs · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lending Club's fiscal responsibilities and high need for exchange assurance enable it to provide a platform that handles every element of the exchange, renders personal identities invisible, and severely limits consociality.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Patterns of Assurance in Trusted Platforms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is the platform itself that actors will trust, so the Hub would be wise to invest in its technology and branding.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Hubs.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: From a network actor's perspective in Hubs, all other network actors are interchangeable.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forums reduce search costs and provide their greatest customer value by facilitating connections.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Forums.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the high consociality of the offering was not accompanied by corresponding safeguards.”
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
“Second, the logistics required to arrange face-to-face classes and teaching were difficult and expensive.”
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
“Finally, Skillshare's market competitors, such as Udemy, were effectively replacing in-person classes with distance learning video technology.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmaker Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Matchmaker Cases · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it might be tempting to try to usurp control of between-actor communications or to filter them through the company, our model suggests that Forums are most effective when they facilitate a free flow of messages.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Forums.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, these types each face particular transaction risks that will require managers to balance network actors' trust in the transaction with the risks that actors, once connected, will no longer need them.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managerial Implications
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Actors, once connected through an LEM, will no longer need the platform.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These eight empirical examples-Homejoy, Quirky, Skillshare, TaskRabbit, thredUP, Kickstarter, Zimride, and Craigslist-illustrate the diversity of LEMs.”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · boosted
“They also demonstrate how the underlying dimensions of sociality and platform intermediation work in concert with institutional attempts to legitimate the company to provide either effective or ineffective solutions to governance and trust issues.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Hub Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The eight selected LEM cases are sufficiently representative of the LEM population to support a general typology.
- Rests on an assumption: The success or failure of the case companies can be attributed to their LEM configuration and trust management rather than other unobserved factors.
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · boosted
In the paper
“The financial commitments required by Quirky's high platform intermediation strategy caused the company to struggle with production and retail distribution costs (Martin 2015).”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
“The company also failed to properly attract highquality inventors who were looking for a stable system on which to develop and profit from their new product ideas.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Hub Cases
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Martin 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their core value proposition lies in the centralized exchanges they generate through their direct service interaction with network actors.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Hubs.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By minimizing sociality, Quirky limited participants' abilities to collaborate.”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
“Anonymizing participation constrained the site's ability to attract talented inventors.”
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
“However, these social elements were added too late.The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2015.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Hub Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Hub Cases · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Network actors will be particularly attracted to the Hub's platform.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Hubs.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some industries, the optimal performance of network actors may require collaboration or the acknowledgment of rare talent.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Hubs.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tools for many of these practices can be programmed into the software interface of the platform.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets / 33
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Matchmakers lower monitoring costs, simplify search, and facilitate better decision making for actors.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets / 33
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Enablers provide value by lowering search costs and making it easier for actors to decide to transact.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets / 33
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Actors' trust in LEMs' technology platforms is often similarly based on a normative belief in the legitimacy of their algorithms-or perhaps faith in algorithms in a general sense (O'Neil 2016).”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Patterns of Assurance in Trusted Platforms
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites O'Neil 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The multibarreled approach to trust is crucial because, although network actors connect through the matchmaker's platform, most exchanges are finalized offline.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Matchmaker Cases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The platform would then simplify, standardize, and encourage actors to use these value-creating tools and practices.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Lateral Exchange Markets / 33
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With an enabler LEM such as Kickstarter, a predetermined format for the online exchange provides a degree of consistency but also allows actors to improvise and display their individuality.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Patterns of Assurance in Trusted Platforms
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“its relative newness means that we know very little about how it actually operates.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managerial Implications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sharing economy has grown rapidly and been the beneficiary of significant public attention over the past few years.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The next major task of a Forum-to help manage actors' transaction risks-flows directly from this high degree of freedom.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Forums.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Institutional norms are still in flux regarding this new form of business, necessitating governance with additional assurances such as insurance and guarantees.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Patterns of Assurance in Trusted Platforms
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hubs lower the costs associated with search, decision making, monitoring, and exchange enforcement.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Managing Hubs.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Uber's scandals (Newcomer 2017) and Homejoy's problems are not atypical issues for LEMs, whose new forms are transforming the world of business but must build legitimacy and trust to achieve success.”
§ Exchange Markets: How Social Platforms Operate in a Networked Economy > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
LEM buyers and sellers usually have no prior experience with one another.
“Lateral exchange market buyers and sellers usually have no prior experience with one another and occupy roughly equivalent positions in the network.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Contemporary business is far more complex and dynamic than our models can accommodate.
“Contemporary business is far more complex and dynamic than our models can accommodate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The eight selected LEM cases are sufficiently representative of the LEM population to support a general typology.
“These eight empirical examples-Homejoy, Quirky, Skillshare, TaskRabbit, thredUP, Kickstarter, Zimride, and Craigslist-illustrate the diversity of LEMs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The success or failure of the case companies can be attributed to their LEM configuration and trust management rather than other unobserved factors.
“They also demonstrate how the underlying dimensions of sociality and platform intermediation work in concert with institutional attempts to legitimate the company to provide either effective or ineffective solutions to governance and trust issues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interview informants' and fieldnotes' accounts accurately represent user experiences.
“In recounting their exchange experiences on Craigslist, our interview informants related numerous uncertainties about the norms governing the exchange”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sharing economy has grown rapidly and been the beneficiary of significant public attention over the past few years.
“Although the so-called sharing economy has grown rapidly and been the beneficiary of significant public attention over the past few years, its relative newness means that we know very little about how it actually operates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Actors, once connected through an LEM, will no longer need the platform.
“In addition, these types each face particular transaction risks that will require managers to balance network actors' trust in the transaction with the risks that actors, once connected, will no longer need them.”
The paper relies on this without support.
From a network actor's perspective in Hubs, all other network actors are interchangeable.
“From a network actor's perspective, all other network actors are interchangeable, so it would therefore be sensible for Hub firms to invest in the cutting-edge abilities of the platform, its capacity to assess or mitigate risk, its ease of use and strong technical performance.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Effective platform governance fosters trust through “sociality management,” and institutional and legal arrangements that enable exchange mediation”
From Platforms in the peer-to-peer sharing economy (2019) · cites this paper as Perren and Kozinets, 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“risk and uncertainty are mitigated through instilling and managing trust via institutional and legal governance mechanisms”
From Platforms in the peer-to-peer sharing economy (2019) · cites this paper as Perren and Kozinets, 2018
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Potential responses are tools to build loyalty include evangelizing, milestoning, badging and documenting (Perren and Kozinets, 2018), and incentive systems for service providers to increase their activity on the platform (Chen et al., 2018).”
From Platforms in the peer-to-peer sharing economy (2019) · cites this paper as Perren and Kozinets, 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
A gift-giving platform is classified as an LEM despite an explicit exclusion
MinorThe paper explicitly excludes gifting from LEMs, yet treats Freecycle as an LEM even though its described exchanges consist of giving goods away for free. This affects which markets the proposed typology covers.
“although we exclude gifting and sharing from LEMs”
“Freecycle is an example of an LEM in which the extent of platform intermediation is low.Freecycle provides a basic central website connecting those who wish to give away various sorts of used goods (such as old televisions or furniture) with those willing to pick up these goods.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Perren, R., & Kozinets, R. V.
- Affiliations
- California State University, San Marcos (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Perren, Rebeca
- Kozinets, Robert V.
- Venue
- Journal of Marketing
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-36
- ISSN
- 0022-2429 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-7185
- OpenAlex
- W2757209552
- Semantic Scholar
- 62b266886e146ec22fbe3e30d95c498a3c1307c3
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 14
- FWCI
- 46.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Marketing (publishedVersion)
- John Spoor Broome Library Institutional Repository (California State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- McKnight Foundation
- Florida Education Fund
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Sharing Economy and Platforms
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Keywords
- peer-to-peer markets, sharing economy, social platforms, platform intermediation, network economy, ideal types, exchange security, opportunism, platform algorithms
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