Profound Amnesia After Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe: A Neuroanatomical and Neuropsychological Profile of Patient E. P.
Open accessAbstract
E. P. became profoundly amnesic in 1992 after viral encephalitis, which damaged his medial temporal lobe bilaterally. Because of the rarity of such patients, we have performed a detailed neuroanatomical analysis of E. P.'s lesion using magnetic resonance imaging, and we have assessed his cognitive abilities with a wide range of neuropsychological tests. Finally, we have compared and contrasted the findings for E. P. with the noted amnesic patient H.M, whose surgical lesion is strikingly similar to E. P.'s lesion.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A few HSV-1 patients followed longitudinally over long periods display persistent severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, with relatively preserved remote memories, the hallmark of bilateral hippocampal lesions.
“A few patients followed longitudinally over long periods [39–46], display persistent severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, with relatively preserved remote memories, the hallmark of bilateral hippocampal lesions.”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Bilateral lesions in HSV-1 encephalitis are associated with more profound cognitive deficits, involving semantic memory impairment and visual agnosia.
“Bilateral lesions are associated with more profound cognitive deficits, involving semantic memory impairment and visual agnosia [42, 48].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913 · see citing works
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 · Cited by 7,322 · see citing works
Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., Weıntraub, S., & Segal, O. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,378 · see citing works
Le test de copie d'une figure complexe
Osterrieth, P. M. (1944) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,337 · see citing works
Cognitive Neuroscience and the Study of Memory
Milner, B. A., Squire, L. R., & Kandel, E. R. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80987-3 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures
Vandenberghe, R. R., Price, C. J., Wise, R., Josephs, O., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383254a0 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Kopelman, M. D., Wilson, B. A., & Baddeley, A. (1989) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638908400928 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
Rempel-Clower, N., Zola, S. M., Squire, L. R., & Amaral, D. G. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-16-05233.1996 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Self-citationAmnesia and the distinction between long- and short-term memory
Baddeley, A., & Warrington, E. K. (1970) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(70)80048-2 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Yamada, M., Mitsuno, S., Kato, S., & Hirano, H. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Comparisons of Verbal Fluency Tasks in the Detection of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Monsch, A. U., Bondi, M. W., Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Katzman, R., & Thal, L. J. (1992) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530360051017 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Hodges, J. R. (1995) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)00127-b · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Failure of access or degraded knowledge?
Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1992) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(92)90104-t · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Corkin, S. (1984) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041556 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance as a Measure of Frontal Lobe Damage
Anderson, S. W., Damasio, H., Jones, R., & Tranel, D. (1991) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639108405107 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Wisconsin card sorting test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage
(1991) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602019108520169 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia.
Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., Kritchevsky, M., & Squire, L. R. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.103.3.548 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE NEUROANATOMY OF AMNESIA: A CRITIQUE OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL MEMORY HYPOTHESIS
HOREL, J. A. (1978) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/101.3.403 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Baddeley, A., Wilson, B. A., & Watts, F. (1995) · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Fuster, J. M. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.5.727-a · Cited by 485 · see citing works
H. M.’s Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion: Findings from Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Corkin, S., Amaral, D. G., González, R., Johnson, K. A., & Hyman, B. T. (1997) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-10-03964.1997 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Visual object processing in optic aphasia: A case of semantic access agnosia
Riddoch, M. J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1987) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643298708252038 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Rich, J. B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1148-2 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia
Breedin, S. D., Saffran, E. M., & Coslett, H. B. (1994) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643299408251987 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Three Distinct Ventral Occipitotemporal Regions for Reading and Object Naming
Moore, C. J., & Price, C. J. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0450 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Memory for places learned long ago is intact after hippocampal damage
Teng, E., & Squire, L. R. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23276 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationWarrington, E. K. (1977) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.40.8.832-c · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia.
Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., Kritchevsky, M., et al. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.548 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Multimodal Amnesic Syndrome Following Bilateral Temporal and Basal Forebrain Damage
Damásio, A. R., Eslinger, P. J., Damasio, H., Hoesen, G. W. V., & Cornell, S. H. (1985) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1985.04060030070012 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome : an information-processing approach to amnesia
Butters, N., & Cermak, L. S. (1980) · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Human Organic Memory Disorders
Mayes, A. R. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511574597 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Hippocampal abnormalities in amnesic patients revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging
Press, G. A., Amaral, D. G., & Squire, L. R. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/341054a0 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationRetrograde Amnesia for Facts and Events: Findings from Four New Cases
Reed, J. M., & Squire, L. R. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-10-03943.1998 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationInsausti, R., & Amaral, D. G. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012547626-3/50024-7 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Rapaport, D. (1943) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0055721 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Butters, N. (1985) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638508401252 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome: An Information-Processing Approach to Amnesia
Liskow, B. I. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.137 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Intact verbal and nonverbal short‐term memory following damage to the human hippocampus
Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R. (1992) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450020207 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationBeach, W. W. (1980) · Social Science History · doi:10.1017/s0145553200018976 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Encapsulation of Implicit and Explicit Memory in Sequence Learning
Reber, P. J., & Squire, L. R. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892998562681 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning about categories in the absence of memory.
Squire, L. R., & Knowlton, B. J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12470 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationForgetting in H.M.: A second look
Freed, D. M., Corkin, S., & Cohen, N. J. (1987) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(87)90071-6 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Keane, M. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Mapstone, H. C., Johnson, K. A., & Corkin, S. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.5.1129 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Characterizing amnesic patients for neurobehavioral study.
Squire, L. R., & Shimamura, A. P. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.100.6.866 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationThe fractionation of retrograde amnesia
Warrington, E. K., & McCarthy, R. A. (1988) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90029-2 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Schmolck, H., Kensinger, E. A., Corkin, S., & Squire, L. R. (2002) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.10039 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationGabrieli, J. D. E., Keane, M. M., Stanger, B. Z., Kjelgaard, M., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1994) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80325-5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Intact perceptual memory in the absence of conscious memory.
Hamann, S. B., & Squire, L. R. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.111.4.850 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationGarrard, P., Perry, R. J., & Hodges, J. R. (1997) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.62.5.431 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Intact perceptual memory in the absence of conscious memory.
Hamann, S. B., & Squire, L. R. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.111.4.850 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationThe encoding capacity of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis
Cermak, L. S. (1976) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(76)90025-7 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
PERFORMANCE OF COMPLEX VISUAL TASKS AFTER CEREBRAL LESIONS
Teuber, H., Battersby, W. S., & Bender, M. B. (1951) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-195107000-00029 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Characterizing amnesic patients for neurobehavioral study.
Squire, L. R., & Shimamura, A. P. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.100.6.866 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional perception and memory in amnesia.
Hamann, S. B., Cahill, L. F., & Squire, L. R. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.11.1.104 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationH.M. Revisited: Relations between Language Comprehension, Memory, and the Hippocampal System
MacKay, D. G., Stewart, R. M., & Burke, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892998562807 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Stark, C. E. L., & Squire, L. R. (2000) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.114.3.459 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional perception and memory in amnesia.
Hamann, S. B., Cahill, L. F., & Squire, L. R. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.11.1.104 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPERFORMANCE OF COMPLEX VISUAL TASKS AFTER CEREBRAL LESIONS*
Teuber, H., Battersby, W. S., & Bender, M. B. (1951) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-195111450-00006 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
On Obscure Diseases of the Brain, and Disorders of the Mind
Winslow, F. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 58 · see citing works
When amnesic patients perform well on recognition memory tests.
Reed, J. M., Hamann, S. B., Stefanacci, L., & Squire, L. R. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.111.6.1163 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen amnesic patients perform well on recognition memory tests.
Reed, J. M., Hamann, S. B., Stefanacci, L., et al. (1997) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.111.6.1163 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationIntact Perceptual Priming in a Patient with Damage to the Anterior Inferior Temporal Lobes
Srinivas, K., Breedin, S. D., Coslett, H. B., & Saffran, E. M. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.490 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Henry, T. R., Buchtel, H. A., Koeppe, R. A., et al. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.3.787 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Amnesia and the distinction between long- and short-term memory 1
Baddeley, A., & Warrington, E. K. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315111261-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Human Organic Memory Disorders
Kopelman, M. D. (1989) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.52.11.1327-b · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lackner, J. R. (1974) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(74)90005-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Neuroanatomy of Amnesia: A Critique of the Hippocampal Memory Hypothesis
Horel, J. A. (1978) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/101.4.np1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Visual object processing in optic aphasia: a case of semantic access agnosia
Riddoch, M. J. (1997) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/3.3.209-w · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Phonological retrieval and semantic processing during naming tasks
Moore, C., Price, C. J., Friston, K. J., et al. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80451-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lepage (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(1998)8:4
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [26]Kensinger EA, Ullman MT, Locasio JJ, Corkin S. What is the relation between medial temporal lobe structures and lexical memory? Evidence from amnesic patient H.M. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1999;25:357. [Google Scholar]
- [38]Parsons LM, Gabrieli JDE, Yucaitis J, Corkin S. Normal improvement in mental rotation skill in global amnesia. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1988;14:1290. [Google Scholar]
- [45]Ribot T. Les maladies de la memoire [Diseases of memory]. Appleton-Century-Crofts; New York: 1881. [Google Scholar]
- [47]Schmolck H, Stefanacci L, Squire LR (2000a) Detection and explanation of sentence ambiguity are unaffected by hippocampal lesions but are impaired by larger temporal lobe lesions. Hippocampus, in press. [DOI] [PubMed]
- [54]Talland G. Deranged memory. Academic; New York: 1965. [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Squire, L. R., Stark, C. E. L., & Clark, R. E. (2004) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144130 · Cited by 2,680 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo cortical systems for memory-guided behaviour
Ranganath, C., & Ritchey, M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3338 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
Lupien, S. J., Maheu, F., Tu, M., Fiocco, A., & Schramek, T. E. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.02.007 · Cited by 1,474 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathology to Therapeutic Approaches
Jakob‐Roetne, R., & Jacobsen, H. (2009) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200802808 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Spontaneous confabulation and the adaptation of thought to ongoing reality
Schnider, A. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1179 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The anatomy of semantic knowledge: Medial vs. lateral temporal lobe
Levy, D. A., Bayley, P. J., & Squire, L. R. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401679101 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationChanges in events alter how people remember recent information
Swallow, K. M., Barch, D. M., Head, D., Maley, C. J., Holder, D., & Zacks, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21524 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Damiano, R. F., Guedes, B. F., de Rocca, C. C., de Pádua Serafim, A., Castro, L. H. M., Munhoz, C. D., Nitrini, R., Filho, G. B., Miguel, E. C., Lucchetti, G., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01286-4 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Neuropsychological sequelae of acute-onset sporadic viral encephalitis
Hokkanen, L., & Launes, J. (2007) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010601137039 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
McCarthy, R. A., Kopelman, M. D., & Warrington, E. K. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.024 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stefanacci, L., Buffalo, E. A., Schmolck, H., & Squire, L. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California System (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2000-09-15
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 7024-7036
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6772843
- OpenAlex
- W2112964034
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (MH18399)
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institute on Aging (2T32AG00216, T32AG000216)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5T32 MH 18399, MH24600, T32MH018399)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurology and Historical Studies
- Keywords
- amnesia, medial temporal lobe, viral encephalitis, neuropsychological assessment, cognitive ability, medial temporal lobe amnesia
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Amnesia, Retrograde, Brain Diseases, Cerebral Ventricles, Frontal Lobe, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
