Cited by 735Balance, Gait, and Falls PreventionFrailty in Older AdultsMotor Control and Adaptation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

Springer, Barbara A., Marin, Raul, Cyhan, Tamara, Roberts, Holly, Gill, Norman W.·2007·Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy

DOI 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003

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Abstract

Purpose Limited normative data are available for the unipedal stance test (UPST), making it difficult for clinicians to use it confidently to detect subtle balance impairments. The purpose of this study was to generate normative values for repeated trials of the UPST with eyes opened and eyes closed across age groups and gender. Methods This prospective, mixed-model design was set in a tertiary care medical center. Healthy subjects (n= 549), 18 years or older, performed the UPST with eyes open and closed. Mean and best of 3 UPST times for males and females of 6 age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80+) were documented and inter-rater reliability was tested. Results There was a significant age dependent decrease in UPST time during both conditions. Inter-rater reliability for the best of 3 trials was determined to be excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.994 (95% confidence interval 0.989-0.996) for eyes open and 0.998 (95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999) for eyes closed. Conclusions This study adds to the understanding of typical performance on the UPST. Performance is age-specific and not related to gender. Clinicians now have more extensive normative values to which individuals can be compared.

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Method
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“The assessor measured the distance between the hands and the wall (Springer et al. 2007).”
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Background
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“There are data on the normative values of both tests, with open and closed eyes, according to age and sex groups [27].”
Background
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Method
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BackgroundResult
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Method
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Background
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“The training process takes reference from the unipedal stance test, 35 and balance training programs, 36,37 both of which include static and dynamic movements.”
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“The duration for which the participant could stand on one leg was recorded using criteria from Springer et al (Table S6) [20].”
Method
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“[17], functional reach [18], Berg balance scale [19], and “get‑up and go” test [20]; 2.”
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Background
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“3.[59] Our study results showed similar mean values but a wider standard deviation.”
Result
Validity of common physical function tests performed online for older adults
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MethodInfluential
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Method
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Background
Responsiveness of the physical mobility scale in long-term care facility residents.
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Acute Effects of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Postural Stability in Older Adults
Wu, Z. H., Barry, L. C., Duan, Y., Bohannon, R. W., Covault, J., & Grady, J. J. (2017) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512517721069 · Cited by 8
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Moya‐Nájera, D., Moya‐Herraiz, Á., Gargallo, P., Calatayud, J., Escrig‐Sos, J., & Colado, J. C. (2018) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000002415 · Cited by 8
Static and Dynamic Balance in Adults Undergoing Lumbar Spine Surgery: Screening and Prediction of Postsurgical Outcomes
Lubetzky, A. V., Soroka, A., Harel, D., Errico, T. J., Bendo, J. A., Leitner, J., Shabat, S., Ashkenazi, E., Floman, Y., Moffat, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons · doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-19-00113 · Cited by 8
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Factors Affecting Balance Performance in Adolescents
Kovačević, M., Krasnik, R., Mikov, A., Mikić, D., Zvekić-Svorcan, J., Vukliš, D., Novaković, D. D., & Đelić, M. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11040436 · Cited by 7
“The test terminates when the subject moves the arms from the starting position, moves the raised leg, moves the standing leg to maintain balance, opens the eyes in the case of SLS-EC [24], or when the limit set at 60 s is reached [23].”
Background
Balance performance of community-dwelling older people
El-Sobkey, S. B. (2011) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.5255 · Cited by 7
Adapted Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries Questions for Falls Risk Screening: Predictive Ability in Older Drivers
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Balance and Single-Leg Functional Performance in Taekwondo Athletes
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Évaluation de Marche vers le futur, un programme novateur de prévention des chutes offert par videoconference
Savard, J., Labossière, S., Cardinal, D., Pinet, B. M., & Borris, C. (2018) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980818000326 · Cited by 7
“On observe aussi une augmentation de 15,6 % des participants qui atteignent la norme de leur groupe d’âge (données de Springer et al., 2007), mais on n’observe que peu de changement après le programme (5,7 %; non statistiquement significatif) pour l’atteinte d’un appui unipodal supérieur à 30…”
BackgroundInfluential
Efecto de un entrenamiento con ejercicios de autocarga a alta velocidad en el equilibrio dinámico y estático en mujeres adultas mayores
Jaque-Gallardo, C., Véliz, P., & Cancino-López, J. (2019) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872019000901136 · Cited by 7
Center of pressure characteristics differ during single leg stance throughout pregnancy and compared to nulligravida individuals
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Electroencephalographic findings of young adult males during prolonged unipedal orthostasis
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Crum, E. O., Baltz, M. J., & Krause, D. A. (2019) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2019.1566941 · Cited by 7
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Bernard, P. L., Raffort, N., Aliaga, B., Gamon, L., Faucanié, M., Picot, M., Maurelli, O., Soriteau, L., Ninot, G., Bousquet, J., et al. (2019) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01381-6 · Cited by 7
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Marker, R. J., Kakar, R. S., Scorsone, J. J., Peters, J. C., & Purcell, W. T. (2020) · Rehabilitation Oncology · doi:10.1097/01.reo.0000000000000243 · Cited by 7
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Factors associated with non‐completion of and scores on physical capability tests in health surveys: The North Health in Intellectual Disability Study
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Predictors of static balance in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis
Fry, D. K., Huang, M. H., & Rodda, B. J. (2015) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000142 · Cited by 7
“In neurologically normal individuals, average SLS scores do not drop below 30 s until the age of 70–79 years (Springer et al., 2007).”
Background
Daily walking habits can mitigate age-related decline in static balance: a longitudinal study among aircraft assemblers
Watanabe, K., Iizuka, S., Kobayashi, T., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86514-w · Cited by 6
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Do, N. M., & Tolos, C. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251316830 · Cited by 6
“Additionally, comparing results to normative age-speci ﬁ c values, such as those provided by Springer et al, 41 can help identify potential de ﬁ cits that may increase fall risk.”
The Effects of a 24-Week Combined Circuit Training and Mobility Program on the Physical Fitness and Body Composition of an Adult Academic Community
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“The one-leg stand test was performed to evaluate balance following established protocols [33].”
Der Jenaer-Stand-Stabilitäts-Score (JESS-Score)
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“without relying on the standing leg [24,25].”
TReating Incontinence for Underlying Mental and Physical Health (TRIUMPH): a study protocol for a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, 3-arm trial to evaluate the multisystem effects of pharmacologic treatment strategies for urgency-predominant urinary incontinence in ambulatory older women
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“• PROMIS 10B Adult Physical Function Scale [53] • Activities Balance Confidence Scale (ABC-S) [54, 55] • Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) [56, 57] • One-legged standing balance time [58, 59] • Thirty-second chair stand test [60]”
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Baumgart, C., Hoppe, M., & Freiwald, J. (2016) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2015.1095154 · Cited by 6
“The durations of the unilateral stance with closed eyes of 10.5 and 10.6 were in line with reference values of 4.4–15.2 s (Springer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metrics from in-home sensor data to assess gait change due to weighted vest therapy
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Smart Balance Board to Improve Balance and Reduce Fall Risk: Pilot Study
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Examining Human Unipedal Quiet Stance: Characterizing Control through Jerk
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Sannicandro, I. (2020) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2020.104034 · Cited by 7
“The test was performed on both limbs (Springer et al., 2007); Tandem walk test was used to evaluate dynamic balance during a specific”
MethodInfluential
Effect of Wii-Based Motor and Cognitive Training on Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Kafle, A., & Rizvi, S. R. A. (2021) · Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal · doi:10.37506/ijpot.v15i3.16157 · Cited by 6
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“This was followed by a test of the other lower extremity [35]; 5.”
Method
Effect of Lower-Extremity Eccentric Training on Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Johnson, S. L., Stevens, S. L., Fuller, D. K., et al. (2019) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics · doi:10.1080/02703181.2019.1648626 · Cited by 6
“99).(35) Participants were asked to stand on one leg with hands on the hips and eyes closed for as long as possible.”
Background
Static balance adaptations after neuromuscular electrical stimulation on quadriceps and lumbar paraspinal muscles in healthy elderly
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“Our participants showed a good balance status: only 2 out of 11 had lower values than normative values of one-leg stance (open eyes, best of three trials, clustered by age group and gender) [50].”
Background
Preparation For Flight: The Physical Profile of Pre-Professional and Professional Circus Artists in the United States
Greenspan, S., & Stuckey, M. I. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.116332 · Cited by 5
Current landscape and support for practical initiation of oncological prehabilitation translatable to thyroid cancer: A position paper
Jack, S., Andritsch, E., Joaquim, A. V., Kreissl, M. C., Locati, L. D., Netea-Maier, R. T., Reverter, J. L., & Elisei, R. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30723 · Cited by 5
A novel score for predicting falls in community-dwelling older people: a derivation and validation study
Zhou, M., Zhang, G., Wang, N., Zhao, T., Liu, Y., Geng, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, N., Peng, N., & Huang, L. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05064-4 · Cited by 5

Authors: Springer, B. A., Marin, R., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W.
Affiliations: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Springer, Barbara A.
ORCID: Roberts, Holly
Gill, Norman W.
Venue: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2007-04
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-15
ISSN: 1539-8412 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003
OpenAlex: W2054134869
Semantic Scholar: de24e8ffef02e14df4926b12a3927e09f64504c5
Cited by: 735
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 69 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 12.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: reference values, balance disorders, postural stability, eyes open and closed, age-related decline, inter-rater reliability, healthy adults, gender differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Vision, Ocular, Confidence Intervals

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Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed

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