Sleep state switching

Saper, Clifford B.; Fuller, Patrick M.; Pedersen, Nigel P.; Lu, Jun; Scammell, Thomas E.

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032

Cited by 1,404Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchNeuroscience of respiration and sleepCircadian rhythm and melatonin

Sleep state switching

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Saper, Clifford B., Fuller, Patrick M., Pedersen, Nigel P., Lu, Jun, Scammell, Thomas E.·2010·Neuron

DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032PMC PMC3026325

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Abstract

We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that allow well-defined state transitions. In this review, we examine the basic circuitry underlying the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and discuss a theoretical framework wherein the interactions between reciprocal neuronal circuits enable relatively rapid and complete state transitions. We also review how homeostatic, circadian, and allostatic drives help regulate sleep state switching and discuss how breakdown of the switching mechanism may contribute to sleep disorders such as narcolepsy.

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The hypothalamus contains key arousal-promoting neurons, including orexin (hypocretin) neurons in the laterodorsal hypothalamus and histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN).
“The hypothalamus contains key arousal-promoting neurons, including those that make orexin (hypocretin) in the laterodorsal hypothalamus and those that make histamine in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN).4”
From Damage to Arousal-Promoting Brainstem Neurons with Traumatic Brain Injury (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
The Wake-promoting networks section identifies orexin (hypocretin) neurons and histaminergic neurons in the TMN as arousal-related populations. It places the orexin neurons in the posterior half of the lateral hypothalamus, not the laterodorsal hypothalamus as the citing sentence states. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The locus coeruleus provides the source of noradrenergic innervation, and the basal forebrain the source of cholinergic innervation, of the cerebral cortex.
“The locus coeruleus provides the source of noradrenergic, and the basal forebrain the source of cholinergic, innervation of the cerebral cortex.”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Saper et al., 2010
A wide variety of neuromodulatory pathways have been implicated in the neural control of cortical responsiveness in a state-dependent manner.
“A wide variety of neuromodulatory pathways have been implicated in the neural control of cortical responsiveness in a state dependent manner (reviewed in (Saper et al., 2010; Steriade and McCarley, 2005)).”
From Waking state: rapid variations modulate neural and behavioral responses (2015) · cites this paper as Saper et al., 2010
Long-timescale changes in arousal governing sleep and wakefulness involve diverse neuromodulatory systems, including neurons releasing norepinephrine, acetylcholine, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and hypocretin/orexin.
“Much is known about the long-timescale changes in arousal governing sleep and wakefulness involving diverse neuromodulatory systems, including neurons releasing norepinephrine, acetylcholine, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and hypocretin/orexin, among others (Saper et al., 2010; de Lecea et al., 2012; Lee and Dan, 2012; Chiu and Prober, 2013; Richter et al., 2014).”
From Ancestral Circuits for the Coordinated Modulation of Brain State (2017) · cites this paper as Saper et al., 2010
Many neuromodulatory cell types are anatomically interconnected, but their joint dynamics in vivo have not been directly observed.
“While many neuromodulatory cell types are anatomically interconnected (Saper et al., 2010; Lee and Dan, 2012; Chiu and Prober, 2013; Richter et al., 2014), their joint dynamics in vivo have not been directly observed.”
From Ancestral Circuits for the Coordinated Modulation of Brain State (2017) · cites this paper as Saper et al., 2010

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Chou TC 2003 A bistable model of sleep-wake regulation. Regulation of wake-sleep timing: circadian rhythms and bistability of sleep-wake states PhD dissertation MA Harvard University 82 99

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Untitled work
Grützmann (2022) · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Authors: Saper, C. B., Fuller, P. M., Pedersen, N. P., Lu, J., & Scammell, T. E.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Saper, Clifford B.
ORCID: Saper, Clifford B.
Fuller, Patrick M.
Pedersen, Nigel P.
Lu, Jun
Scammell, Thomas E.
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-12
Volume: 68
Issue: 6
Pages: 1023-1042
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.032
PMC: PMC3026325
OpenAlex: W2011580879
Cited by: 1,404
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 4.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 959 d)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (AG09975, P01AG009975)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL095491, HL 60292, HL095491, P50HL060292)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS055367, R01NS072337, NS-055367, R01NS073613)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords: sleep-wake transition, sleep regulation, wakefulness, homeostatic sleep drive, circadian rhythm, allostasis, narcolepsy, sleep disorders, neural circuits
MeSH terms: Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Nerve Net, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep Stages, Wakefulness

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Sleep state switching

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