Do Some Countries Discriminate More than Others? Evidence from 97 Field Experiments of Racial Discrimination in Hiring

The Norway inconsistency may be because the GEMM study included only private sector employers and discrimination is higher in this sector, whereas the Norwegian studies in Quillian et al. (2019) included both private and public employers.

“This may be because the GEMM study included only private sector employers and discrimination is higher in this sector (see point 9), whereas the Norwegian studies in the meta-analysis by Quillian et al. (2019) included both private and public employers.”

Quillian et al. (2019) find substantial differences over countries-in some countries Whites receive 80-100% more job offers than non-Whites, but in others they receive only 20-30% more.

“They find substantial differences over countries-in some countries Whites receive 80-100% more job offers than non-Whites, but in others they receive only 20-30% more.”

The meta-analyses by Zschirnt & Ruedin (2016) and Quillian et al. (2019) find no statistically significant or substantively large difference in discrimination over immigrant generation groups.

“Similarly, the meta-analyses by Zschirnt & Ruedin (2016) and Quillian et al. (2019) find no statistically significant or substantively large difference in discrimination over immigrant generation groups.”

Discrimination against White immigrants is low in North America, Western Europe, and Australia.

“For White immigrants, discrimination appears to be low in North America, Western Europe, and Australia-this pattern is also apparent in”

The White majority receives between 20% and 80% more callbacks than non-White groups depending on the group and the country.

“Theirmeta-analysis suggests that the White majority receives between 20% and 80% more callbacks than non-White groups depending on the group and the country.”

A lack of data on employee race or ethnicity at both the organizational and national levels in many European countries, together with a relative lack of attention to diversity in hiring there, may be reasons that the United States has levels of hiring discrimination below those of many European countries.

“A lack of data on employee race or ethnicity at both the organizational and national levels in many European countries, together with a relative lack of attention to diversity in hiring there, may be reasons that the United States has levels of hiring discrimination below those of many European countries (Bartkoski et al. 2018, Quillian et al. 2019).”

White immigrants and White minority ethnic groups experience less hiring discrimination than non-White groups in the same country.

“2. White minorities experience less discrimination.Quillian et al. (2019) find evidence of less discrimination against White immigrants and White minority ethnic groups compared with non-White groups in the same country.”

Country is a stronger predictor than almost any other covariate in Quillian et al.'s models.

“Country is a stronger predictor than almost any other covariate in their models.”

Norway appears to have higher discrimination in the GEMM results than in the Quillian et al. meta-analysis.

“The one relatively inconsistent country is Norway, which appears to have higher discrimination in the GEMM results than in the Quillian et al. meta-analysis.”

Standard errors in meta-analysis can be calculated by building in an extra component of uncertainty because of study-level factors.

“Second, standard errors can be calculated by building in an extra component of uncertainty because of study-level factors, a procedure used by Quillian et al. (2019) and Zschirnt & Ruedin (2016).”

The United States has rates of discrimination similar to those of the lower-rate European countries.

“The United States has rates of discrimination similar to those of the lower-rate European countries.”

Discrimination against non-White groups in hiring is ubiquitous in Europe and North America, with statistically significant discrimination against every non-White group in every country except where statistical power is low.

“1.Discrimination against non-Whites is ubiquitous.Quillian et al. (2019)find statistically significant discrimination against every non-White group in every country in Europe and North America except where statistical power is low due to few studies.”

Meta-regression can be used to investigate if study characteristics matter for discrimination levels by controlling factors in design.

“First, we can directly investigate if study characteristics seem to matter for the discrimination levels the studies find by controlling factors in design in meta-regression, a procedure used by Quillian et al. (2019).”

There is high consistency between the country levels of discrimination in the Quillian et al. (2019) meta-analysis and the GEMM studies.

“There is high consistency between the country levels of discrimination in the Quillian et al. ( 2019) meta-analysis and the GEMM studies (see Di Stasio et al. 2019 andDi Stasio &Lancee 2020).”

The magnitude of racial and ethnic discrimination in hiring varies significantly across countries and minority groups.

“The magnitude of this discrimination, however, varies significantly over countries and minority groups (Quillian et al. 2019).”

Quillian et al. (2019) found no association between unemployment rates and measures of discrimination in audit studies.

“A meta-analysis by Quillian et al. (2019) finds no association between unemployment rates and measures of discrimination in audit studies.”

In Germany, the level of employment discrimination is comparatively low while housing discrimination is high.

“In Germany, for example, the level of employment discrimination is comparatively low while housing discrimination is high (e.g., contrasting country estimates from Quillian et al. 2019with Auspurg et al. 2019).”

Quillian et al. (2019) found somewhat lower racial discrimination on average for studies employing applicants with a college education or more compared with applicants with less education.

“The meta-analysis by Quillian et al. (2019) finds evidence of somewhat lower racial discrimination on average for studies employing applicants with a college education or more compared with applicants with less education.”

Germany has a low level of discrimination in hiring, perhaps because of this distinctive practice.

“Germany also has a low level of discrimination in hiring, perhaps because of this distinctive practice (Quillian et al. 2019, Zschirnt & Ruedin 2016).”