Three-dimensional statistical analysis of sulcal variability in the human brain
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Morphometric variance of the human brain is qualitatively observable in surface features of the cortex. Statistical analysis of sulcal geometry will facilitate multisubject atlasing, neurosurgical studies, and multimodality brain mapping applications. This investigation describes the variability in location and geometry of five sulci surveyed in each hemisphere of six postmortem human brains placed within the Talairach stereotaxic grid. The sulci were modeled as complex internal surfaces in the brain. Heterogeneous profiles of three-dimensional (3D) variation were quantified locally within individual sulci. Whole human heads, sectioned at 50 micrometer, were digitally photographed and high-resolution 3D data volumes were reconstructed. The parieto-occipital sulcus, the anterior and posterior rami of the calcarine sulcus, the cingulate and marginal sulci, and the supracallosal sulcus were delineated manually on sagittally resampled sections. Sulcal outlines were reparameterized for surface comparisons. Statistics of 3D variation for arbitrary points on each surface were calculated locally from the standardized individual data. Additional measures of surface area, extent in three dimensions, surface curvature, and fractal dimension were used to characterize variations in sulcal geometry. Paralimbic sulci exhibited a greater degree of anterior-posterior variability than vertical variability. Occipital sulci displayed the reverse trend. Both trends were consistent with developmental growth patterns. Points on the occipital sulci displayed a profile of variability highly correlated with their 3D distance from the posterior commissure. Surface curvature was greater for the arched paralimbic sulci than for those bounding occipital gyri in each hemisphere. On the other hand, fractal dimension measures were remarkably similar for all sulci examined, and no significant hemispheric asymmetries were found for any of the selected spatial and geometric parameters. Implications of cortical morphometric variability for multisubject comparisons and brain mapping applications are discussed.
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Individual sulci are known to vary at least up to 1 cm.
“This is especially true when the method is applied across different groups of subjects, although individual sulci are known to vary at least up to 1 cm (Sowell et al., 2002; Thompson et al., 1996).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Thompson et al., 1996
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Self-citationWavelets and functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain
Bullmore, E. T., Fadili, J. M., Maxim, V., Sendur, L., Whitcher, B. J., John Suckling, A., Brammer, M. J., & Breakspear, M. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.012 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Mapping callosal morphology and cognitive correlates
Sowell, E. R., Mattson, S. N., Thompson, P. M., Jernigan, T. L., Riley, E. P., & Toga, A. W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.235 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationLocal cortical surface complexity maps from spherical harmonic reconstructions
Yotter, R. A., Nenadić, I., Ziegler, G., Thompson, P. M., & Christian Gaser, B. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.007 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationMorra, J. H., Tu, Z., Apostolova, L. G., Green, A. E., Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2009.2021941 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationRetinotopic organization of early visual spatial attention effects as revealed by PET and ERPs
Woldorff, M. G., Fox, P. T., Matzke, M., Lancaster, J. L., Veeraswamy, S., Zamarripa, F., Seabolt, M., Glass, T. G., Gao, J., Martin, C. C., et al. (1997) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:4 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Lin, J. J., Salamon, N., Lee, A. D., Dutton, R. A., Geaga, J. A., Hayashi, K. M., Eileen Luders, A., Toga, A. W., Engel, J., & Thompson, P. M. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl109 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationRademacher, J. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.11.2232 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Hippocampal Deformities in Schizophrenia Characterized by High Dimensional Brain Mapping
Csernansky, J. G., Wang, L., Jones, D., Rastogi-Cruz, D., Posener, J. A., Heydebrand, G., Miller, J. P., & Miller, M. I. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2000 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (1997) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(97)85002-5 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationAllen, E. A., Erhardt, E. B., Wei, Y., Eichele, T., & Calhoun, V. D. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.010 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Connectivity optimization and the positioning of cortical areas
Klyachko, V. A., & Stevens, C. F. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0932745100 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Curve Mapping
Glaunès, J., Qiu, A., Miller, M. I., & Laurent Younes, B. (2008) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-008-0141-9 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Yucel, M., Stuart, G. W., Maruff, P., Velakoulis, D., Crowe, S. F., Savage, G., & Pantelis, C. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.1.17 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Statistical methods in computational anatomy
Miller, M. I., Banerjee, A., Christensen, G. E., Joshi, S. C., Khaneja, N., Grenander, U., & Matejic, L. (1997) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029700600305 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Wright, I. C., Sham, P. C., Murray, R. M., Weinberger, D. R., & Bullmore, E. T. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1163 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Lohmann, G. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.7.754 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The role of image registration in brain mapping
Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2001) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/s0262-8856(00)00055-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationDevlin, J. T., & Poldrack, R. A. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.055 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of intelligence
Luders, E., Narr, K. L., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2009) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.07.002 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationRegional Spatial Normalization: Toward an Optimal Target
Kochunov, P. V., Lancaster, J. L., Thompson, P. M., Woods, R. P., Mazziotta, J. C., Hardies, J., & Fox, P. T. (2001) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-200109000-00023 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationFornito, A. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh004 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Mapping cortical asymmetry and complexity patterns in normal children
Blanton, R. E., Levitt, J. G., Thompson, P. M., Narr, K. L., Capetillo-Cunliffe, L., Nobel, A., Singerman, J. D., McCracken, J. T., & Toga, A. W. (2001) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(01)00091-9 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroimaging Findings in Twins Discordant for Alzheimer’s Disease
Pedersen, N. L., Miller, B. L., Wetherell, J. L., Vallø, J., Toga, A. W., Knutson, N., Mehringer, C. M., Small, G. W., & Gatz, M. (1998) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000017097 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-Dimensional Image Registration Using Symmetric Priors
Ashburner, J., Andersson, J., & Friston, K. J. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0437 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Eileen Luders, A., Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.040 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, M. I., Beg, M. F., Ceritoglu, C., & Stark, C. E. L. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503892102 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Relationships Between Sulcal Asymmetries and Corpus Callosum Size: Gender and Handedness Effects
Eileen Luders, A. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.10.1084 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
A framework for computational anatomy
Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2002) · Computing and Visualization in Science · doi:10.1007/s00791-002-0084-6 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationIs the brain cortex a fractal?
Kiselev, V. G., Hahn, K. R., & Auer, D. P. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00380-x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Cortical complexity as a measure of age-related brain atrophy
Madan, C. R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.029 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Quantitative in vivo MRI measurement of cortical development in the fetus
Clouchoux, C., Kudelski, D., Gholipour, A., Warfield, S. K., Viseur, S., Bouyssi-Kobar, M., Mari, J.-L., Evans, A. C., du Plessis, A. J., & Limperopoulos, C. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-011-0325-x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
When more is less: Associations between corpus callosum size and handedness lateralization
Eileen Luders, A., Cherbuin, N., Thompson, P. M., Gutman, B. A., Anstey, K. J., Sachdev, P. S., & Toga, A. W. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.016 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural basis of the Stroop interference task: Response competition or selective attention?
Mead, L. A., Mayer, A. R., Bobholz, J. A., Woodley, S. J., Cunningham, J. M., Hammeke, T. A., & Rao, S. M. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702860015 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Paola, M. D., Spalletta, G., & Caltagirone, C. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1370 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Statistical models of sets of curves and surfaces based on currents
Durrleman, S., Pennec, X., Trouvé, A., & Ayache, N. (2009) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2009.07.007 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Narr, K. L., Thompson, P. M., Sharma, T., Moussai, J., Zoumalan, C. I., Rayman, J., & Toga, A. W. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.244 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationAxonal Fiber Terminations Concentrate on Gyri
Nie, J., Guo, L., Li, K., Wang, Y., Chen, G., Li, L., Chen, H., Deng, F., Jiang, X., Zhang, T., et al. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr361 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Fractal Dimension in Human Cerebellum Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Liu, J. Z., Zhang, L. D., & Yue, G. H. (2003) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74817-6 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Algorithms to Improve the Reparameterization of Spherical Mappings of Brain Surface Meshes
Yotter, R. A., Thompson, P. M., & Christian Gaser, B. (2010) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00484.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping brains without coordinates
Kötter, R., & Wanke, E. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1625 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Narr, K. L., Thompson, P. M., Sharma, T., Moussai, J., Blanton, R. E., Anvar, B., Edris, A., Krupp, R., Rayman, J., Khaledy, M., et al. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01120-3 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal gyral complexity in first-episode schizophrenia
Narr, K. L., Bilder, R. M., Kim, S. H., Thompson, P. M., Szeszko, P. R., Robinson, D. G., Eileen Luders, A., & Toga, A. W. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.027 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationZhen, Z., Yang, Z., Huang, L., Kong, X., Wang, X., Dang, X., Huang, Y., Song, Y., & Jia Liu, B. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.010 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Uylings, H. B. M., Rajkowska, G., Sanz‐Arigita, E., Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2005) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/s00429-005-0042-4 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Wavelets and statistical analysis of functional magnetic resonance images of the human brain
Bullmore, E. T., Fadili, J. M., Breakspear, M. J., Salvador, R. M., John Suckling, A., & Brammer, M. J. (2003) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1191/0962280203sm339ra · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Bernasconi, N., Kınay, D., Andermann, F., Antel, S. B., & Bernasconi, A. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh599 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Structural Variability Across the Primate Brain: A Cross-Species Comparison
Croxson, P. L., Forkel, S. J., Cerliani, L., & de Schotten, M. T. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx244 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2001) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1057 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citation3D mapping of ventricular and corpus callosum abnormalities in HIV/AIDS
Thompson, P. M., Dutton, R. A., Hayashi, K. M., Lu, A. P., Lee, S. E., Lee, J. Y., López, O. L., Aizenstein, H. J., Toga, A. W., & Becker, J. T. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.043 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural basis for impaired time reproduction in Parkinson's disease: An fMRI study
Elsinger, C. L., Rao, S. M., Zimbelman, J. L., Reynolds, N. C., Blindauer, K. A., & Hoffmann, R. G. (2003) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617703970123 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
- Authors
- Thompson, P. M., Schwartz, C., Lin, R. T., Khan, A. A., & Toga, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1996-07-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 4261-4274
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6578992
- OpenAlex
- W2141487450
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 23.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9322434)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- US-UK Fulbright Commission
- National Institute of Mental Health (P20 MH/DA52176)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (LM/MH05639)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR05956)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Anatomy and Medical Technology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
- Keywords
- parieto-occipital sulcus, calcarine sulcus, cingulate sulcus, surface curvature, fractal dimension, hemispheric lateralization, cortical morphometry
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cadaver, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Neurological, Stereotaxic Techniques, Fractals
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