Cited by 735Balance, Gait, and Falls PreventionFrailty in Older AdultsMotor Control and Adaptation

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Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

Springer, Barbara A., Marin, Raul, Cyhan, Tamara, Roberts, Holly, Gill, Norman W.·2007·Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy

DOI 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003

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Abstract

Purpose Limited normative data are available for the unipedal stance test (UPST), making it difficult for clinicians to use it confidently to detect subtle balance impairments. The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for repeated trials of the UPST with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender. Methods This prospective, mixed-model design was set in a tertiary care medical center. Healthy subjects (n= 549), 18 years or older, performed the UPST with eyes open and closed. Mean and best of 3 UPST times for males and females of 6 age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) were documented and inter-rater reliability was tested. Results There was a significant age dependent decrease in UPST time during both conditions. Inter-rater reliability for the best of 3 trials was determined to be excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.994 (95% confidence interval 0.989-0.996) for eyes open and 0.998 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999) for eyes closed. Conclusions This study adds to the understanding of typical performance on the UPST. Performance is age-specific and not related to gender. Clinicians now have more extensive normative values to which individuals can be compared.

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BackgroundInfluential
Physical therapy examination and management of a 48-year-old male with vertigo, cephalalgia, and cervicalgia secondary to unilateral vestibular hypofunction
Ahmed, S. S., Giardina, M., Nicks, K. L., & Huang, H.-H. (2018) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2018.1517848 · Cited by 1
Brain Derived Neurotropic Factors in Speed vs. Inclined Treadmill in Young Adult Healthy Male With Occult Balance Disorder
Yulinda, S. T., Tinduh, D., Wardhani, I. L., Laswati, H., Wibisono, S., & Melaniani, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2019.00033 · Cited by 1
Assessment, diagnosis and management of the dizzy patient
Mullin, N., Mcphee, O., Morrow, C., & Youssef, A. M. (2020) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2020.0469 · Cited by 1
Physical functioning in COVID-19 patients at pre-discharge: A case series
Wagh, V. M., Mhatre, B., Sawant, S. S., et al. (2021) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.1.0015 · Cited by 1
“96 repetitions for 1 min sit to stand [23].”
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EFFECT OF PATELLOFEMORAL OSTEOARTHRITIS ON FIXED BEARING MEDIAL UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY
Ercan, S., Oğul, A., Ünal, M., et al. (2020) · Cukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.36516/jocass.2021.57 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Biomarkers and Health Beliefs of Prefrail Older Adults
Wen, C., Yang, H.-C., & Chang, S. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11083557 · Cited by 1
Test unipodal para estabilidad corporal estática con ojos abiertos y cerrados en la valoración de riesgo de caída en adultos mayores (Unipodal test for static body stability with open and closed eyes in the assessment of fall risk in older adults)
Escobar, C. D., Neira, M. C., Núñez, M. P., et al. (2021) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v42i0.86645 · Cited by 1
Motor Skill, Motor Planning, and Motor Performance in Adults with Severe Mental Illnesses and Obesity
Gill, S. V., Ayoub, M. J., Mueser, K. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2021.2010640 · Cited by 1
“Unipedal Stance Test.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A study to explore the role of a low threshold, fitness focussed physical rehabilitation intervention with protein supplementation to target physical function and frailty in people with problematic substance use and homelessness: protocol for a single-arm feasibility cohort study.
Kennedy, F., Cheallaigh, C. N., Romero‐Ortuño, R., Doyle, S. L., & Broderick, J. M. (2023) · HRB Open Research · doi:10.12688/hrbopenres.13678.1 · Cited by 3
“The participant is timed standing unassisted on one leg, with eyes open and hands placed on the hips 41 .”
Regional Differences in Self-Reported Health, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness of Urban Senior Citizens in Austria
Jungreitmayr, S., Venek, V., & Ring‐Dimitriou, S. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11101514 · Cited by 1
“Balance was assessed with the unipedal stance test [57,58], the upper limit set to 60 s, and the best of three trials per leg was used for evaluation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of Elastic Band Exercise Combined with Swiss Ball Exercise on Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, Balance, and Pain in Middle-Aged Women with Osteoarthritis
Yoo, Y., & Yim, J. (2023) · Physical therapy rehabilitation science · doi:10.14474/ptrs.2023.12.3.355 · Cited by 1
Intra-rater reliability, minimum detectable change, and sensitivity of equilibrium coordination tests for school-going children
Sharma, N., Goyal, M., & Samuel, A. J. (2023) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.1163/17552559-20230039 · Cited by 1
The association between closed-eye unipedal standing and the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly: a 7-year community-based cohort study in Wuhan, China
Wang, S., Guo, P., Huang, C., Zhang, Y., Xiang, B., Zeng, J., Zhou, F., Xie, X., Guo, Y. P., & Yang, M. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1308151 · Cited by 1
Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Response Inhibition Predict Balance in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Alotaibi, M. M., Motl, R. W., Stavrinos, D., Snyder, S. W., Singh, H., & Lein, D. H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13040968 · Cited by 1
“The single-leg tests showed excellent test–retest reliability in adults without ADHD [39].”
Method
Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Talk on Balance and Postural Sway in College Students
Saucedo, F., Muir, I. L., Ambati, V. N. P., & Iwatsuki, T. (2024) · Journal of Kinesiology & Wellness · doi:10.56980/jkw.v12i1.132 · Cited by 1
Effects of the delivery of physiotherapy on the treatment course of elderly fallers presenting to the emergency department: Protocol for a randomized clinical trial
Blandin, M., Gallet, M., Volteau, C., Conte, P. L., Rulleau, T., & Sant, G. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303362 · Cited by 1
“We will use the procedures of OLBT described by Springer et al [35].”
BackgroundMethod
Effectiveness of Mental Practice on Balance in Normal Young Adults
Kulkarni, M. A., & Rawal, V. T. (2022) · Indian Journal of Physical Therapy and Research · doi:10.4103/ijptr.ijptr_54_21 · Cited by 1
Integrated Dance and Dance Movement Therapeutics (IDDMT) To Fall Prevention among Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Preliminary Findings
Kwok, C. Y. Y., Yim, V. W. C., IP, S. K. Y., Mok, A. C. Y., Ung, D. N. S., & Wu, C. S. T. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research · doi:10.29011/2688-9501.101556 · Cited by 1
“The physical balance was measured by the balance (uni-pedal stance) test that was sensitive to assessing risk of falls; clients were instructed to stand on a single leg (right) with eyes closed and time was counted [22].”
Method
Tele-Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Hybrid Form Compared With Conventional Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Racodon, M., Sergeant, D., Mucci, P., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000002519 · Cited by 1
Balance assessment with smartphone devices in para-footballers with cerebral palsy
Cornejo, M. I., Roldán, A., Barbado, D., & Reina, R. (2024) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2024.12.009 · Cited by 1
Influence of physical activity on balance in children: a cross-sectional study
Delfa-de-la-Morena, J. M., Paes, P. P., de Oliveira, D. S., et al. (2024) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v63.107203 · Cited by 1
“Using the Single Leg Stance Test (Springer et al., 2007), subjects were instructed to stand barefoot on the ground, supporting only the non-dominant leg.”
Steroids Static Postural Balance Changes After Exercise Intervention Correlate with Steroidome in Elderly Female
Kornatovská, Z., Hill, M., Jandová, D., Krejčí, M., & Zwierzchowska, A. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15040239 · Cited by 1
“…significant left/right differences in bone mineral density at the hip, but were weakly associated with left-right differences in leg muscle mass [23] ( The measuring was repeated a total of three times: the first time, participant looked straight ahead at a point on the wall at eye level; the…”
Motor imagery combined with action observation integrated with physiotherapy in patients with Parkinson disease: Repercussions on functional capacity – case series study
Trindade, M. F. D., CARVALHO, R. S. D. D., & Silva, A. (2025) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.05.071 · Cited by 1
An Intraprofessional Collaboration to Optimize Patient-Centered Care for Urgency Urinary Incontinence, Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, and Falls: A Case Study
Mahoney, A. T., & Martin, M. T. (2025) · Journal of Women s & Pelvic Health Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/jwh.0000000000000346 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Gaze Stabilization Exercise with Upper Trapezius Stretching on Muscle Tone and Balance Function
Kang, X.-Y., Nam, M.-J., & Kim, M.-K. (2025) · Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine · doi:10.13066/kspm.2025.20.4.11 · Cited by 1
Effects of jump training on power, strength, balance and aerobic performance in non-exercising young adults
Gruber, M., Howaldt, J., Schwenk, M., Assländer, L., Moreno‐Villanueva, M., Bieleke, M., Schüler, J., Ruggiero, L., & Barzyk, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1746624 · Cited by 2
“It is also plausible that baseline function in these tests was already high, leaving limited scope for further improvement (30–32).”
The effect of balance training by program Wii Fit with Nintendo Wii and Wii balance board in female obese people
Mongkol, S., Youngpaknam, K., Khunsuwan, B., et al. (2013) · Journal of Associated Medical Sciences · Cited by 1
Characteristics of individuals with hemiparesis according to perception about the difficulty climb stairs
Cano, F. W., Parizotto, D. F., & Michaelsen, S. M. (2015) · Manual Therapy Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2015.13.269 · Cited by 1
“(2007).(21) The Walk Test of 10 meters assessed comfortable speed of gait (CG) and fast speed of gait (FG).”
Background
Measures to Determine Dynamic Balance
Niiler, T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_44-1 · Cited by 1
Biomechanical reference standards for early diagnosis of disturbances of balance: pilot study
Facultad de medicina, U. D. E. E. S. U., la Portilla, C. C.-D., Perdómo, O., et al. (2017) · Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Biomédica · doi:10.17488/rmib.38.1.6 · Cited by 1
Assessment of foot function in patients with pes planus deformity treated with the authors’ own exercise programme – a preliminary report
Gołąb, A., Nowak, S., & Szczygieł, E. (2017) · Advances in Rehabilitation · doi:10.1515/rehab-2015-0066 · Cited by 1
“Podział podeszwowej strony stopy na strefy (a) wg Kernozek’a.[11] i (b) wykorzystany w tej pracy [12] Fig.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Desarrollo de un índice de equilibrio para evaluar la funcionalidad en mujeres mayores de 60 años
Gutiérrez-Galvis, A. R., Villada, J. F. R., Argothy, R. E., & Zea, J. F. (2017) · Fisioterapia · doi:10.1016/j.ft.2017.07.005 · Cited by 2
The Effectiveness of the "Stepping On" Program for Reducing the Incidence of Falls in the Elderly: Measured by Four Stage Balance Test
Nelson, J. (2016) · UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) · Cited by 1
Postural Imbalance in the Elderly: Main Aspects
Pereira, N. M. R., & Scheicher, M. E. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.79830 · Cited by 1
“Decreased eyes-open SLS time is associated with an increased risk for falls [38].”
Background
Exercise using a foam bead bag improves balance and lower extremity strength in older adults
Siriphorn, A., Siriphorn, S. V., Sawatthuk, K., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2018.0045 · Cited by 1
Does Treadmill Training Improve Balance Function of Healthy Untrained Young Adult Male?
Theodora, S., Tinduh, D., & Wardhani, R. I. L. (2019) · Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.20473/spmrj.v1i2.16175 · Cited by 1
Influence of the Shaping Process on the Tensile Properties of Steel Reinforcement Bars Carbon Steel Grades BJTP24 and BJTS40
Handika, N., Idhar, R. A., Sjah, J., et al. (2020) · Makara Journal of Technology · doi:10.7454/mst.v24i3.3914 · Cited by 1

Authors: Springer, B. A., Marin, R., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W.
Affiliations: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Springer, Barbara A.
ORCID: Roberts, Holly
Gill, Norman W.
Venue: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2007-04
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-15
ISSN: 1539-8412 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003
OpenAlex: W2054134869
Semantic Scholar: de24e8ffef02e14df4926b12a3927e09f64504c5
Cited by: 735
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 12.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: reference values, balance disorders, postural stability, eyes open and closed, age-related decline, inter-rater reliability, healthy adults, gender differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Vision, Ocular, Confidence Intervals

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Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

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