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The Neural Coding of Stimulus Intensity: Linking the Population Response of Mechanoreceptive Afferents with Psychophysical Behavior
Open accessAbstract
How specific aspects of a stimulus are encoded at different stages of neural processing is a critical question in sensory neuroscience. In the present study, we investigated the neural code underlying the perception of stimulus intensity in the somatosensory system. We first characterized the responses of SA1 (slowly adapting type 1), RA (rapidly adapting), and PC (Pacinian) afferents of macaque monkeys to sinusoidal, diharmonic, and bandpass noise stimuli. We then had human subjects rate the perceived intensity of a subset of these stimuli. On the basis of these neurophysiological and psychophysical measurements, we evaluated a series of hypotheses about which aspect(s) of the neural activity evoked at the somatosensory periphery account for perception. We evaluated three types of neural codes. The first consisted of population codes based on the firing rate of neurons located directly under the probe. The second included population codes based on the firing rate of the entire population of active neurons. The third included codes based on the number of active afferents. We found that the response evoked in the localized population is logarithmic with stimulus amplitude (given a constant frequency composition), whereas the population response across all neurons is linear with stimulus amplitude. We conclude that stimulus intensity is best accounted for by the firing rate evoked in afferents located under or near the locus of stimulation, weighted by afferent type.
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“In the intact nerve, increases in pressure result in both an increase in the number of recruited fibers and an increase in the firing rates of those fibers already recruited (Muniak et al., 2007), which explains why changes in either the delivered charge or the stimulation frequencies result in changes in perceived pressure.”
From Biomimetic approaches to bionic touch through a peripheral nerve interface (2015) · cites this paper as Muniak et al., 2007
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“Extracellular single-unit recordings were collected from the median and ulnar nerves innervating the distal fingertips of six Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using established procedures (11, 12).”
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“…in populations of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors (SAI units: Blake et al., 1997; Connor et al., 1990; Connor and Johnson, 1992; see also Muniak et al., 2007, for vibrotactile intensity coding) except for very smooth surfaces, where activity in the Pacinian (RAII) channel appears more…”
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“We fit the parameters of these models on electrophysiological recordings obtained previously (18).”
BackgroundMethodThe neural basis of perceived intensity in natural and artificial touch
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InfluentialNatural scenes in tactile texture
Manfredi, L. R., Saal, H. P., Brown, K. J., Zielinski, M. C., Dammann, J. F., Polashock, V. S., & Bensmaia, S. J. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00680.2013 · Cited by 211
“At the somatosensory periphery, the intensity of skin vibrations is encoded in the strength of the response of populations of mechanoreceptive afferents (Muniak et al. 2007), while their frequency composition is encoded in millisecond-precision temporal patterning in afferent responses (Mackevicius et al.”
BackgroundBiomimetic approaches to bionic touch through a peripheral nerve interface
Saal, H. P., & Bensmaia, S. J. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.010 · Cited by 179
“In the intact nerve, increases in pressure result in both an increase in the number of recruited fibers and an increase in the firing rates of those fibers already recruited (Muniak et al., 2007), which explains why changes in either the delivered charge or the stimulation frequencies result in changes in perceived pr…”
Large environments reveal the statistical structure governing hippocampal representations
Rich, P. D., Liaw, H.-P., & Lee, A. K. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1255635 · Cited by 188
Millisecond precision spike timing shapes tactile perception
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“Indeed, while changes in stimulus amplitude affect perceived intensity (Talbot et al., 1968; Johnson, 1974; Muniak et al., 2007), they have little effect on perceived frequency content over a range of amplitudes (Hernández et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMultiplexing Stimulus Information through Rate and Temporal Codes in Primate Somatosensory Cortex
Harvey, M., Saal, H. P., Dammann, J. F., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2013) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001558 · Cited by 164
“At the somatosensory periphery, the intensity of both simple and complex vibrations is encoded in the strength of the response these elicit in populations of mechanoreceptive afferents [5,6].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTexture-induced vibrations in the forearm during tactile exploration
Delhaye, B., Hayward, V., Lefèvre, P., & Thonnard, J.-L. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00037 · Cited by 152
“Depending on the temporal frequency of the stimulation, either rapidly adapting (RA) or Pacinian (PC) systems are thought to encode these vibrations (Muniak et al., 2007).”
BackgroundStrzalkowski, N. D. J., Peters, R. M., Inglis, J. T., & Bent, L. R. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00848.2017 · Cited by 154
“Previous work in animals (Bensmaïa et al. 2005; Muniak et al. 2007; Phillips and Johnson 1981; Pubols et al. 1971; Werner and Mountcastle 1965) and the human hand (Condon et al. 2014; Hallin et al. 2002; Johansson and Vallbo 1979a; Johansson et al. 1982; Knibestöl and Vallbo 1970) has led to the…”
BackgroundSensory adaptation to electrical stimulation of the somatosensory nerves
Graczyk, E. L., Delhaye, B. P., Schiefer, M. A., Bensmaia, S. J., & Tyler, D. J. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aab790 · Cited by 124
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“The mapping between pressure and perceived intensity could in principle be derived by combining models that characterize the relationship between perceived intensity and afferent responses (46) with models that simulate populations’ responses to arbitrary spatiotemporal skin deformations (47–50).”
BackgroundSkin and Mechanoreceptor Contribution to Tactile Input for Perception: A Review of Simulation Models
Deflorio, D., Luca, M. D., & Wing, A. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.862344 · Cited by 126
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The effect of surface wave propagation on neural responses to vibration in primate glabrous skin
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“where m and s represent the (known) mean and slope of the sigmoid (estimated in a previous study [13]).”
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“…a logarithmic function in different sensory systems likely represents an evolutionary adaptation of the nervous system to respond over a working intensity range, and implies that firing activity of certain types of sensory neurons follows a similar intensity/response ratio (Muniak et al., 2007).”
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Paradigms for restoration of somatosensory feedback via stimulation of the peripheral nervous system
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Dynamic representations of the somatosensory cortex
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“These findings are consistent with more recently reported neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies (Chen et al., 2007; Muniak et al., 2007).”
ResultPerception of microstimulation frequency in human somatosensory cortex
Hughes, C. L., Flesher, S. N., Weiss, J. M., Boninger, M. L., Collinger, J. L., & Gaunt, R. A. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.65128 · Cited by 94
“This is also true for mechanical stimuli where perceived intensity increased with increasing vibration frequency in able-bodied human participants using tactile input to the hand ( Hollins and Roy, 1996 ; Muniak et al., 2007 ; Verrillo et al., 1969 ).”
Biomimetic encoding model for restoring touch in bionic hands through a nerve interface
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Tactile intensity and population codes
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“The response of a mechanoreceptive afferent to a vibratory stimulus is typically a piece-wise linear function of its amplitude (Figure 1)[12;14;20]: As the amplitude of the stimulus increases beyond the afferent’s absolute threshold (I0), its response increases until the afferent produces one spike per stimulus cycle…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialControl of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback
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Importance of spike timing in touch: an analogy with hearing?
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“Their responses to sinusoids, for example, are restricted to a small fraction of each stimulus cycle over the range of tangible frequencies [7,8,9 ,10 ,11].”
BackgroundEvoked haptic sensations in the hand via non-invasive proximal nerve stimulation
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“04) than were the word selections from which they were derived (One‐ way ANOVA, F(3,42) = 35.”
MethodMechanosensation is evolutionarily tuned to locomotor mechanics
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“Appendage mechanosensation is different from these sensory modalities in that the appendages of animals are integrated sensorimotor structures that perform dual roles, acting as both sensory and motor structures during a given behavior (16, 30).”
BackgroundUSH2A is a Meissner’s corpuscle protein necessary for normal vibration sensing in mice and humans
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Predicting the timing of spikes evoked by tactile stimulation of the hand
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“Although SA1 and RA afferents become increasingly insensitive beyond this range, PC afferents in fact increase in sensitivity with increases in frequency up to 250–300 Hz (Freeman and Johnson 1982; Muniak et al. 2007; Talbot et al. 1968).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBiomimetic tactile sensors and signal processing with spike trains: A review
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High-dimensional representation of texture in somatosensory cortex of primates
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“We have previously reported the responses of 35 afferent fibers [15 SA1, 13 RA, and 7 PC, characterized by using standard criteria based on their response properties (63)] to 55 different texture stimuli (see ref.”
MethodRate and timing of cortical responses driven by separate sensory channels
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“Experimental procedures have been previously described (Muniak et al., 2007).”
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“It has been shown that the neural coding of stimulus intensity is best accounted for by the fi ring rate evoked in afferent neurons located within the proximity of stimulation (Muniak et al., 2007; Ray et al., 2008), with increased fi ring rate as stimulus strength is increased.”
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“The fact that the amplitude of 400-Hz stimulus was lower than that of the 300-Hz stimulus is somewhat surprising given that thresholds of Pacinian afferents (the mechanoreceptor population sensitive to vibration) are higher at 400 Hz than at 300 Hz (Muniak et al., 2007).”
BackgroundTactile sensory system: encoding from the periphery to the cortex
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Moungou, A., Thonnard, J., & Mouraux, A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20738 · Cited by 50
Kim, S. S., Sripati, A. P., Vogelstein, R. J., Armiger, R. S., Russell, A. F., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2009.2032396 · Cited by 50
“The model was developed and tested on the responses of 5 SA1, 5 RA, and 5 PC fibers (recorded from two anesthetized Rhesus macaques) to a variety of vibratory stimuli, including diharmonic stimuli (superimposed sinusoids) and bandpass noise stimuli varying in amplitude and frequency content (for details, see [13]).”
Electro-tactile device for material texture simulation
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“Note that gluing the probe to the skin has little effect on the perception of these vibrations (Muniak et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOuyang, Q., Yao, C., Chen, H., Song, L., Zhang, T., Chen, D., Yang, L., Chen, M., Chen, H., Peng, Z., et al. (2023) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115873 · Cited by 45
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“investigated how the primary afferent responses related specifically to the subjective sensation of stimulus intensity reported by human subjects (20).”
BackgroundOf mice and monkeys: Somatosensory processing in two prominent animal models
O’Connor, D. H., Krubitzer, L. A., & Bensmaïa, S. J. (2021) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102008 · Cited by 46
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“All three classes of touch receptors respond to textures (Muniak et al. 2007; Phillips et al. 1990, 1992; Saal et al. 2017; Yoshioka et al. 2007) but at different rates; their inputs are weighted differently depending upon the fine structure of the material palpated.”
BackgroundNanostructured Coatings for Improved Charge Delivery to Neurons
Kozai, T. D. Y., Alba, N. A., Zhang, H., Kotov, N. A., Gaunt, R. A., & Cui, X. T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-8038-0_4 · Cited by 43
“This size-dependent recruitment order phenomenon has also been observed in sensory neurons [53–55].”
BackgroundBiswas, A., Manivannan, M., & Srinivasan, M. A. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2014.2369422 · Cited by 42
The neural code for tactile roughness in the somatosensory nerves
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“Units were classified as SA1, RA, or PC using standard methods (Muniak et al. 2007).”
MethodMaterial Roughness Modulation via Electrotactile Augmentation
Yoshimoto, S., Kuroda, Y., Imura, M., & Oshiro, O. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2015.2412942 · Cited by 41
“The stimulus patterns are similar to the activities of rapidly adapting (RA) and Pacinian (PC) receptors on inputting sinusoidal mechanical stimuli [43].”
BackgroundFeeling fooled: Texture contaminates the neural code for tactile speed
Delhaye, B. P., O'Donnell, M. K., Lieber, J. D., McLellan, K. R., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000431 · Cited by 42
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Suresh, A. K., Greenspon, C. M., He, Q., Rosenow, J. M., Miller, L. E., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2115772118 · Cited by 36
“…amplitude and frequency, hoping to capitalize on the fact that different afferent classes exhibit different frequency sensitivity: SA1 fibers peak in sensitivity at low frequencies, PC fibers at high frequencies, and RA fibers at intermediate frequencies (Muniak et al., 2007; Talbot et al., 1968).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrout, M. A., Harrison, A. T., Brinton, M. R., & George, J. A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30545-8 · Cited by 38
Kluger, D. T., Joyner, J. S., Wendelken, S., Davis, T. S., George, J. A., Page, D. M., Hutchinson, D. T., Benz, H. L., & Clark, G. A. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2019.2908817 · Cited by 33
“encoding [36]–[38], reduced habituation of percepts from”
Gmel, G. E., Escapa, R. S., Parker, J. L., Mugan, D., Al-Kaisy, A. A., & Palmisani, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.625835 · Cited by 34
Hollins, M. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100419 · Cited by 34
“To explore intensity coding, Muniak et al. (2007) compared magnitude estimates from human participants with physiological responses recorded from primary afferents in anesthetized monkeys.”
BackgroundVibration Propagation on the Skin of the Arm
Shah, V. A., Casadio, M., Scheidt, R. A., & Mrotek, L. A. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9204329 · Cited by 36
Bio-Inspired Haptic Feedback for Artificial Palpation in Robotic Surgery
Ouyang, Q., Wu, J., Sun, S., Pensa, J. W., Abiri, A., Dutson, E., & Bisley, J. W. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3076094 · Cited by 35
Electro-tactile device for texture simulation
Peruzzini, M., Germani, M., & Mengoni, M. (2012) · doi:10.1109/mesa.2012.6275558 · Cited by 33
Kim, S. S., Mihalaş, Ş., Russell, A. F., Dong, Y., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2011.2160560 · Cited by 31
“However, response properties also vary within afferent type [7], [ 8 ].”
BackgroundPerceptual Space of Superimposed Dual-Frequency Vibrations in the Hands
Hwang, I., Seo, J., & Choi, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169570 · Cited by 33
Marcus, P. L., & Fuglevand, A. J. (2009) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/6/6/066008 · Cited by 34
Multiplexed Population Coding of Stimulus Properties by Leech Mechanosensory Cells
Pirschel, F., & Kretzberg, J. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1753-15.2016 · Cited by 29
“For humans and monkeys, it was found that estimation of touch intensity requires the integration of several afferents (Johnson, 1974; Muniak et al., 2007; Bensmaia, 2008; but see Arabzadeh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBio-inspired tactile FA-I spiking generation under sinusoidal stimuli
Yi, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Bionic Engineering · doi:10.1016/s1672-6529(16)60332-3 · Cited by 30
A functional spiking neuronal network for tactile sensing pathway to process edge orientation
Parvizi-Fard, A., Amiri, M., Kumar, D., Iskarous, M. M., & Thakor, N. V. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80132-4 · Cited by 31
Cutaneous Afferents From the Monkeys Fingers: Responses to Tangential and Normal Forces
Wheat, H. E., Salo, L. M., & Goodwin, A. W. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00502.2009 · Cited by 30
“956 H. E. WHEAT, L. M. SALO, AND A. W. GOODWIN Muniak et al. 2007 ) and in only a few cases has normal force been controlled directly (Cohen and Vierck 1993; Goodwin et al. 1997).”
InfluentialBroad-band Gaussian noise is most effective in improving motor performance and is most pleasant
Trenado, C., Mikulić, A., Manjarrez, E., Méndez‐Balbuena, I., Schulte‐Mönting, J., Huethe, F., Hepp‐Reymond, M., & Kristeva, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00022 · Cited by 31
“…in the task, the optimum level of noise did not activate Pacinian corpuscles with their lowest absolute threshold for frequencies of 250–300 Hz (Muniak et al., 2007; Johansson and Flanagan, 2009) but had activated Merkel disks (and to some extent Meissner receptors) responsive to low…”
BackgroundThompson, A. W., & Scott, E. K. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34887 · Cited by 26
Afrashteh, N., Inayat, S., Bermudez-Contreras, E. J., Luczak, A., McNaughton, B. L., & Mohajerani, M. H. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110081 · Cited by 29
Modeling foot sole cutaneous afferents: FootSim
Katic, N., Kazu, R. S., Cleland, L. D., Strzalkowski, N. D. J., Bent, L. R., Raspopović, S., & Saal, H. P. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105874 · Cited by 28
“In addition, the frequencies eliciting the highest rates are higher for FA afferents than for either SA class.(23)”
BackgroundMultiparametric non-linear TENS modulation to integrate intuitive sensory feedback
Bucciarelli, V., Gozzi, N., Katic, N., Aiello, G., Razzoli, M., Valle, G., & Raspopović, S. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acd4e8 · Cited by 31
Somatosensory interactions reveal feature-dependent computations
Rahman, M. S., & Yau, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00168.2019 · Cited by 27
A finite-element model of mechanosensation by a Pacinian corpuscle cluster in human skin
Quindlen, J. C., & Barocas, V. H. (2018) · Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology · doi:10.1007/s10237-018-1011-1 · Cited by 26
Haptics for Human-Computer Interaction: From the Skin to the Brain
Ziat, M. (2023) · Foundations and Trends® in Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1561/1100000061 · Cited by 28
Coding of self and environment by Pacinian neurons in freely moving animals
Turecek, J., & Ginty, D. D. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.07.008 · Cited by 23
George, J. A., Brinton, M. R., Colgan, P. C., Colvin, G. K., Bensmaı̈a, S. J., & Clark, G. A. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176720 · Cited by 26
“Tactile stimuli, regardless of difference in modality or quality, can all be judged on a single intensive continuum [10].”
BackgroundMethodological considerations for a chronic neural interface with the cuneate nucleus of macaques
Suresh, A. K., Winberry, J. E., Versteeg, C., Chowdhury, R. H., Tomlinson, T., Rosenow, J. M., Miller, L. E., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00436.2017 · Cited by 23
“Vibratory responses have been extensively characterized in the periphery and cortex of rhesus macaques (Harvey et al. 2013; Johnson and Lamb 1981; Mountcastle et al. 1967; Muniak et al. 2007), as have responses to passive and active limb movements.”
BackgroundPena, A. E., Abbas, J. J., & Jung, R. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abf28c · Cited by 26
“It has been well documented that perceived intensity is a function of, among other things, population recruitment patterns [40].”
BackgroundArtificial SA-I, RA-I and RA-II/vibrotactile afferents for tactile sensing of texture
Pestell, N., & Lepora, N. F. (2022) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0603 · Cited by 28
Wearable Tactile Display Based on Thermal Expansion of Nichrome Wire
Kajimoto, H., & Jones, L. A. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2019.2912960 · Cited by 25
“Even a rather elementary property such as perceived vibrotactile intensity is derived from signals arising in all four types of mechanoreceptor found in glabrous skin [12], [13].”
BackgroundGüçlü, B., & Dinçer, Ş. M. (2012) · Somatosensory & Motor Research · doi:10.3109/08990220.2012.732127 · Cited by 25
“More recently, by using the same idea of consistency, Muniak et al. (2007) found that stimulus magnitude was best represented by total firing rate of afferents located under or near the stimulus contactor, weighted by afferent type.”
BackgroundInfluentialEdge orientation signals in tactile afferents of macaques
Suresh, A. K., Saal, H. P., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00588.2016 · Cited by 23
“), one of these covaries more strongly than the others with the perceived magnitude of the stimulus (population firing rate weighted by afferent type), which strongly bolsters its claim as the neural code for intensity (Muniak et al. 2007).”
BackgroundAsymmetric response properties of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptive fibers in the rat glabrous skin
Devecıoğlu, İ., & Güçlü, B. (2012) · Somatosensory & Motor Research · doi:10.3109/08990220.2012.732128 · Cited by 22
“Although similar thresholds were observed in those experiments, population models present a more reliable and realistic interpretation for linking physiology and psychophysics (Johnson 1974; Johansson and Vallbo 1980; Goodwin and Wheat 1999; Güçlü and Bolanowski 1999, 2002, 2004, 2005; Güçlü 2007; Muniak et al. 2007).”
MethodThe Effect of Contact Force on the Responses of Tactile Nerve Fibers to Scanned Textures
Saal, H. P., Suresh, A. K., Solorzano, L., Weber, A. I., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.024 · Cited by 22
“Extracellular single-unit recordings were obtained from the median and ulnar nerves innervating the distal fingertips of 4 Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) as described previously (Muniak et al., 2007; Weber et al., 2013).”
MethodA neuromorphic robotic electronic skin with active pain and injury perception
Gao, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Chow, L., Zhao, G., Guo, G., Yiu, C. K., Zhang, B., Huang, Y., Zhou, J., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2520922122 · Cited by 25
“This hierarchical structure facilitates rapid and efficient tactile encoding, resulting in a dynamic sense of touch ( 4 , 19 ).”
Bourgeon, S., Dépeault, A., Meftah, E.-M., & Chapman, C. E. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00303.2015 · Cited by 21
Löken, L. S., Duff, E. P., & Tracey, I. (2017) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00977.2016 · Cited by 18
“In the absence of injury, the perceived increase in intensity of a tactile stimulus is encoded by an increased firing of A LTMs (Muniak et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialNg, K. K. W., Tee, X., Vickery, R. M., & Birznieks, I. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2022.3140877 · Cited by 19
The Neural Basis of Haptic Perception
Goodman, J. M., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn205 · Cited by 20
Morphological and physiological properties of Rohon‐Beard neurons along the zebrafish spinal cord
Katz, H. R., Menelaou, E., & Hale, M. E. (2020) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25033 · Cited by 17
“…one spike when the stimulus amplitude increases beyond its threshold, then its response does not change over a range of amplitudes but it produces more than two spikes once the stimulus reaches a much higher amplitude (Muniak et al., 2007; Talbot, Darian-Smith, Kornhuber, & Mountcastle, 1968).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Muniak, M. A., Ray, S., Hsiao, S. S., Dammann, J. F., & Bensmaia, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-10-24
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 43
- Pages
- 11687-11699
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6673240
- OpenAlex
- W1989489753
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NS-38034)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R01DC000095, DC-00023, DC-00095, T32DC000023)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 38034, NS-18787, R01NS018787, P01NS038034)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Ion Channels and Receptors
- Keywords
- neural coding, somatosensory system, rapidly adapting afferents, Pacinian corpuscles, population coding, firing rate, psychophysics, macaque, sinusoidal stimuli, bandpass noise
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Adult, Animals, Differential Threshold, Female, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Male, Mechanoreceptors, Neurons, Afferent, Physical Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Touch, Vibration
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