A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables
Open accessAbstract
A substantial amount of research has been conducted in an effort to understand the impact of short-term (<48 hr) total sleep deprivation (SD) on outcomes in various cognitive domains. Despite this wealth of information, there has been disagreement on how these data should be interpreted, arising in part because the relative magnitude of effect sizes in these domains is not known. To address this question, we conducted a meta-analysis to discover the effects of short-term SD on both speed and accuracy measures in 6 cognitive categories: simple attention, complex attention, working memory, processing speed, short-term memory, and reasoning. Seventy articles containing 147 cognitive tests were found that met inclusion criteria for this study. Effect sizes ranged from small and nonsignificant (reasoning accuracy: g = -0.125, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.02]) to large (lapses in simple attention: g = -0.776, 95% CI [-0.96, -0.60], p < .001). Across cognitive domains, significant differences were observed for both speed and accuracy; however, there were no differences between speed and accuracy measures within each cognitive domain. Of several moderators tested, only time awake was a significant predictor of between-studies variability, and only for accuracy measures, suggesting that heterogeneity in test characteristics may account for a significant amount of the remaining between-studies variance. The theoretical implications of these findings for the study of SD and cognition are discussed.
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Speed measures seem to be more susceptible to total sleep deprivation than accuracy measures.
“Additionally, speed measures seem to be more susceptible to total sleep deprivation than accuracy measures24,50.”
From Effects of total sleep deprivation on performance in a manual spacecraft docking task (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The Abstract reports no differences between speed and accuracy measures within each cognitive domain. The Discussion likewise says there was no significant overall difference between accuracy and reaction-time effects. Although it notes relatively preserved accuracy on processing-speed tasks, that narrower observation does not support the general claim. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWell-controlled sleep deprivation studies have shown that lack of sleep increases fatigue and sleepiness and worsens cognitive performance.
“Well-controlled sleep deprivation studies have shown that lack of sleep not only increases fatigue and sleepiness but also worsens cognitive performance.2,3,16,17”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion (Theoretical Implications) reports large deficits in attention after one night without sleep, supporting the cognitive-performance part of the claim. The Controlled Attention Hypothesis section says sleepiness appears alongside impairment in some cognitive domains. The paper discusses performance under conditions of fatigue, but the passages found do not establish that sleep deprivation increases fatigue. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWell-controlled sleep studies conducted with healthy adults have shown that better sleep is associated with superior cognitive functions, including better learning and memory.
“Well-controlled sleep studies conducted with healthy adults have shown that better sleep is associated with a myriad of superior cognitive functions,1–6 including better learning and memory.7,8”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Lack of sleep has been linked to poor attention and cognition.
“Beyond the effects of sleep on memory consolidation, lack of sleep has been linked to poor attention and cognition.”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Measures of sustained attention are generally considered to be most sensitive to sleep loss.
“Measures of sustained attention are generally considered to be most sensitive to sleep loss24,27.”
From Effects of total sleep deprivation on performance in a manual spacecraft docking task (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
Circadian variation in performance is most evident when sleep loss is present, and sleep loss has its largest effects on attention, working memory, and cognitive throughput.
“Circadian variation in performance is most evident when sleep loss is present, and sleep loss has its largest effects on attention, working memory, and cognitive throughput.39”
From Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
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Sleep deprivation alters valuation signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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The yin and yang of sleep and attention
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The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review
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- Authors
- Lim, J., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 375-389
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC3290659
- OpenAlex
- W2056151297
- Cited by
- 1,389
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 122 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-05-1-0293)
- National Institutes of Health (NR004281)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC 9-58-159)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, cognitive performance, attention, working memory, processing speed, short-term memory, reasoning, accuracy, effect size, sleep and cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Reaction Time, Sleep Deprivation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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