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Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation
Open accessAbstract
Recent in vivo structural imaging studies have shown spatial and temporal patterns of brain maturation between childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood that are generally consistent with postmortem studies of cellular maturational events such as increased myelination and synaptic pruning. In this study, we conducted detailed spatial and temporal analyses of growth and gray matter density at the cortical surface of the brain in a group of 35 normally developing children, adolescents, and young adults. To accomplish this, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and novel computational image analysis techniques. For the first time, in this report we have mapped the continued postadolescent brain growth that occurs primarily in the dorsal aspects of the frontal lobe bilaterally and in the posterior temporo-occipital junction bilaterally. Notably, maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent cortical gray matter density reduction are highly consistent with maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent brain growth, showing an inverse relationship between cortical gray matter density reduction and brain growth primarily in the superior frontal regions that control executive cognitive functioning. Inverse relationships are not as robust in the posterior temporo-occipital junction where gray matter density reduction is much less prominent despite late brain growth in these regions between adolescence and adulthood. Overall brain growth is not significant between childhood and adolescence, but close spatial relationships between gray matter density reduction and brain growth are observed in the dorsal parietal and frontal cortex. These results suggest that progressive cellular maturational events, such as increased myelination, may play as prominent a role during the postadolescent years as regressive events, such as synaptic pruning, in determining the ultimate density of mature frontal lobe cortical gray matter.
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“Prior imaging studies show regional nonlinear changes in gray matter (GM) density during childhood and adolescence with prepubertal increase followed by postpubertal loss (11–14).”
From Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood (2004) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“A further MRI study of 35 normally developing children (7-11 years), adolescents (12-16 years) and young adults (23-30 years) demonstrated a sharp acceleration in the loss of grey matter between childhood and adolescence in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The gradual decrease in grey matter density that occurs after puberty in certain brain regions has been attributed to post-pubescent synaptic pruning (Giedd et al., 1999a;Sowell et al., 2001;Gogtay et al., 2004).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“One such study of participants aged between 7 and 30 revealed that the loss of grey matter in the frontal cortex accelerated during adulthood between the early 20s and up to the age of 30 (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal regions”
From Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention (2010) · cites this paper as Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have shown that right frontal cortical thinning occurs prior to left frontal cortical thinning in children 5--11 years of age (Sowell et al. 2001).”
From Puberty influences medial temporal lobe and cortical gray matter maturation differently in boys than girls matched for sexual maturity (2011) · cites this paper as Sowell et al. 2001
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Self-citationThe Frontal Lobes and Executive Functioning
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BackgroundA longitudinal study of gray matter volume decline with age and modifying factors
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Toga, A. W. (2002) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn782 · Cited by 91
Self-citationAdolescent Vulnerabilities to Chronic Alcohol or Nicotine Exposure: Findings From Rodent Models
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Gender differences in the left inferior frontal gyrus in normal children
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“…measure of neuronal myelination, this observation appears to be noteworthy because of the comparatively late completion of maturation, i.e., myelination, in this particular brain area during brain development (Sowell et al., 1999; 2001; Braak et al., 2000; Kwon et al., 2002; Webster et al., 2002).”
BackgroundThe lost concept: The (re)emerging link between maturation and desistance from crime
Rocque, M. (2014) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895814547710 · Cited by 98
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“is one of the brain regions latest to mature (Sowell et al. 2001; Gogtay et al. 2004).”
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“This result may be related to the fact that the frontal lobe continues its maturation through young adulthood (Luria, 1966; Sowell et al., 2001), and very preterm birth may be associated with delays in the normal patterns of brain development (Nosarti et al.”
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Early deprivation alters structural brain development from middle childhood to adolescence
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“These findings document the effects of institutionalization on trajectories of frontoparietal circuit refinement during adolescence that may ( 55 ) account for the influence of early deprivation on executive function ( 56 ).”
What Does Theoretical Neuroscience Have to Offer the Study of Behavioral Development?
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“…of the brain undergo reductions in GM volume/density attributed to neuronal pruning, a process by which redundant and superfluous neurons are eliminated, resulting in increased neural efficiency (Blakemore and Choudhury 2006; Gogtay et al. 2004; Petanjek et al. 2011; Sowell et al. 2001, 2003).”
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“…fashion across many brain regions, areas that include the prefrontal cortex (PFC) demonstrate prolonged structural and functional refinement that continues into the early twenties (Giedd et al., 1999; Gogtay et al., 2004; Luna et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2001, 2002, 2004; Yurgelun-Todd, 2007).”
Executive function during and after acute moderate aerobic exercise in adolescents
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“Thus, these improved functions from late adolescence and into emerging adulthood are related to frontal lobe reorganization and refinement, as well as experience-dependent synaptic plasticity (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“, surface area expansion) and cortical thickness reduction (Sowell et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2004), and an exaggeration of these patterns has been found in the ACC of first episode schizophrenia patients (Fornito et al.”
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“Landmarks were defined according to a detailed anatomical protocol (Sowell et al. 2001) based on the Ono sulcal atlas (Ono et al.”
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Modeling early cortical serotonergic deficits in autism
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“However, the overall process of maturation of the brain continues into young adulthood, with evidence of dorsal frontal and temporo-occipital cortices maturation (Sowell et al. 2001).”
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“…ventrolateral prefrontal cortex follow a protracted developmental trajectory, showing continued change in synaptogenesis (Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997), gray matter density (Sowell et al., 2001), cortical thickness (Shaw et al., 2008), and myelination (Nagy et al., 2004) into early adulthood.”
Background3D mapping of language networks in clinical and pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease
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“…consistent with cross-sectional and longitudinal imaging studies of late childhood and adolescence showing that non frontal brain regions mature first, followed by frontal regions associated with working memory and inhibitory control (Casey et al., 2008; Sowell et al., 2001a; Sowell et al., 2003).”
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“…maturation in which important structural and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neural connectivity occur in different regions, including the cortical and subcortical structures, which undergo modifications in white and gray matter densities (Gogtay et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“This negative correlation is thought to be related to the synaptic pruning and myelination (Huttenlocher, 1979; Huttenlocher et al., 1982; Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997; Paus, 2005) observed during brain maturation that decreases graymatter volume (Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“Faster reaction times on tasks with age may reflect increased myelination (Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“Other evidence points to age variation in so-called white matter growth (Sowell et al. 2001) and neuron pruning (Giedd et al. 1999).”
Crum, W. R., Sawiak, S. J., Chege, W., Cooper, J. D., Williams, S. C. R., & Vernon, A. C. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.008 · Cited by 76
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“and may limit the generalisability of our findings. Additionally, the VPT group was 7 months younger than the term group, and it is not clear how much this might have contributed to group differences. It is certainly known that structural brain changes continue into young adulthood and beyond, including progressive ch…”
BackgroundBinge Drinking and Declarative Memory in University Students
Parada, M., Corral, M., Caamaño‐Isorna, F., Mota, N., Crego, A., Holguı́n, S. R., & Cadaveira, F. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01484.x · Cited by 83
“Both processes depend on the integrity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are maturing during adolescence and have been shown to be vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol (Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006; De Bellis et al., 2005; Gogtay et al., 2004; Medina et al., 2008; Moselhy et al., 2001; Sowell…”
BackgroundPeterson, E., & Welsh, M. C. (2014) · Handbook of Executive Functioning · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_4 · Cited by 110
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“There are considerable reductions in PFC volume across the adolescent period (Sowell et al., 1999a, 1999b, 2001; Van Eden et al., 1990) that occur in parallel with increased dopaminergic innervation (Kalsbeek et al., 1988).”
BackgroundJoseph, J. E., Gathers, A. D., & Bhatt, R. S. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00963.x · Cited by 71
“Although a direct neurobiological correlate of progressive and regressive changes has not been established, some have suggested that regressive changes may be driven by synaptic loss (Huttenlocher & Dabholkar, 1997), gray matter reduction (Sowell et al., 2001), and selective pruning of synaptic contacts (Changeux & De…”
BackgroundGilbert, A. R., Keshavan, M. S., Diwadkar, V., Nutche, J., MacMaster, F., Easter, P. C., Buhagiar, C. J., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.011 · Cited by 70
On the emergence of modern humans
Amati, D., & Shallice, T. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.04.002 · Cited by 71
Zhu, F., Zhang, Q., & Qiu, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079272 · Cited by 74
“[49,50].”
Cognitive control of involuntary attention and distraction in children and adolescents
Wetzel, N., & Schröger, E. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.022 · Cited by 76
Fidan, E., Lewis, J., Kline, A. E., Garman, R. H., Alexander, H. L., B, J. P. C. A., Bondi, C. O., Clark, R. S. B., Dezfulian, C., Kochanek, P. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3958 · Cited by 73
“Some factors such as delayed myelination of the frontal lobes—a normal phenomenon during development 20 —may place the immature brain at a higher risk for worse outcome compared with adults after TBI.”
Rubin, L. H., Connelly, J. J., Reilly, J. L., Carter, C. S., Drogos, L. L., Pournajafi‐Nazarloo, H., Ruocco, A. C., Keedy, S., Matthew, I., Tandon, N., et al. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.10.003 · Cited by 72
“These findings suggest that in healthy women and women with schizophrenia, DNA methylation of OXTR, possibly associated with less receptor-mediated activity, may have longer term effects on synaptic density, dendritic arborization, and/or other factors that determine grey matter volume (69-71).”
BackgroundWilliams, L. M. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.7.1049 · Cited by 71
Addressing gaps in the maturity of judgment literature: Age differences and delinquency.
Modecki, K. L. (2007) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-007-9087-7 · Cited by 71
“Yet physiological research sug gests that age-based brain maturation, which may be linked to maturity of judgment factors (Bennett and Baird in press), does not occur until the early twenties (Sowell et al. 2001).”
BackgroundThe Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Medico-Legal Perspective
Delmage, E. (2013) · Youth Justice · doi:10.1177/1473225413492053 · Cited by 70
“We know that physical brain development and cognitive functioning continues before and after puberty, into the early twenties (Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006; Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSturman, D. A., & Moghaddam, B. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4210-10.2011 · Cited by 69
Adolescent Brain Development and Medical Decision-making
Diekema, D. S. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0818f · Cited by 73
Kong, F., Ding, K., Yang, Z., Dang, X., Hu, S., Song, Y., & Liu, J. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu144 · Cited by 72
Patrick, P. D., Oriá, R. B., Madhavan, V. L., Pinkerton, R., Lorntz, B., Lima, A. Â. M., & Guerrant, R. L. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/092970490911252 · Cited by 69
“Higher mental functioning relies on a significant postnatal development process (synaptogenesis and myelination) and experience-dependent effects in order to provide the infrastructure for developing intellectual skills and executive functioning ( Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001 ).”
BackgroundMorphometric Differences in the Heschl's Gyrus of Hearing Impaired and Normal Hearing Infants
Smith, K. M., Mecoli, M. D., Altaye, M., Komlós, M., Maitra, R., Eaton, K. P., Egelhoff, J. C., & Holland, S. K. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq164 · Cited by 69
What has sex got to do with it? The role of hormones in the transgender brain
Nguyen, H. B., Loughead, J., Lipner, E., Hantsoo, L. V., Kornfield, S. L., & Epperson, C. N. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0140-7 · Cited by 78
Sprondel, V., Kipp, K. H., & Mecklinger, A. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01642.x · Cited by 68
“On the other hand, regarding the prolonged maturation of the PFC throughout and beyond adolescence (Sowell et al., 2001), the adolescents’ source memory performance might fall in between those of the child and the adult groups.”
BackgroundVisual working memory continues to develop through adolescence
Isbell, E., Fukuda, K., Neville, H. J., & Vogel, E. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00696 · Cited by 68
“…the prefrontal cortex displays changes in various features, such as the cortical thickness (Sowell et al., 2004; Lenroot and Giedd, 2006), graymatter density (Sowell et al., 2001), and white matter anisotropy (Nagy et al., 2004; BarneaGoraly et al., 2005;Mabbott et al., 2006)well into adulthood.”
BackgroundFilippetti, V. A., & Allegri, R. (2011) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.559481 · Cited by 68
Jucaite, A., Forssberg, H., Karlsson, P., Halldin, C., & Farde, L. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.034 · Cited by 67
Silveri, M. M., Rohan, M. L., Pimentel, P., Gruber, S. A., Rosso, I. M., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2006) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2006.03.012 · Cited by 66
“To this end, age-related improvements in higher-order cognitive domains, such as executive functioning, are thought to be related not only to a marked reorganization of the frontal lobe [3,8–10] but also to improved functional WM connectivity within and between brain regions during adolescence [3,8].”
BackgroundReconciling neuroimaging and neuropathological findings in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Fornito, A., Yücel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32832a1353 · Cited by 66
Differential Brain Development with Low and High IQ in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
de Zeeuw, P., Schnack, H. G., van Belle, J., Weusten, J., van Dijk, S., Langen, M., Brouwer, R. M., van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035770 · Cited by 69
“Cortical thickness has proven to be particularly sensitive to developmental effects in both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies [26,52–54].”
BackgroundPhan, T. V., Smeets, D., Talcott, J. B., & Vandermosten, M. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.009 · Cited by 73
“As the mechanisms of myelination and pruning affect tissue properties (e.g. T1 and T2 relaxation time), measurements of gray matter and white matter volume are likely to be impacted by these mechanisms (Grydeland et al., 2013; Sowell et al., 2001; Westlye et al., 2010b).”
Jiwani, S., Papsin, B. C., & Gordon, K. A. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23019 · Cited by 67
“…in gray matter during adolescence [Lebel and Beaulieu, 2011] which likely reflects synaptic elimination [Blakemore, 2012; Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001] as existing connections in the mature brain are refined [Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006; Lohmann and Kessels, 2014] and as each…”
BackgroundRegional brain gray and white matter changes in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents
Sarma, M. K., Nagarajan, R., Keller, M., Kumar, R., Nielsen‐Saines, K., Michalik, D. E., Deville, J. G., Church, J. A., & Thomas, M. A. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.012 · Cited by 66
“During adolescence, synaptic pruning occurs involving reduction in GM due to elimination of unnecessary neural connections (Sowell et al., 2001; Squeglia et al., 2009).”
Working Memory Performance among Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors
Conklin, H. M., Ashford, J. M., Howarth, R., Merchant, T. E., Ogg, R. J., Santana, V. M., Reddick, W. E., Wu, S., & Xiong, X. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712000793 · Cited by 64
Developmental change in EEG theta activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during response control
Liu, Z., Woltering, S., & Lewis, M. D. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.054 · Cited by 74
“Studies have found changes in cortical gray and white matter density during development (Gogtay et al., 2004; Paus et al., 1999, 2001; Shaw et al., 2008; Sowell et al., 2001, 2002, 2003).”
BackgroundExcess of Neurons in the Human Newborn Mediodorsal Thalamus Compared with That of the Adult
Abitz, M., Nielsen, R., Jones, E. G., Laursen, H. B., Græm, N., & Pakkenberg, B. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl163 · Cited by 66
“Studies of gray matter maturation have recorded loss of cortical gray matter over time (Sowell et al. 2001, 2004; Gogtay et al. 2004), which is discussed to be due to myelination and increased synaptic pruning during adolescence and early adulthood (Bourgeois et al. 1994).”
BackgroundTemporal Dynamics of Brain Anatomy
Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2003) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121611 · Cited by 65
“…et al., 1999), chronic, first-episode, and childhood-onset schizophrenia (Narr et al., 2000, 2001a,b; Cannon et al., 2001), fetal alcohol syndrome (Sowell et al., 2001), and brain changes during childhood and adolescence (Thompson et al., 2000, 2001; Sowell et al., 2001a,b; Blanton et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationApostolova, L. G., Lu, P. H., Rogers, S., Dutton, R. A., Hayashi, K. M., Toga, A. W., Cummings, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2006) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000213857.89613.10 · Cited by 65
Self-citationGrieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Clark, C. R., & Williams, L. M. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.087 · Cited by 64
“…has demonstrated that the rate of age-associated GM loss is accelerated relative to the global rate in the prefrontal cortex, and in the parietal and temporal association cortices (Jernigan et al., 2001; Raz et al., 1997; Salat et al., 1999, 2001; Sowell et al., 2003, 2001; Tisserand et al., 2002).”
The development of psychotic disorders in adolescence: A potential role for hormones
Trotman, H. D., Holtzman, C. W., Ryan, A. T., Shapiro, D. I., MacDonald, A. N., Goulding, S. M., Brasfield, J. L., & Walker, E. F. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.018 · Cited by 67
“…is characterized by changes in brain structure and function, and neuroimaging advances have greatly contributed to our understanding of human brain development (Adams et al., 2000; Blakemore, 2012; De Bellis et al., 2001; Giedd et al., 1999; Giedd et al., 1996; Sowell et al., 2001; Spear, 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialCortical and subcortical changes in typically developing preadolescent children
Muftuler, L. T., Davis, E. P., Buß, C., Head, K., Hasso, A. N., & Sandman, C. A. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.018 · Cited by 66
Lessons About Neurodevelopment From Anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Silk, T. J., & WOOD, A. G. (2011) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e318206d58f · Cited by 61
Lemmers-Jansen, I. L. J., Krabbendam, L., Veltman, D. J., & Fett, A.-K. J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.001 · Cited by 67
“The development of their social skills and the maturation of the brain continue well into the twenties [1-4].”
Holloway, R. L., Broadfield, D. C., & Yuan, M. S. (2003) · The Anatomical Record Part A Discoveries in Molecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1002/ar.a.10071 · Cited by 63
“It has been shown in humans that the brain grows in a posterior direction, with frontal development occurring before occipital development (Sowell et al., 2001; Thompson et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSex Differences in Cerebral Tissue Volume and Cognitive Performance during Adolescence
Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Killgore, W. D. S., & Young, A. D. (2002) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.743 · Cited by 63
Juvenile Justice at a Crossroads: Science, Evidence, and Twenty-First Century Reform
Abrams, L. S. (2013) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/674074 · Cited by 61
“In tandem with this research on cognitive development, a series of brainimaging studies find that components of younger brains are both structurally and functionally different than those of older brains ðGiedd et al. 1999; Sowell et al. 2001; Gogtay et al. 2004Þ.”
BackgroundThe development of brain network architecture
Wierenga, L. M., van den Heuvel, M. P., van Dijk, S., Rijks, Y., de Reus, M. A., & Durston, S. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23062 · Cited by 60
“This is in keeping with the posterior to anterior pattern of white matter development that has been reported in post-mortem studies [Benes, 1989; Yakovlev and Lecours, 1967] and in anatomical MRIstudies of cortical brain development [Gogtay et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001; Wierenga et al., 2013].”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Tessner, K. D., & Toga, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-11-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 8819-8829
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6762261
- OpenAlex
- W2095621691
- Cited by
- 983
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9601356)
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh016381-20)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH 01733, 5-T32-MH16381, K01MH001733, P20 MH/DA52176)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS38753, R01NS038753)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, P41 RR13642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain maturation, myelination, synaptic pruning, parietal cortex, executive function, developmental neuroimaging, children, adolescents and young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cell Count, Child, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe
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