The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed
Abstract
Purpose Limited normative data are available for the unipedal stance test (UPST), making it difficult for clinicians to use it confidently to detect subtle balance impairments. The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for repeated trials of the UPST with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender. Methods This prospective, mixed-model design was set in a tertiary care medical center. Healthy subjects (n= 549), 18 years or older, performed the UPST with eyes open and closed. Mean and best of 3 UPST times for males and females of 6 age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) were documented and inter-rater reliability was tested. Results There was a significant age dependent decrease in UPST time during both conditions. Inter-rater reliability for the best of 3 trials was determined to be excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.994 (95% confidence interval 0.989-0.996) for eyes open and 0.998 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999) for eyes closed. Conclusions This study adds to the understanding of typical performance on the UPST. Performance is age-specific and not related to gender. Clinicians now have more extensive normative values to which individuals can be compared.
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“Single Leg Stance Test (SLS) is widely used in elderly (16) and in people with neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (17).”
From The instrumented single leg stance test detects early balance impairment in people with multiple sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Springer et al. [17] and Bohannon et al. [18] found that the ability to maintain balance on one leg began to decrease significantly from the age of 60 years and was not related to gender.”
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“Static balance was assessed using the one-leg balance test with eyes closed and open (Springer et al., 2007).”
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“…ambulation: standardized muscle strength testing of the triceps and latissimus dorsi 16,17 ; the single limb balance test (also known as the single leg stance test, timed single limb stance, unipedal balance test, 1 leg stance test, and 1 leg standing balance test) 18 and the seated push up test.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Springer, B. A., Marin, R., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W.
- Affiliations
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Springer, Barbara A.
- Venue
- Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-15
- ISSN
- 1539-8412 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054134869
- Semantic Scholar
- de24e8ffef02e14df4926b12a3927e09f64504c5
- Cited by
- 735
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 12.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- reference values, balance disorders, postural stability, eyes open and closed, age-related decline, inter-rater reliability, healthy adults, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Vision, Ocular, Confidence Intervals
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