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Cited by 156Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchMemory and Neural MechanismsNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

The anatomy of semantic knowledge: Medial vs. lateral temporal lobe

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Levy, D. A., Bayley, P. J., Squire, L. R.·2004·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.0401679101PMC PMC404110
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Abstract

Semantic knowledge (e.g., long-established knowledge about objects, facts, and word meanings) is known to be severely impaired by damage to the anterolateral temporal lobe. For example, patients with semantic dementia have prominent atrophy in anterolateral temporal cortex and also have significant damage within the medial aspect of the temporal lobe. However, there is uncertainty about the contribution of medial temporal lobe damage, including perirhinal cortex damage, to impaired semantic knowledge. Drawing largely on published material from multiple sources, we compared the performance of severely amnesic patients with large medial temporal lobe lesions and patients with semantic dementia on nine tests of semantic knowledge and two tests of new learning ability. On the tests of semantic knowledge, the amnesic patients performed markedly better than the patients with semantic dementia. By contrast, on the tests of new learning, the patients with semantic dementia performed markedly better than the amnesic patients. We conclude that medial temporal lobe damage impairs the formation of declarative memory, and that semantic knowledge is impaired to the extent that damage extends laterally in the temporal lobe. Reports that the extent of atrophy in perirhinal cortex correlated with the severity of impaired semantic knowledge may be understood by supposing that the extent of damage in many temporal lobe areas is intercorrelated in this progressive disease, and that the extent of atrophy in perirhinal cortex is a proxy for the overall severity of dementia.

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  • The severity of retrograde amnesia in HSV-1 patients is possibly associated with greater involvement of temporal lobe structures, including the temporal poles and temporal neocortical regions.

    “The severity of retrograde amnesia in HSV-1 patients is possibly associated with greater involvement of temporal lobe structures, including the temporal poles and temporal neocortical regions [43].”

    From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [43]

  • A few HSV-1 patients followed longitudinally over long periods display persistent severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, with relatively preserved remote memories, the hallmark of bilateral hippocampal lesions.

    “A few patients followed longitudinally over long periods [39–46], display persistent severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia, with relatively preserved remote memories, the hallmark of bilateral hippocampal lesions.”

    From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [43]

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Authors
Levy, D. A., Bayley, P. J., & Squire, L. R.
Affiliations
University of California San Diego (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2004-04-16
Volume
101
Issue
17
Pages
6710-6715
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0401679101
PMC
PMC404110
OpenAlex
W2150313373
Cited by
156
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
FWCI
5.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Public Health Service (24600)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords
semantic knowledge, semantic dementia, medial temporal lobe, lateral temporal lobe, perirhinal cortex, amnesia, new learning, temporal lobe atrophy, semantic memory impairment
MeSH terms
Aged, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Semantics, Temporal Lobe, Knowledge

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