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Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation
Open accessAbstract
Recent in vivo structural imaging studies have shown spatial and temporal patterns of brain maturation between childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood that are generally consistent with postmortem studies of cellular maturational events such as increased myelination and synaptic pruning. In this study, we conducted detailed spatial and temporal analyses of growth and gray matter density at the cortical surface of the brain in a group of 35 normally developing children, adolescents, and young adults. To accomplish this, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and novel computational image analysis techniques. For the first time, in this report we have mapped the continued postadolescent brain growth that occurs primarily in the dorsal aspects of the frontal lobe bilaterally and in the posterior temporo-occipital junction bilaterally. Notably, maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent cortical gray matter density reduction are highly consistent with maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent brain growth, showing an inverse relationship between cortical gray matter density reduction and brain growth primarily in the superior frontal regions that control executive cognitive functioning. Inverse relationships are not as robust in the posterior temporo-occipital junction where gray matter density reduction is much less prominent despite late brain growth in these regions between adolescence and adulthood. Overall brain growth is not significant between childhood and adolescence, but close spatial relationships between gray matter density reduction and brain growth are observed in the dorsal parietal and frontal cortex. These results suggest that progressive cellular maturational events, such as increased myelination, may play as prominent a role during the postadolescent years as regressive events, such as synaptic pruning, in determining the ultimate density of mature frontal lobe cortical gray matter.
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“Prior imaging studies show regional nonlinear changes in gray matter (GM) density during childhood and adolescence with prepubertal increase followed by postpubertal loss (11–14).”
From Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood (2004) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“A further MRI study of 35 normally developing children (7-11 years), adolescents (12-16 years) and young adults (23-30 years) demonstrated a sharp acceleration in the loss of grey matter between childhood and adolescence in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The gradual decrease in grey matter density that occurs after puberty in certain brain regions has been attributed to post-pubescent synaptic pruning (Giedd et al., 1999a;Sowell et al., 2001;Gogtay et al., 2004).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“One such study of participants aged between 7 and 30 revealed that the loss of grey matter in the frontal cortex accelerated during adulthood between the early 20s and up to the age of 30 (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal regions”
From Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention (2010) · cites this paper as Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have shown that right frontal cortical thinning occurs prior to left frontal cortical thinning in children 5--11 years of age (Sowell et al. 2001).”
From Puberty influences medial temporal lobe and cortical gray matter maturation differently in boys than girls matched for sexual maturity (2011) · cites this paper as Sowell et al. 2001
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Paus, T., Zijdenbos, A., Worsley, K., Collins, D. L., Blumenthal, J., Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L., & Evans, A. C. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5409.1908 · Cited by 1,322 · cited 2×
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Badea, A., Kamnaksh, A., Anderson, R. J., Calabrese, E., Long, J. B., & Agoston, D. V. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.007 · Cited by 38
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“functional maturation of cognitive abilities depends on the anatomical development of cortical circuitry in frontal areas and that this process occurs over a protracted postnatal period (Goldman & Alexander, 1977; Sowell et al., 2001; Segalowitz & Davies, 2004).”
BackgroundPituitary gland volume in currently depressed and remitted depressed patients
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“Fronto-temporal brain regions undergo neural changes during adolescence (e.g., neurodevelopment) and ageing (e.g., neurodegeneration) (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 1999, 2001, 2004; Gotgay et al., 2004).”
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Filippetti, V. A. (2011) · Desafíos (Universidad del Rosario) · Cited by 34
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“Second, rGMD is more frequently employed in developmental research relative to rGMV in that the GM thinning in some regions (e.g. the PFC) occurs as one ages (Sowell et al., 1999; 2001).”
Caffeine: Implications for Alertness in Athletes
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“Recent research indicates that these areas of the brain, particularly in parts of the frontal lobe, are still developing during adolescence and are not completely developed until the early 20’s or so (Sowell, Thompson, Holmes, Jernigan, & Toga, 1999; Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001).”
BackgroundStructural brain changes in perinatally HIV-infected young adolescents in South Africa
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“During this period the frontal lobe of the brain (responsible for planning and controlling impulsivity) is not yet fully formed ( Sowell et al. 2001 ) and adolescents’ cognition is thought to be marked by beliefs of invulnerability (Feldman 2007).”
BackgroundHodel, A. S., Brumbaugh, J. E., Morris, A. R., & Thomas, K. M. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12307 · Cited by 43
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“Some later findings point at an inverse relationship between cortical gray matter density reduction and brain growth primarily in the superior frontal regions that control executive functioning even in 30-year-old adults (Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“This is concerning as this age-range constitutes a critical period for the establishment of corticofugal connectivity within the extended amygdala neural circuit regulating emotional reactivity (e.g., Gogtay et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001; Spear, 2000a; Steinberg, 2005).”
Lai, H., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Qiu, C., & Gong, Q. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24888 · Cited by 33
“Given the potential associations of rGMD with age, sex, family SES, and general intelligence (Frangou, Chitins, & Williams, 2004; Luders et al., 2005; Noble et al., 2012; Sowell et al., 2001, 2003), these items served as covariates in the regression models.”
MethodNeuroscience and Young Drivers
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Error Monitoring in College Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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A neuroscience perspective on sexual risk behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood
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“Executive functioning skills undergo rapid development between adolescence and young adulthood when myelination increases in the frontal cortex.(27) Adults with SCD may be especially vulnerable to executive functioning deficits due to delayed or interrupted myelination as a result of chronic, sub-clinical hypoxic–isch…”
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Post-adolescent developmental changes in cortical complexity
Sandu, A., Izard, E., Specht, K., Beneventi, H., Lundervold, A., & Ystad, M. A. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-10-44 · Cited by 33
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“This finding is consistent with prior evidence that better intellectual performance accompanies decreasing thickness of the cortical mantle [Sowell et al., 2001, 2003, 2004].”
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Depression and neurocognitive dysfunction in pediatric and young adult chronic kidney disease
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“athlete might alter postadolescent brain development affecting executive skills of frontal regions, which influence cognitive functioning.(21) Female athletes across sports exhibited similar skills on all neurocognitive measures.”
BackgroundProtracted Development of the Proprioceptive Brain Network During and Beyond Adolescence
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“These studies have suggested that the contraction of functional brain networks during adolescence relates primarily to decrease in gray matter density (Sowell et al. 2001, 2003), which is thought to reflect synaptic pruning (Giedd 2004; Gogtay et al. 2004; Sowell et al. 2004).”
BackgroundA fast, model-independent method for cerebral cortical thickness estimation using MRI
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“…matter by linear correlation only [Wilke et al., 2007] or by curvilinear correlation, but not by examining both cortical and subcortical gray matter [Gogtay et al., 2004; Ostby et al., 2009a; Shaw et al., 2008; Tamnes et al., 2010], or by focusing only on gray matter density [Sowell et al., 2003].”
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“These volumetric reductions are thought to result from dendritic pruning and reorganization of neuronal fibers (as opposed to neuronal loss), possibly related to increases in intra-cortical mylenation (Giedd, 2004; Gogtay & Thompson, 2010; Paus, 2005; Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“This tool has been validated through the efforts of several disciplines that include neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and developmental research (Sowell, Thompson et al. 2001; Sowell, Peterson et al. 2003; Sowell, Thompson et al. 2003; Thompson, Hayashi et al. 2003; Ballmaier, O'Brien et al. 2004;…”
Self-citationGreater regional cortical gray matter thickness in obsessive-compulsive disorder
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“Developmental studies suggest that greater cortical thickness may be due to unmyelinated neuronal fibers that are categorized as gray matter [17].”
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“Concurrently, the brain is undergoing continued developmental changes (Gogtay et al., 2004; Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006; Casey et al., 2008), such as a decrease in gray matter consequential to an increase in synaptic pruning (Sowell et al., 2001; Gogtay et al., 2004).”
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Effect of Stress Level on Different Forms of Self-Touch in Pre- and Postadolescent Girls
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“Further, smokers in this age range are still undergoing brain development: myelination and synaptic pruning in the brain continue into the third decade of life, determining the ultimate gray-matter density of the frontal lobe and its connections to subcortical structures [38, 39].”
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“, 2007; Wilson, Isenberg, & Hickok, 2009) — and the left IFG pars triangularis division—selected for its role in executive aspects of language, such as semantic control (Sowell et al., 2001; Thompson-Schill et al., 1997).”
BackgroundCyberbullying and Adolescent Neurobiology
McLoughlin, L. T., Lagopoulos, J., & Hermens, D. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01511 · Cited by 26
Echemendía, R. J., Thelen, J., Meeuwisse, W. H., Hutchison, M. G., Comper, P., Rizos, J., & Bruce, J. M. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102071 · Cited by 26
Functional neural network configuration in late childhood varies by age and cognitive state
Le, T. M., Huang, A., O’Rawe, J. F., & Leung, H. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100862 · Cited by 30
Neurostructural correlates of dispositional self-compassion
Guan, F., Liu, G., Pedersen, W. S., Chen, O., Zhao, S., Sui, J., & Peng, K. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107978 · Cited by 26
“Considering the special brain growth of increased myelination and synaptic pruning during this stage (Sowell et al., 2001), it may be necessary to examine the neurostructural corelates of self-compassion and its components in a sample with a broader age range in the future.”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopmentally appropriate mental health literacy content for school-aged children and adolescents
Kågström, A., Juríková, L., & Guerrero, Z. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.16 · Cited by 32
“Around 11–12 years old, there is a peak of gray matter in the frontal and parietal lobes (Giedd et al., 1999) followed by a sharp acceleration in the loss of gray matter in the dorsal PFC and the parietal cortex (Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAdolescence, the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, and the Emergence of Psychiatric Disorders
Neufeld, S. M., Ahn, M., Kunze, W., & Neufeld, K. M. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.006 · Cited by 27
Amygdala enlargement in unaffected offspring of bipolar parents
Bauer, I. E., Sanches, M., Suchting, R., Green, C. E., Fangary, N. M. E., Zunta‐Soares, G. B., & Soares, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.023 · Cited by 29
“The authors argued that the positive association between sexual maturity and brain volumes could be related to the beneficial effects of pubertal hormone levels on biological processes underlying brain maturation, such as synaptic pruning, synaptogenesis and myelination (Sowell et al., 2001).”
Cao, J., Dwyer, J. B., Mangold, J. E., Ju, W., Wei, J., Leslie, F. M., & Li, M. D. (2010) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145710000179 · Cited by 26
“Given that the adolescent PFC matures substantially with myelination-induced increases in white matter (Huttenlocher, 1979; Sowell et al. 2001), downregulation of contactins by GN might disturb normal development.”
Narrow band quantitative and multivariate electroencephalogram analysis of peri-adolescent period
Rodríguez‐Martínez, E. I., Barriga-Paulino, C. I., Zapata, M., Chinchilla, C., Lopez-Jimenez, A., & Gómez, C. M. (2012) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-104 · Cited by 28
“The anatomical regions in the frontal lobes seem to lose gray matter in a later period and are the last to mature, possibly producing the late maturing of cognitive processes [42].”
BackgroundWang, S., Zhou, M., Chen, T., Yang, X., Chen, G., Wang, M., & Gong, Q. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00677-9 · Cited by 29
Individual differences in decoding skill, print exposure, and cortical structure in young adults
Johns, C. L., Jahn, A., Jones, H. R., Kush, D., Molfese, P. J., Dyke, J. A. V., Magnuson, J. S., Tabor, W., Mencl, W. E., Shankweiler, D., et al. (2018) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2018.1476727 · Cited by 28
Sex differences in brain structure among adolescents with bipolar disorder
Mitchell, R. H. B., Metcalfe, A. W. S., Islam, A. H., Toma, S., Patel, R. R., Fıksenbaum, L., Korczak, D. J., MacIntosh, B. J., & Goldstein, B. I. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12663 · Cited by 26
Conrin, S. D., Zhan, L., Morrissey, Z. D., Xing, M., Forbes, A. G., Maki, P. M., Milad, M. R., Ajilore, O., Langenecker, S. A., & Leow, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00365 · Cited by 31
“Given this and our understanding that brain development may extend into adulthood, in this study we further examined sex differences in resting-state connectome as a function of age (15, 16).”
BackgroundChronic Alcohol Drinking Slows Brain Development in Adolescent and Young Adult Nonhuman Primates
Shnitko, T. A., Liu, Z., Wang, X., Grant, K. A., & Kroenke, C. D. (2019) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0044-19.2019 · Cited by 25
“…the cortical volumes of gray and white matter undergo nonlinear changes across the human life span, with gray matter volume decreasing during late adolescence and early adulthood, while white matter volume continues to increase beyond adolescence and early adulthood (Sowell et al., 2003, 2004).”
BackgroundThe effect of seizure focus on regional language processing areas
Duke, E. S., Tesfaye, M., Berl, M. M., Walker, J. E., Ritzl, E. K., Fasano, R. E., Conry, J. A., Pearl, P. L., Sato, S., Theodore, W. H., et al. (2012) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03490.x · Cited by 26
“Because temporal brain regions reach structural and functional maturity before frontal areas (Paus et al., 1999; Holland et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2001, 2004; Gogtay et al., 2004; Shaw et al., 2008; Berl et al., 2010), we predicted that temporal lobe seizures would have a greater effect than…”
BackgroundIn Vivo Neuropathology of Cortical Changes in Elderly Persons with Schizophrenia
Frisoni, G. B., Prestia, A., Adorni, A., Rasser, P. E., Cotelli, M., Soricelli, A., Bonetti, M., Geroldi, C., Giannakopoulos, P., & Thompson, P. M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.011 · Cited by 25
Self-citationKaaden, S., Quesada, C. M., Urbach, H., Koenig, R., Weber, B., Schramm, J., Rudinger, G., & Helmstaedter, C. (2011) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.02.020 · Cited by 25
“From studies mapping normal brain maturation [33–35] we know that brain development follows a nonlinear, dynamic process, which implies reduction and increase at different times in different brain regions.”
BackgroundFactoring neurotrophins into a neurite-based pathophysiological model of schizophrenia
Bellon, A., Krebs, M., & Jay, T. M. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.003 · Cited by 27
Neural substrate of the cognitive and emotional interference processing in healthy adolescents
Mincic, A. M. (2010) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2010-1813 · Cited by 24
“rational processes into early adulthood (Sowell et al. 2001).”
Vogan, V. M., Morgan, B. R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318766572 · Cited by 28
Chmielewski, W. X., Tiedt, A., Bluschke, A., Dippel, G., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.019 · Cited by 26
Li, X., Tian, X., Lv, L., Hei, G., Huang, X., Fan, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Pang, L., & Song, X. (2018) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2018-000006 · Cited by 25
Methamphetamine induces neuronal death: Evidence from rodent studies
Sabrini, S., Russell, B., Wang, G., Lin, J. C., Kirk, I. J., & Curley, L. E. (2019) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.006 · Cited by 25
A Developmental Perspective on Adolescent Risk‐Taking and Criminal Behavior
Cauffman, E. E., Cavanagh, C., Donley, S., & Thomas, A. G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118512449.ch6 · Cited by 25
Deficits in oculomotor performance in pediatric epilepsy
Asato, M. R., Nawarawong, N. N., Hermann, B. P., Crumrine, P. K., & Luna, B. (2010) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02787.x · Cited by 24
“Cognitive components such as response inhibition and working memory contribute to executive functioning (Fuster, 1997; Miller & Cohen, 2001) and are associated with structural (Sowell et al., 2001; Gogtay et al., 2004) and functional (Luna et al., 2010) brain maturation through adolescence.”
BackgroundMapping Cortical Morphology in Youth With Velocardiofacial (22q11.2 Deletion) Syndrome
Kates, W. R., Bansal, R., Fremont, W. P., Antshel, K. M., Hao, X., Higgins, A. M., Liu, J., Shprintzen, R. J., & Peterson, B. S. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.002 · Cited by 23
Morton, J. B. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.87 · Cited by 24
Musielak, K. A., & Fine, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/s40817-015-0009-1 · Cited by 28
“…transitional period from teenage years to adulthood is clinically relevant to those who work with pediatric populations, and because brain maturation occurs well into young adulthood (Sowell et al. 2001) and there is much heterogeneity in brain development among individuals (Gogtay et al. 2004).”
BackgroundVariation in longitudinal trajectories of cortical sulci in normal elderly
Shen, X., Liu, T., Tao, D., Fan, Y., Zhang, J., Li, S., Jiang, J., Zhu, W., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.010 · Cited by 24
“…temporal lobe, has also been reported in anatomical studies of ageing using different measures such as cortical thickness, cortical density and volume (Fjell et al., 2009, 2013; Good et al., 2001; Raz et al., 2004; Raz and Rodrigue, 2006; Smith et al., 2007; Sowell et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMoreira, J. F. G., McLaughlin, K. A., & Silvers, J. A. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000687 · Cited by 26
Mapping Adolescent Brain Maturation Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., & Toga, A. W. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0003 · Cited by 24
Self-citationCortical Changes in Incipient Alzheimer's Disease
Prestia, A., Drago, V., Rasser, P. E., Bonetti, M., Thompson, P. M., & Frisoni, G. B. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-101191 · Cited by 29
“The reliability of manual outlining was assessed prior to experimental subject tracing with a standard protocol requiring the same rater to trace all lateral and medial sulci of six test brains [14].”
Self-citationDevelopment of visual-evoked potentials to radially modulated concentric patterns
Doucet, M.-È., Gosselin, F., Lassonde, M. C., Guillemot, J., & Leporé, F. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000185011.91197.58 · Cited by 24
“Similarly, myelinization continues into early adulthood, with the longest period of myelinization occurring in the frontal and higher-order brain regions [21,22].”
BackgroundGuerin, A., & Kim, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212259 · Cited by 22
“These median ages of onset of ~20 is a concern because the adolescent brain is still maturing well into our 20s [30,31].”
Psychological effects of psychedelics in adolescents
Izmi, N., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Kettner, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1364617 · Cited by 26
Rubial-Álvarez, S., de Sola, S., Machado, M.-C., Sintas, E., Böhm, P., Sánchez‐Benavides, G., Langohr, K., Múñiz, R., & Peña‐Casanova, J. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121123 · Cited by 23
Carlson, S. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013443 · Cited by 26
“Adolescence is a crucial period when the prefrontal cortex is thought to mature through the processes of targeted cell body loss, synaptic pruning, and increased axonal myelination of pathways connecting it to other brain structures (Lewis, 1997; Sowell et al., 2001; Spear, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Maturation of Cognitive Control and the Adolescent Brain
Luna, B. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70573-4_13 · Cited by 24
Gautherot, M., Kuchcinski, G., Bordier, C., Sillaire, A. R., Delbeuck, X., Leroy, M., Leclerc, X., Pruvo, J., Pasquier, F., & Lopes, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.729635 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Tessner, K. D., & Toga, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-11-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 8819-8829
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6762261
- OpenAlex
- W2095621691
- Cited by
- 983
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9601356)
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh016381-20)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH 01733, 5-T32-MH16381, K01MH001733, P20 MH/DA52176)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS38753, R01NS038753)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, P41 RR13642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain maturation, myelination, synaptic pruning, parietal cortex, executive function, developmental neuroimaging, children, adolescents and young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cell Count, Child, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe
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