Cited by 735Balance, Gait, and Falls PreventionFrailty in Older AdultsMotor Control and Adaptation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

Springer, Barbara A., Marin, Raul, Cyhan, Tamara, Roberts, Holly, Gill, Norman W.·2007·Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy

DOI 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003

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Abstract

Purpose Limited normative data are available for the unipedal stance test (UPST), making it difficult for clinicians to use it confidently to detect subtle balance impairments. The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for repeated trials of the UPST with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender. Methods This prospective, mixed-model design was set in a tertiary care medical center. Healthy subjects (n= 549), 18 years or older, performed the UPST with eyes open and closed. Mean and best of 3 UPST times for males and females of 6 age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) were documented and inter-rater reliability was tested. Results There was a significant age dependent decrease in UPST time during both conditions. Inter-rater reliability for the best of 3 trials was determined to be excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.994 (95% confidence interval 0.989-0.996) for eyes open and 0.998 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999) for eyes closed. Conclusions This study adds to the understanding of typical performance on the UPST. Performance is age-specific and not related to gender. Clinicians now have more extensive normative values to which individuals can be compared.

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Martínez-Córcoles, V., Nieto-Gil, P., Ramos‐Petersen, L., & Ferrer‐Torregrosa, J. (2022) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.03.019 · Cited by 18
Exploring feasibility, perceptions of acceptability, and potential benefits of an 8-week yoga intervention delivered by videoconference for young adults affected by cancer: a single-arm hybrid effectiveness-implementation pilot study
Wurz, A. J., McLaughlin, E., Hughes, K., Ellis, K. M., Chen, A., Cowley, L., Molina, H., Duchek, D., Eisele, M., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01244-y · Cited by 20
“Assessments included balance using the single-leg balance test [39], flexibility using sit-and-reach [40], shoulder range”
Method
Examination of clinical and laboratory measures of static and dynamic balance in breast cancer survivors
Evans, E. S., Ketcham, C. J., Hibberd, J. C., et al. (2019) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2019.1692391 · Cited by 18
“The SLS is a useful test for assessing static balance, requiring little equipment or time to administer (Hawk et al., 2006; Springer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Lower-limb motor-performance asymmetries in English community-level female field hockey players: Implications for knee and ankle injury prevention.
Clark, N. C., & Clacher, L. H. (2020) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.02.001 · Cited by 16
Relative handgrip strength is inversely associated with the presence of type 2 diabetes in overweight elderly women with varying nutritional status
Lombardo, M., Padua, E., Campoli, F., Panzarino, M., Mîndrescu, V., Annino, G., Iellamo, F., & Bellia, A. (2020) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-020-01588-4 · Cited by 19
High intensity interval training combined with L-citrulline supplementation: Effects on physical performance in healthy older adults
Buckinx, F., Carvalho, L. P., Marcangeli, V., Dulac, M., Hajj Boutros, G., Gouspillou, G., Gaudreau, P., Noirez, P., & Aubertin‐Leheudre, M. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.111036 · Cited by 19
Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Combined with Exercises versus an Exercise Program on the Physical Characteristics and Functions of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Jang, E. M., & Park, S. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052463 · Cited by 21
The impact of an 8-week Pilates-based physical training program on functional mobility: data from a septuagenarian group
Lima, M., Silva, B., Rocha‐Rodrigues, S., & Bezerra, P. (2021) · Biomedical Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/bhk-2021-0002 · Cited by 18
Influence of quadriceps angle on static and dynamic balance in young adults
Külli, H. D., Yeldan, İ., & Yıldırım, N. Ü. (2019) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-181332 · Cited by 18
“The single leg stance test (SLST) is a simple test for measuring static characteristics of balance that requires minimal equipment in clinics [15].”
Examining the specificity of postural control deficits in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder using a cross-syndrome approach
Lidstone, D. E., Miah, F. Z., Poston, B., Beasley, J. F., & Dufek, J. S. (2020) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101514 · Cited by 17
An examination of factors that may contribute to gender differences in psychomotor processing speed
Roivainen, E., Suokas, F., & Saari, A. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00698-0 · Cited by 17
“The physiotherapy tests included: (1) grip strength, measured with a Jamar dynamometer [33] and (2) one foot stand (right and left foot) [34].”
Method
Prosthetic Limb User Experiences With Crossover Feet: A Pilot Focus Group Study to Explore Outcomes That Matter
McDonald, C. L., Cheever, S. M., Morgan, S. J., & Hafner, B. J. (2018) · JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics · doi:10.1097/jpo.0000000000000240 · Cited by 17
Fitness and Quality of Life Outcomes of Cancer Survivor Participants in a Community Exercise Program
Musanti, R. M., Chao, Y., & Collins, K. E. (2019) · Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology · doi:10.6004/jadpro.2019.10.1.2 · Cited by 17
Improved balance performance accompanied by structural plasticity in blind adults after training
Rogge, A.-K., Hötting, K., Nagel, V., Zech, A., Hölig, C., & Röder, B. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.04.005 · Cited by 19
Cost-Effectiveness of “Tele-Square Step Exercise” for Falls Prevention in Fibromyalgia Patients: A Study Protocol
Carlos‐Vivas, J., Pérez‐Gómez, J., Delgado-Gil, S., Campos-López, J. C., Granado-Sánchez, M., Rojo-Ramos, J., Bermejo, L. M., My works are correct, B. M. I. A. A. I. S. R. L. M. T. I. D. A.-M., Mendoza-Muñoz, M., Prado-Solano, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030695 · Cited by 17
“The procedure will be repeated 3 times and each time recorded on the data collection sheet [32,33].”
Effects of a Physical Exercise Program on Physiological, Psychological, and Physical Function of Older Adults in Rural Areas
Kim, S., Lee, E. J., & Kim, H.-O. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168487 · Cited by 17
“Balance was assessed using the one-leg standing test with open eyes [29].”
Method
Characterization of Balance Control After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Recovery Study
Perez, O. H., Green, R., & Mochizuki, G. (2018) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzy065 · Cited by 17
The Relationship Between Army Physical Fitness and Functional Capacities in Infantry Members of the Slovenian Armed Forces
Šimenko, J., Kovčan, B., Pori, P., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003344 · Cited by 17
“2 seconds (28), while in our sample, the results were 15 and 16 seconds (Table 2) for closed eyes stance on the right and left leg, respectively.”
Result
Binocular Vision Disorders and Visual Attention: Associations With Balance and Mobility in Older Adults
Althomali, M. M., & Leat, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2016-0349 · Cited by 16
Adjuvant Guided Exercise Therapy Versus Self-Organized Activity in Patients With Major Depression
Haussleiter, I. S., Bolsinger, B., Assion, H., & Juckel, G. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001240 · Cited by 19
“Physical performance was assessed using the Timed Up-and-Go Test for balance and mobility (Podsiadlo and Richardson, 1991), the Sit-and-Reach Test for flexibility (Wells and Dillon, 1952), and the Unipedal Stance Test for postural balance (Springer et al., 2007).”
Method
Comparison of the Ability of Static and Dynamic Balance Tests to Determine the Risk of Falls among Older Community-Dwelling Individuals
Poncumhak, P., Srithawong, A., Duangsanjun, W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk8020043 · Cited by 16
“Other balance tests, including FRT and SLS, have been reported to be useful for detecting balance impairment in the older individuals [17,18].”
Method
Comparing remote and face-to-face assessments of physical performance in older adults: A reliability study
Buckinx, F., Rezoulat, M., Lefranc, C., Reginster, J., & Bruyère, O. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.11.004 · Cited by 16
Pilot Study for Implementing an Osteoporosis Education and Exercise Program in an Assisted Living Facility and Senior Community
Nanduri, A. P., Fullman, S., Morell, L., Buyske, S. G., & Wagner, M. (2016) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464816672045 · Cited by 16
Associations Between Factors Across Life and One-Legged Balance Performance in Mid and Later Life: Evidence From a British Birth Cohort Study
Blodgett, J. M., Cooper, R., Davis, D. H. J., Kuh, D. J., & Hardy, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00028 · Cited by 15
“The one-legged balance test is considered to be a reliable and valid measure of static balance and has been shown to have high inter-rater and test-retest reliability (Giorgetti et al., 1998; Bohannon, 2006; Springer et al., 2007; Michikawa et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2014; Ortega-Pérez de Villar et al., 2018).”
Background
Large-Scale Assessment of Health-Related Physical Fitness in French Older Adults: Feasibility and Validity
Mack-Inocentio, D., Menai, M., Doré, É., Doreau, B., Gaillard, C., Finaud, J., Pereira, B., & Duché, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.487308 · Cited by 10
“There are several balance tests used in the literature, such as the flamingo balance test (EC) (36), the unipedal stance test (EO and EC) (37), single limb stance times (EO) (38), and onelegged timed balance tests (EO and EC).”
Method
Maintenance of physical activity level, functioning and health after non-pharmacological treatment of pelvic girdle pain with either transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation or acupuncture: a randomised controlled trial
Ekdahl, A. S., Olsén, M. F., Jendman, T., & Gutke, A. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046314 · Cited by 20
“33”
Effect of 4-weeks exercise program using wearable hip-assist robot (EX1) in older adults: one group pre- and post- test
Shin, J.-H., Byeon, N., Yu, H., Yun, G., Kim, H., Lim, S., Kim, D., Lee, H.-J., & Lee, W. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04423-x · Cited by 15
“The participants were asked to maintain a one-legged stance for as long as possible during their eyes open test and were allowed to cross their arms over the chest [24].”
Background
Deconstructing Chronic Low Back Pain in the Older Adult—Step-by-Step Evidence and Expert-Based Recommendations for Evaluation and Treatment: Part XII: Leg Length Discrepancy
Havran, M., Scholten, J. D., Breuer, P., Lundberg, J. L., Kochersberger, G. G., Newman, D., & Weiner, D. K. (2016) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnw270 · Cited by 15
Prevalence and magnitude of preseason clinically-significant single-leg balance and hop test asymmetries in an English adult netball club.
Clark, N. C., & Mullally, E. M. (2019) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.08.008 · Cited by 16
Validity and reliability of the Brazilian activities-specific balance confidence scale and determinants of balance confidence in community-dwelling older adults
Freitas, R. V. D. M., Ribeiro, K. M. O. B. D. F., Barbosa, J. D. S., et al. (2020) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2020.1747122 · Cited by 15
“Longer times indicated better standing postural balance and decreased risk for falls (Springer et al., 2007).”
Background
Strength training restores force‐generating capacity in patients with schizophrenia
Nygård, M., Brobakken, M. F., Taylor, J. L., Reitan, S. K., Güzey, I. C., Morken, G., Lydersen, S., Vedul‐Kjelsås, E., Wang, E., & Heggelund, J. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13863 · Cited by 16
“Age at first contact with psychiatric services (years) 19 (11-43) 22 (16-28)”
Background
Effects of Ballroom Dance on Physical Fitness and Reaction Time in Experienced Middle-Aged Adults of Both Genders
Bonavolontá, V., Greco, F., Sabatini, U., Saavedra, F. J. F., Fischetti, F., Baldari, C., Guidetti, L., Vaccaro, M. G., & Emerenziani, G. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042036 · Cited by 15
“One-legged stance balance test (OLSB) [26]: Subjects, without shoes, had to stand unassisted on one leg with closed eyes and were recorded in seconds from the time one foot was ﬂexed off the ﬂoor to the time when it touched the ground or the standing leg or an arm left the hips.”
Executive function is associated with balance and falls in older cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy: A cross-sectional study
McNeish, B. L., Dittus, K. L., Mossburg, J., Krant, N., Steinharter, J. A., Feb, K., Cote, H., Hehir, M. K., Reynolds, R., Redfern, M. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Geriatric Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2023.101637 · Cited by 15
Youth Baseball Pitching Stride Length: Normal Values and Correlation With Field Testing
Fry, K. E., Pipkin, A., Wittman, K., et al. (2016) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738116679815 · Cited by 15
“Each subject was tested for 3 trials with eyes closed in the balance point position.(21,22) The best of the 3 trials was recorded.”
Method
Identification of Knee Osteoarthritis Based on Bayesian Network: Pilot Study
Sheng, B., Huang, L. K., Wang, X., Zhuang, J., Tang, L., Deng, C., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/13562 · Cited by 15
“Their reliability [25-30] and predictive validity for knee OA have been verified [24,31-34].”
A cluster randomized controlled trial of a positive physical activity intervention.
Ho, H. C. Y., Mui, M. W.-K., Wan, A., Yew, C. W.-S., & Lam, T. (2020) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000885 · Cited by 14
Effects of an App-Based Physical Exercise Program on Selected Parameters of Physical Fitness of Females in Retirement: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Jungreitmayr, S., Kranzinger, C., Venek, V., & Ring‐Dimitriou, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.821773 · Cited by 14
Effectiveness of Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) Centers for Improving Physical Fitness for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Xin, W., Xu, D., Dou, Z., Jacques, A., Umbella, J., & Hill, A. (2024) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.23148 · Cited by 16
“The primary outcome was physical fitness including Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) [44], gait speed [45], handgrip strength [46], Functional Reach Test (FRT) [47], and one-leg standing test [48].”
Method
Disease‐inclusive exercise classes improve physical fitness and reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with and without Parkinson's disease—A feasibility study
Stuckenschneider, T., Abeln, V., Foitschik, T., Abel, T., Polidori, M. C., & Strüder, H. K. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2352 · Cited by 13
“…grip strength test measured in kilograms (Roberts et al., 2011), the timed up and go test (TUG; 3-meter distance) (Podsiadlo & Richardson, 1991) and the balance tests from the Short Physical Performance Battery (Guralnik et al., 1995), as well as a single leg stance test (Springer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Outcome Measures in Cancer Rehabilitation: Pain, Function, and Symptom Assessment
Maldonado, E., Thalla, N., Nepaul, S., & Wisotzky, E. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2021.692237 · Cited by 20
“Increased age and body mass index had a negative effect in following instructions (90).”
Background
ACE-Neuro: A tailored exercise oncology program for neuro-oncology patients – Study protocol
Daun, J. T., Capozzi, L., Urgoiti, G. B. R., McDonough, M. H., Easaw, J. C., McNeely, M. L., Francis, G. J., Williamson, T., Danyluk, J. M., McLaughlin, E., et al. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100925 · Cited by 15
Baduanjin exercise for balance function in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty: a randomized controlled trial protocol
Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Wang, X., & Zheng, G. (2022) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03764-1 · Cited by 13
Kinematic analysis of postural control in gymnasts vs. athletes practicing different sports
Mkaouer, B., Jemni, M., Nassib, S. H., et al. (2017) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-017-0383-4 · Cited by 13
The Relationship among Cognition, Psychological Well-being, Physical Activity and Demographic Data in People over 80 Years of Age
Veldema, J., & Jansen, P. (2019) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2019.1664459 · Cited by 13

Authors: Springer, B. A., Marin, R., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W.
Affiliations: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Springer, Barbara A.
ORCID: Roberts, Holly
Gill, Norman W.
Venue: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2007-04
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-15
ISSN: 1539-8412 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003
OpenAlex: W2054134869
Semantic Scholar: de24e8ffef02e14df4926b12a3927e09f64504c5
Cited by: 735
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 12.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: reference values, balance disorders, postural stability, eyes open and closed, age-related decline, inter-rater reliability, healthy adults, gender differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Vision, Ocular, Confidence Intervals

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Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

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