Measurement of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems
Abstract
Methodologies for the empirical measurement of situation awareness are reviewed, including a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the potential limitations of the measures from a theoretical and practical viewpoint. Two studies are presented that investigate questions of validity and intrusiveness regarding a query-based technique. This technique requires that a simulation of the operational tasks be momentarily interrupted in order to query operators on their situation awareness. The results of the two studies indicate that the query technique is not intrusive on normal subject behavior during the trial and does not suffer from limitations of human memory, which provides an indication of empirical validity. The results of other validity studies regarding the technique are discussed along with recommendations for its use in measuring situation awareness in varied settings.
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Situation Awareness theory conceptualizes reasoning as a progression through three stages: Perception, Comprehension, and Projection.
“Situation Awareness (SA) theory conceptualizes reasoning as a progression through three stages: Perception (noticing elements), Comprehension (interpreting their meaning), and Projection (anticipating consequences) [21, 22].”
From Criticmate: Stagewise Human–AI Co-Critique in Single-Screen UI Evaluation (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
Expert evaluators naturally distribute their work across Perception, Comprehension, and Projection, weaving together global and local reasoning and gradually moving from surface checks toward root-cause diagnosis.
“expert evaluators naturally distribute their work across Perception , Comprehension , and Projection [21, 22], weaving together global and local reasoning and gradually moving from surface checks toward root-cause diagnosis.”
From Criticmate: Stagewise Human–AI Co-Critique in Single-Screen UI Evaluation (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
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Durso, F. T., & Sethumadhavan, A. (2008) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872008x288448 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Sohn, Y. W., & Doane, S. M. (2004) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.3.461.50392 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Resource management coordination with level 2/3 fusion issues and challenges [Panel Report]
Blasch, E., Salerno, J., Kadar, I., Hintz, K. J., Biermann, J., & Das, S. K. (2008) · IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/maes.2008.4476103 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Matsas, E., Vosniakos, G.-C., & Batras, D. (2017) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2017.09.005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Development of a Novel Measure of Situation Awareness: The Case for Eye Movement Analysis
Moore, K. S., & Gugerty, L. J. (2010) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193121005401961 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Acting under uncertainty: The core-task analysis in ecological study of work
Norros, L. (2004) · Cited by 111 · see citing works
- Authors
- Endsley, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Texas Tech University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Endsley, Mica R.
- ORCID
- Endsley, Mica R.
- Venue
- Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-84
- ISSN
- 0018-7208 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-8181
- OpenAlex
- W2069757512
- Cited by
- 2,039
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 126 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 27.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Military Strategy and Technology
- Keywords
- situational awareness, situation awareness measurement, measurement validity, intrusiveness, dynamical systems, operator performance
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