Cited by 735Balance, Gait, and Falls PreventionFrailty in Older AdultsMotor Control and Adaptation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

Springer, Barbara A., Marin, Raul, Cyhan, Tamara, Roberts, Holly, Gill, Norman W.·2007·Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy

DOI 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose Limited normative data are available for the unipedal stance test (UPST), making it difficult for clinicians to use it confidently to detect subtle balance impairments. The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for repeated trials of the UPST with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender. Methods This prospective, mixed-model design was set in a tertiary care medical center. Healthy subjects (n= 549), 18 years or older, performed the UPST with eyes open and closed. Mean and best of 3 UPST times for males and females of 6 age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) were documented and inter-rater reliability was tested. Results There was a significant age dependent decrease in UPST time during both conditions. Inter-rater reliability for the best of 3 trials was determined to be excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.994 (95% confidence interval 0.989-0.996) for eyes open and 0.998 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999) for eyes closed. Conclusions This study adds to the understanding of typical performance on the UPST. Performance is age-specific and not related to gender. Clinicians now have more extensive normative values to which individuals can be compared.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003

Cites

55 of 55 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

One‐Leg Balance Is an Important Predictor of Injurious Falls in Older Persons
Vellas, B. J., Wayne, S. J., Romero, L. J., Baumgartner, R., Rubenstein, L. Z., & Garry, P. J. (1997) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb01479.x · Cited by 897
Decrease in Timed Balance Test Scores with Aging
Bohannon, R. W., Larkin, P. A., Cook, A. C., Gear, J., & Singer, J. M. (1984) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/64.7.1067 · Cited by 564
Neurological Rehabilitation: Optimizing Motor Performance
Carr, J., & Shepherd, R. B. (2003) · Cited by 409
The Effect of Age on the Control of Sway
Sheldon, J. P. (2009) · Gerontologia Clinica · doi:10.1159/000244784 · Cited by 334
Peripheral Neuropathy: A True Risk Factor for Falls
Richardson, J. K., & Hurvitz, E. A. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/50a.4.m211 · Cited by 325
Falls among healthy, community-dwelling, older women: a prospective study of frequency, circumstances, consequences and prediction accuracy
Hill, K., Schwarz, J. A., Flicker, L. A., & Carroll, S. (1999) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.1999.tb01203.x · Cited by 314
Effects of Vestibular Rehabilitation on Dizziness and Imbalance
Horak, F. B., Jones-Rycewicz, C., Black, F. O., & Shumway-Cook, A. (1992) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/019459989210600220 · Cited by 305
Falls in the elderly: Part II, Balance, strength, and flexibility.
Gehlsen, G. M., & WHALEY, M. H. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 281
On the Functional Aspects of Variability in Postural Control
van Emmerik, R. E. A., & van Wegen, E. E. H. (2002) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/00003677-200210000-00007 · Cited by 278
CLINICAL CORRELATES OF SWAY IN OLD AGE—SENSORY MODALITIES
Brocklehurst, J. C., Robertson, D. J., & James‐Groom, P. (1982) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/11.1.1 · Cited by 270

Show all 55 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Lehmann, 1990, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 71, 955
Lafont, 1998, JAS, 46, 928
Vellas, 1997, Aging, 9, 95
Vellas, 1997, J Am Geriatr Soc, 45, 735, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb01479.x · DOI
Potvin, 1975, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 56, 425
Brinkman, 1996, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 140, 2176
Gehlsen, 1990, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 71, 739
Bulbulian, 2000, Physiol Behav, 70, 319, 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00272-9 · DOI
Hertel, 2006, Hum Mov Sci, 22, 67

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 731

Comparison of Muscle Endurance and Balance in Patients with Shoulder Impingement and Healthy Controls
Çekok, F. K., Gökşen, A., Çaylak, R., et al. (2024) · Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1466519
Der therapeutische Prozess
Wallmüller, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69137-3_4
Impact of a low-threshold exercise and protein supplementation intervention to optimise physical function and target frailty in people experiencing homelessness and addiction: The LEAP II trialPreprint
Kennedy, F., Cheallaigh, C. N., Romero‐Ortuño, R., Murray, D., & Broderick, J. M. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.27.24316246
Functional Evaluation and Neuro-Muscle-Skeletal Recovery in Lyme Disease: A Study on Motor Control Theories and Rehabilitation
Medisport, Schor, D., Schor, V., et al. (2024) · Romanian Journal of Military Medicine · doi:10.55453/rjmm.2025.128.1.3
Otago exercises adapted to balance to manage the risk of falls in the elderly
Guzmán, M. A. P., Chacón, L. J. R., Soto, G. F. F., Villacís, R. I. V., & Barroso, S. A. Q. (2024) · Ibero-American Journal of Health Science Research · doi:10.56183/iberojhr.v4is.693
Effect of Core Stabilization Exercises in Combination with Conventional Physiotherapy in Chronic Low Back Pain
Bhattarai, D., & Khanna, A. (2025) · Integrative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1089/ict.2024.56836.kha
Moderate anxiety may improve functional balance in older women with low muscle strength: a preliminary observation
Forte, R., Lucia, S., TRENTIN, C., Tocci, N., & Russo, F. D. (2025) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.24.16380-3
Favorable effect of Karate Kata on self-esteem, anxiety and fatigue in people living with HIV
Grandière-Pérez, L., Duveau, T., Lelong, C., Dangeul, F., Hitoto, H., & Blanchi, S. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2472050
“The procedure was repeated 3 times, and the longest time was recorded (Springer et al., 2007).”
Effect of Adding Single-Leg Balance Training With a Hip Muscle Activation Program on Frontal Plane Movement Quality: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adult Females
McCallister, E., Bonvillain, A., Christy, A., Sensley, C., & Flowers, D. W. (2025) · Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal · doi:10.1123/wspaj.2024-0091
The Sustained Athlete Fitness Exam—Outcomes of U.S. National Senior Games Athletes
Jordre, B. D., Viviers, W. K., & Schweinle, W. E. (2025) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2024-0416 · Cited by 1
A single‐arm feasibility study protocol for a multiphasic multimodal exercise prehabilitation intervention in individuals receiving allogeneic stem cell transplant
Wagoner, C. W., Daun, J. T., Cannon, J., Danyluk, J. M., Langelier, D. M., Francis, G. J., Culos-Reed, S. N., & Perry, S. (2025) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13351
“32 The 30STS is a measure of lower body muscular strength and endurance that has sufficient psychometric properties for both in-person and online delivery.”
Effect of an Online Mobility Self-Management Program on Walking Speed in Older Adults With Preclinical Mobility Limitation: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Richardson, J. A., Kuspinar, A., Sinclair, S., Beauchamp, M. K., Dufour, S. P., Tang, A., MacDermid, J. C., Durocher, E., Thabane, L., Xie, F., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/72585
“The Unipedal Stance Test is used to assess static balance [70].”
Influential
Validez y reproducibilidad de la edad biológica estimada con un algoritmo clínico de reserva funcional comparada con un método basado en biomarcadores
Aristizábal-Ocampo, D., Espíndola-Fernández, D. A., Gómez, O. M., Posada-Cano, A., López-Llano, M., Osorio-Parra, M., McEwen, J. G., López‐Jaramillo, C., & Gallo‐Villegas, J. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.56050/01205498.2325
Testing an Innovative Gait Training Program in Immersive Virtual Reality for Healthy Older Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Delbes, L., Mascret, N., Goulon, C., & Montagne, G. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/57866 · Cited by 1
“Balance evaluation will be assessed with the Unipedal stance test [76].”
Technology of Center of Gravity Trajectory Sensing for Assessing Balance of the Elderly
Chen, C., Hsiao, W.-T., Hsu, P.-Y., Wu, D.-C., Liu, K.-H., Lien, W., Chang, J., Yoshida, T., & Kajihara, H. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92710-2_15
Physical literacy-based intervention for chronic disease management: a quasi-experimental study protocol
Mouton, A., Weerts, J.-P., & Carl, J. (2025) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01175-6 · Cited by 3
“In this study we will use the one-leg balance test to gauge static balance in individuals [58], a reliable and validated tool in chronic disease population [59].”
No Aim or Claim to Report Reference Values
Lieberz, D. (2025) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000470
Physical measures predicting better outcomes in knee arthroplasty patients: a secondary analysis of the CORKA randomised controlled trial
Weedon, B. D., Room, J., & Barker, K. L. (2025) · The Knee · doi:10.1016/j.knee.2025.06.014
Normative Data for Timed-Up-and-Go and One-Leg-Standing for 66-Year-Old Koreans: A Nationwide Study
Chung, J., Smuck, M. W., Sun, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2025.105773
Wearable mHealth Adherence in Underserved Adolescents: Associations with Physical Activity, Sports, and Safety Perceptions (Preprint)Preprint
Núñez-Gaunaurd, A., & Raya, M. A. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.80465
Biomechanical of bilateral heel rise, and its association with balance, functional mobility, and walking speed in older adults
Caparrós-Manosalva, C., Guzmán‐Venegas, R., Gajardo-Garrido, F., et al. (2025) · Archives of Physiotherapy · doi:10.33393/aop.2025.3482
Reliability of the single leg stance test for safe removal of external fixator after tibial bone lengthening
El-Rosasy, M. A.-M., El-Gebaly, O. A., Elrosasy, A., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14584-x
“The single-leg stance test (SLST), also known as the unipedal stance test, is often used to assess static postural and balance control 12 .”
Strength and Balance in Recreational Golfers Aged Over 80 Years
Wilson, D. A., Muckelt, P. E., Warner, M. B., Brown, H. J., Agyapong‐Badu, S., Glover, D., Murray, A. D., Hawkes, R. A., Stokes, M. J., & Samuel, D. (2025) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2024-0181
“However, it is not possible to be certain, as no physical activity levels were reported by Springer et al. (Springer et al., 2007).”
Influential
The effects of modified hybrid strength training versus neuromuscular electrical stimulation only on static and dynamic balance function in untrained healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial
Hanun, A. S., Kusumawardani, M. K., & Tinduh, D. (2025) · doi:10.56984/8zga431xpdd
Effect of Contract-Relax on Calf Muscles Flexibility Compared to Static Stretching
Kim, B.-R. (2025) · The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy · doi:10.18857/jkpt.2025.37.4.188
Egyensúlyfejlesztés a TRX Suspension Trainer használatával fiatal felnőttek körében
Kasza, B. B., Kégl, A., Nákity, K., et al. (2025) · Acta Sana · doi:10.14232/actasana.2025.1.5-16
Balancing act: A scoping review of methodological trends in standing balance assessments for patients with spinal pathologies
Courtois, E. C., McMahan, S. R., Wilson, B. A., Robinson, K. T., & Ohnmeiss, D. D. (2025) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10538127251372782
Relationship Between Biological Age and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Espíndola-Fernández, D. A., Gómez, O. M., Posada-Cano, A., López-Llano, M., Osorio-Parra, M., McEwen, J. G., López‐Jaramillo, C., Gallo‐Villegas, J., & Aristizábal-Ocampo, D. (2025) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-025-09618-8
“(iv) Biological vigour based on the muscle strength valued as the time of single leg standing (Springer et al., 2007) and grip force (Leong et al., 2015) according to reference values.”
Baseline Characteristics of Individuals with Metastatic Cancer Enrolled in the Alberta Cancer Exercise Study and 12-Week Findings for Symptom-Related and Physical Fitness Measures
Shallwani, S. M., Culos-Reed, S. N., Courneya, K. S., Williamson, T., Sellar, C. M., Lau, H., Joy, A. A., Easaw, J. C., Audoin, M., Pituskin, E., et al. (2025) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol32100560 · Cited by 1
“To further explore physical fitness levels, baseline participant data for the 30 s sit-to-stand, one-legged stance, and strength measures were compared to age-and sex-matched norms [37–40].”
The prevalence and correlates of falls in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cross-sectional study
Alkhalidi, M. M., Lein, D. H., & Alotaibi, M. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1673400
“Evidence repeatedly showed that balance performance (26, 27) and perceived risk of falls (28) are key factors in fall rates in middle-aged and older adults.”
Evaluation of a Multidimensional Assessment Tool to Simultaneously Determine Physical Activity, Nutritional and Quality of Life Status in Cancer PatientsPreprint
Theurich, S., Kerschbaum, E., Tomanek, A., Welker, C., Niels, T., Erickson, N. T., Baurecht, H., Zoth, N., Leitzmann, M. F., & Baumann, F. T. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.05.25337352
Personalized Combined Nutrition & Exercise Intervention in Newly Diagnosed Cancer Patients - a Trial Protocol
Theurich, S., Niels, T., Baurecht, H., Welker, C., Tomanek, A., Schmidt‐Wolf, I. G. H., Greil, C., Luley, K. B., Forstmeyer, D., Jahn, P., et al. (2025) · Future Science OA · doi:10.1080/20565623.2025.2564607
Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation combined with virtual reality training for the balance of older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Zhang, M., He, T., Xu, Y., Ma, C., Guo, X., Shen, Y., & Niu, W. (2025) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-025-05114-3
“The SLS test is a widely recognized measure for assessing static postural stability in older adults [25].”
Telerehabilitation and Physical Therapy: Proposal for a Therapeutic Assessment Applied to Vestibular Dysfunctions
de Araújo, L. B., Menezes, K. V. R. S., Rodolfo, J. I. D. A., Lira, M., & Ribeiro, K. M. O. B. D. F. (2025) · International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1810116 · Cited by 1
“29”
Validity of the MarBES device in assessing balance performance in elderly people living in a nursing home
Yazıcı, C. G., Çolak, T. K., Doğan, B., et al. (2025) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-025-04135-8
“The normal ranges for elderly individuals are as follows: for ages 60–69, eyes open is 26.9 s and eyes closed is 2.8 s; for ages 70–79, eyes open is 15.0 s and eyes closed is 2.0 s; for ages 80–89, eyes open is 6.2 s and eyes closed is 1.3 s [25].”
Influential
Impact of practising an adapted and collective physical activity, such as five-a-side touch rugby, on the physical self-esteem of patients treated or followed up for breast or gynaecological cancer
Saxod, D., Vergriete, K., Migliorelli, F., Martínez, A., Cornou, C., Poussel, M., Buffeteau, A., Lambaudie, É., Weyl, A., & Motton, S. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-10162-z
“Two trials were performed, and the best (longest) time was retained for analysis [22].”
Effects of combined group reminiscence and exercise therapy on psychological wellbeing and functional fitness among older adults with dementia
Subramaniam, P., Singh, D. K. A., AL-shahrani, H. F., Hammad, M. A., Lim, E. V., Hoh, X. J., Tay, K. W., & Alavi, ‪. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-26503-1
“The baseline measure of older adults in FFMOT was also lower than the normative data of some past research 44,48,57 .”
The Geriatric 10‐Second Functional Capacity Test (Ger10‐ FCT ): A Practical and Rapid Screening Tool for Frailty, Sarcopenia, and the Risk of Adverse Health Outcomes in Older Adults
Yamada, M., Kojima, I., Tanaka, S., Saegusa, H., Nambu, M., Matsumoto, H., Okawa, K., & Arai, H. (2025) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70261
“Among the various physical function tests, the one-leg stand test (OLS) and the five-times sit- to-stand test (5TSST) are notable for requiring minimal space, not necessitating specialized equipment, being self-administered, and serving as clinically meaningful indicators [12, 13].”
Associations Between Chronic Conditions and Physical-Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Şahan, N., & Arslan, T. (2025) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150251401565
“Previous studies have reported high test – retest reliability (ICC = 0.98 – 0.99) and predictive validity for fall risk and postural control, particularly in older adults (Springer et al., 2007).”
Influential
Effects of a 12-week table tennis training on physical fitness and serum antioxidant parameters for older adults
Lin, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-31098-8
Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Based Training on Balance and Footwork Among Beginner Badminton Players: An Experimental Study
Gaikwad, P., & Purohit, U. (2021) · Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/gijhsr.20250408
Association and predictive value analysis for mobility assessments and concerns about falling on falls in community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study in China
Lin, J., Guo, L., You, L., et al. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06549-6
“Participants are instructed to put their hands on their hips, close their eyes, and stand on the dominant leg while raising the other leg without touching the stance leg [22].”
Examination of static and dynamic balance in breast cancer survivors
Tysinger, D. C. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/7qhg-g493
Additional file 6 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26747525
Additional file 3 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26747516
Additional file 1 of Changes in women’s physical function in mid-life by reproductive age and hormones: a longitudinal study
Kilpi, F., Soares, A. G., Clayton, G. L., Fraser, A., Welsh, P. I., Sattar, N. A., Nelson, S. M., Tilling, K., & Lawlor, D. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21628770
Additional file 1 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26241189
Additional file 1 of Effects of core stabilization exercise and strengthening exercise on proprioception, balance, muscle thickness and pain related outcomes in patients with subacute nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Hlaing, S. S., Puntumetakul, R., Khine, E. E., & Boucaut, R. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17104059
Additional file 1 of Mixed-methods evaluation of Daily Moves, a community-based physical activity program for older adults
Mellow, M. L., Hull, M. J., Smith, A. E., Wycherley, T. P., Girard, D., & Crozier, A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21547313
Additional file 4 of Exploring feasibility, perceptions of acceptability, and potential benefits of an 8-week yoga intervention delivered by videoconference for young adults affected by cancer: a single-arm hybrid effectiveness-implementation pilot study
Wurz, A., McLaughlin, E., Hughes, K., Ellis, K. M., Chen, A., Cowley, L. A., Molina, H., Duchek, D., Eisele, M., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22626187
Additional file 1 of Effect of Tai Chi combined with Kinesio taping on posture control of football players with FAI: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Li, Y., Liu, X., Luo, X., & Guo, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19204517
Additional file 8 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26747531
Additional file 7 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26747528
Additional file 1 of Sentinel fall presenting to the emergency department (SeFallED) – protocol of a complex study including long-term observation of functional trajectories after a fall, exploration of specific fall risk factors, and patients’ views on falls prevention
Stuckenschneider, T., Koschate, J., Dunker, E., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20336897
Additional file 1 of Association of balance impairment with risk of incident cardiovascular diseases among older adults
Kim, H. J., Jeong, S., Suh, M. J., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24431910
Additional file 4 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26747519
Additional file 5 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26747522
Additional file 2 of Exploring feasibility, perceptions of acceptability, and potential benefits of an 8-week yoga intervention delivered by videoconference for young adults affected by cancer: a single-arm hybrid effectiveness-implementation pilot study
Wurz, A., McLaughlin, E., Hughes, K., Ellis, K. M., Chen, A., Cowley, L. A., Molina, H., Duchek, D., Eisele, M., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22626181
Additional file 1 of Comparing the effects of aquatic-based exercise and land-based exercise on balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Deng, Y., Tang, Z., Yang, Z., Chai, Q., Lu, W., Cai, Y., Luo, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25857544
Additional file 3 of Exploring feasibility, perceptions of acceptability, and potential benefits of an 8-week yoga intervention delivered by videoconference for young adults affected by cancer: a single-arm hybrid effectiveness-implementation pilot study
Wurz, A., McLaughlin, E., Hughes, K., Ellis, K. M., Chen, A., Cowley, L. A., Molina, H., Duchek, D., Eisele, M., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22626184
Additional file 1 of Exploring feasibility, perceptions of acceptability, and potential benefits of an 8-week yoga intervention delivered by videoconference for young adults affected by cancer: a single-arm hybrid effectiveness-implementation pilot study
Wurz, A. J., McLaughlin, E., Hughes, K., Ellis, K. M., Chen, A., Cowley, L. A., Molina, H., Duchek, D., Eisele, M., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22626178
Additional file 2 of Community-based exercises improve health status in pre-frail older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Lim, H., Jani, N. D. B., Pang, W. T., & Lim, E. C. W. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26241300
Additional file 1 of Effect of Tan Tui combined with kinesio taping on the posture control of patients with PFPS: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Li, Y., Tian, S., Jin, L., Li, J., Liu, X., & Ji, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26609319
Impact of a physiotherapy-led low threshold exercise and protein supplementation intervention to optimise physical function and target frailty in people experiencing homelessness and addiction: The LEAP-II trial
Kennedy, F., Cheallaigh, C. N., Romero-Ortuno, R., Murray, D., & Broderick, J. M. (2025) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2025.101873
Genç Erişkinlerde Denge, Ağırlık Aktarma ve Patlayıcı Güç İlişkisi
Karaca, O., Horzum, Z. C., Badem, D. A., et al. (2025) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1727571
Association Between Elevated Pressure Pain Threshold and Impaired Balance and Gait Propulsion in Middle-aged Adults: A Pilot Cross-sectional Study
Kim, S. H., Kim, S. H., Park, K., Park, I., Eom, M., Yuk, S., Lee, I., Yoo, J., Jeong, H., Cho, S. S., et al. (2025) · Physical therapy rehabilitation science · doi:10.14474/ptrs.2025.14.4.636
Unipedal stance test as a risk marker for falls in older adults: accuracy analysis of a binary classification model
de Godoy, A. W., & Deprá, P. P. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1981-22562025028.250153.en
Teste de apoio unipodal como marcador de risco de quedas em pessoas idosas: análise de acurácia de um modelo de classificação binária
de Godoy, A. W., & Deprá, P. P. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/1981-22562025028.250153.pt
Tibial axis inclination becomes vertical within 1 year after double‐level osteotomy, whereas one‐leg standing stability requires up to 2 years
Akamatsu, Y., Kobayashi, H., Nejima, S., et al. (2026) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1002/ksa.70307
Exploring the impact of physical, cardiorespiratory, and functional indicators on health-related quality of life in active and healthy older adults: a cross-sectional study
Arnal‐Gómez, A., Muñoz‐Gómez, E., Lizondo-Osset, P., Sampietro-Picó, P., Babetska, M., & Espí‐López, G. V. (2026) · Physiotherapy Quarterly · doi:10.5114/pq/207970
“This test has shown an ICC of 0.998 for eyes closed [29].”
Influential
Investigation of the Frequency of Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Karakılıç, G. D., Selçuk, M. A., & Öztürk, E. A. (2026) · Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2773-4808
“The SF-36 is a 36-item QoL instrument measuring domains including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical or emotional problems, bodily pain, general mental health, social functioning, general health perceptions, and vitality (energy/fatigue) [36].”
Exploring the impact of targeted exercise in women experiencing homelessness, addiction and mental health challenges: a mixed-methods feasibility study
Kennedy, F., Murray, D., Cheallaigh, C. N., Romero‐Ortuño, R., Gavin, S., & Broderick, J. M. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103060
Assessment of Functional Balance and Walking Speed in Yoga practitioners aged 55-65 Years: A Cross-sectional Study
Kamble, A. O., & Mhatre, B. (2026) · International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/ijhsr.20260210
Non-contact radar assessment of One-Legged Stand Test for fall risk in aging
Copeland, D., Zhang, X., Linton, E., Mori, B., Namburi, P., & Anthony, B. (2026) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2026.110108
Comparison of the effects of dry needling and Kinesio taping on the pain, pain pressure threshold, neck postural parameters and static balance in women with forward head posture: a single-blind parallel-randomized clinical trial
Golzareh, S., Shadmehr, A., Otadi, K., Fereydounnia, S., & Tahmasbi, A. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01675-z
“Each leg was tested up to three times, and the highest duration was used for evaluation [24].”
Combined adapted physical activity and art-therapy intervention in myasthenia gravis: Study protocol for a randomized crossover pilot trial
Leclercq, C., Archer, A., Ceccone, F., Davion, J., Devanne, H., Tard, C., & Porrovecchio, A. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2026.108260
Transcranial direct current stimulation with Bosu-ball training increases cortical activation and improves ankle-foot function among individuals with chronic ankle instability: A randomized controlled trial
Luo, X., Shen, P., Huang, X., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342751
The silent predictor: Exploring the link between waist to hip ratio, fear of falling, and balance impairment in postmenopausal women
Mohebi, S., Torkaman, G., & Bahrami, F. (2026) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2026.2639487
“A maximum of 60 s was considered to finish the test (Springer et al. 2007).”
Factors associated with return to meaningful activities following physiotherapy for pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy: 3-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial
Ekdahl, A. S., Olsén, M. F., & Gutke, A. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113480
Association between diabetes mellitus and impaired single-leg stance in patients with chronic liver disease: A cross-sectional study
Fudeyasu, K., Asaeda, M., Kawae, T., Nomura, T., Nakashima, Y., Iwaki, D., Fukuhara, K., Araki, T., Ohno, H., Murakami, E., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345407
“The SLST is recognized as a reliable method with high inter-rater reliability, particularly when the maximum value from multiple trials is used [30].”
Effects of a virtual reality–based multimodal training program on cognitive and physical functions in community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older: a randomized pre–post controlled study
Kim, D.-R., Shin, M., Lee, E.-L., Lai, T., Yeong-Ae, Y., & Park, J.-H. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-026-07282-4 · Cited by 1
“Two trials were conducted, and the longest duration was recorded [31].”
Real-World Outcomes of an Exercise Program Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Marvin, S. C., Ross, L. S., Kay, D. S., Lacey, J., Edwards, K. M., & Yee, J. (2026) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000348
Analyse de l’activité physique et du mouvement dans les pathologies cardiométaboliques : applications à l’évaluation et à l’intervention chez les patients obèses
Bellicha, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/8fbdc52fz2e73z42d9zb6d9zf95020e4018e
Conception et validation d'un nouvel outil d'évaluation de la stabilité posturale en position érigée
Marin, T. (2018) · doi:10.70675/1c02e30fz14d0z4b3ezbb42z8ec820791b60
Condition physique et santé : du diagnostic à l'activité physique personnalisée chez le senior (ASM Vitaly Test)
Mack-Inocentio, D. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/5e158bc4z393az4644z9aabz69c00d3b8c5c
Activité physique adaptée et cohérence cardiaque en soins de support : leurs effets sur la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque et la qualité de vie en post-traitement d’une hémopathie maligne
Fournié, C. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d7210188ze906z4547za89cz45da5c3e1dec
Cognitive-motor interactions in older adults : characterization, evaluation, and training
Torre, M. M. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/8879b56bzf711z43b8za745ze134466eae40
Effects of AI-Assisted Physical Exercise on the Health of Elderly Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial Based on Smart Devices and Personalized Exercise Guidance
Qi, W., Yu, H., & Wilczyńska, D. M. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16073596
Conception d’un programme d’entraînement en réalité virtuelle destiné à prévenir les chutes chez les personnes âgées en bonne santé : recommandations théoriques et méthodologiques
Delbes, L. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/50272442zd1c5z4ef1zbe31z5921aa964a38
Social and cultural determinants of physical fitness in Métis People living in Saskatchewan
Johnson, S. R., Moore, S., McInnes, A., & Foulds, H. J. A. (2026) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0463
Comparison of Xbox Kinect–Based Adapted Sports Program Versus Traditional Exercise on Postural Stability in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sharma, A., Gupta, A., & Chaudhary, V. (2026) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/02703181.2026.2657570
THE IMPACT OF YOGA ON FATIGUE, POSTURAL CONTROL AND DEPRESSION IN PEOPLE WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Külli, H. D., Kaya, M., Uçgun, H., & Telli, B. K. (2026) · Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.24938/kutfd.1624416
Physiological responses to “AgeWell Europe” an 8-week online and on-demand multimodal exercise programme for middle-aged and older adults
McDonnell, A. C., Bartholmy, J., Bentlage, E., Brach, M., Ceron, S., Kavanagh, R., Mattarucco, M., O’Connor, S., Repanšek, S., Ward, K., et al. (2026) · Open Research Europe · doi:10.12688/openreseurope.21422.1
Home-based physical exercice with additional cognitive training for improving mobility in older adults: a secondary analysis of the COVEPIC randomized controlled trial
Dupuy, E. G., Blanchette, C., Besnier, F., Gagnon, C., Vincent, T. L., Vrinceanu, T., Breton, J., Saillant, K., Iglesies‐Grau, J., Belleville, S., et al. (2026) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-026-00415-z
“…Minimal Clinically Important Differences (MCID) reported in the literature will be considered: 0.05 m/s for usual gait speed and fast gait speed, and 0.1 m/s represents a robust clinical change, 2–3 s for the five-time-sit-to-stand, and approximately 5 s for the one-leg balance test [7, 40, 43].”
Influential
Cognitive Groove community-based rehabilitation for older adults: study protocol for a multisite parallel randomized controlled trial
Papaioannou, A., Ioannidis, G., Kennedy, C., Hladysh, G., Lee, J., Adachi, J. D., Cowan, D., Duarte, D., Hategan, A., Innes, A., et al. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09782-5
“Balance will be assessed using the Single Leg Stance Test, recorded as the maximum time (up to 30 s) a participant can maintain single-leg stance; longer times indicate better balance [28].”
Differential diagnosis and management of suspected atypical chronic psychogenic dizziness using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model: a case report
Dredge, P., & Stickler, L. (2026) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2026.2676081
Ayurveda approach in the management of Lumbar spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication associated with foot drop (~Khanja): A case report
Bhatted, S. K., Dakshita, Afarin, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports · doi:10.4103/jacr.jacr_217_25
Gamified Virtual Reality Balance Training in College Students: A Six-Week Comparative Study with Traditional Exercise
Zhang, H., Hu, W., Li, Z., et al. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16115297
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effects of the Online Exercise Program PERMANENTO in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Macháčová, K., Šteffl, M., Bártová, A., Novotná, B., & Holmerová, I. (2026) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2025-0180
The Effects of Short-Term Post-Exposure to 3.6 GHz 5G Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Exposure on Static and Dynamic Postural Control in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Pilot Study
Torkan, A., Zoghi, M., Foroughimehr, N., et al. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26123750
“Sway velocity from the US test was included as a primary static balance outcome [52–54].”

Authors: Springer, B. A., Marin, R., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W.
Affiliations: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Springer, Barbara A.
ORCID: Roberts, Holly
Gill, Norman W.
Venue: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2007-04
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-15
ISSN: 1539-8412 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003
OpenAlex: W2054134869
Semantic Scholar: de24e8ffef02e14df4926b12a3927e09f64504c5
Cited by: 735
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 12.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: reference values, balance disorders, postural stability, eyes open and closed, age-related decline, inter-rater reliability, healthy adults, gender differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Vision, Ocular, Confidence Intervals

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks