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Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation
Open accessAbstract
Recent in vivo structural imaging studies have shown spatial and temporal patterns of brain maturation between childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood that are generally consistent with postmortem studies of cellular maturational events such as increased myelination and synaptic pruning. In this study, we conducted detailed spatial and temporal analyses of growth and gray matter density at the cortical surface of the brain in a group of 35 normally developing children, adolescents, and young adults. To accomplish this, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and novel computational image analysis techniques. For the first time, in this report we have mapped the continued postadolescent brain growth that occurs primarily in the dorsal aspects of the frontal lobe bilaterally and in the posterior temporo-occipital junction bilaterally. Notably, maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent cortical gray matter density reduction are highly consistent with maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent brain growth, showing an inverse relationship between cortical gray matter density reduction and brain growth primarily in the superior frontal regions that control executive cognitive functioning. Inverse relationships are not as robust in the posterior temporo-occipital junction where gray matter density reduction is much less prominent despite late brain growth in these regions between adolescence and adulthood. Overall brain growth is not significant between childhood and adolescence, but close spatial relationships between gray matter density reduction and brain growth are observed in the dorsal parietal and frontal cortex. These results suggest that progressive cellular maturational events, such as increased myelination, may play as prominent a role during the postadolescent years as regressive events, such as synaptic pruning, in determining the ultimate density of mature frontal lobe cortical gray matter.
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“Prior imaging studies show regional nonlinear changes in gray matter (GM) density during childhood and adolescence with prepubertal increase followed by postpubertal loss (11–14).”
From Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood (2004) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“A further MRI study of 35 normally developing children (7-11 years), adolescents (12-16 years) and young adults (23-30 years) demonstrated a sharp acceleration in the loss of grey matter between childhood and adolescence in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The gradual decrease in grey matter density that occurs after puberty in certain brain regions has been attributed to post-pubescent synaptic pruning (Giedd et al., 1999a;Sowell et al., 2001;Gogtay et al., 2004).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“One such study of participants aged between 7 and 30 revealed that the loss of grey matter in the frontal cortex accelerated during adulthood between the early 20s and up to the age of 30 (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal regions”
From Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention (2010) · cites this paper as Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have shown that right frontal cortical thinning occurs prior to left frontal cortical thinning in children 5--11 years of age (Sowell et al. 2001).”
From Puberty influences medial temporal lobe and cortical gray matter maturation differently in boys than girls matched for sexual maturity (2011) · cites this paper as Sowell et al. 2001
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“These patterns of abnormal GM and WM distribution are proposed to reflect abnormal architecture and connectivity (Allin et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundA comprehensive study of whole-brain functional connectivity in children and young adults
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“The majority of cortical areas showed increased gray matter density in children (Sowell et al. 2001, 2003; Giedd 2004; Gogtay et al. 2004), whereas reduced gray matter density was found in anterior hippocampus and amygdala (Giedd et al. 1996; Guo 388 Whole-Brain Functional Connectivity in Children…”
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“This heterogeneous comportment has been previously described for the cortex (Gogtay et al., 2004); (Sowell et al., 2001) and for the WM of older adults (Salat et al., 2005) , but not for the WM of younger subjects.”
BackgroundMusic training alters the course of adolescent auditory development
Tierney, A. T., Krizman, J., & Kraus, N. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1505114112 · Cited by 171
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Beyond the Stress Concept: Allostatic Load—A Developmental Biological and Cognitive Perspective
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“, degree of intracortical axonal myelination (Barbier et al., 2002; Clark et al., 1992; Koenig et al., 1990; Paus et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2001) in combination with activity-dependent changes in synaptic density (Bourgeois and Rakic, 1993; Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997; Rakic et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialExecutive functioning and alcohol binge drinking in university students
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“neuropil, causing a relative shift of the WM/GM boundary (Sowell et al. 2001).”
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“These areas may also occupy an exceptional position in this cognition-related network in that they are among the very few regions that show a positive correlation of gray matter volume with age and continue to grow in early adulthood (Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“Interestingly, these findings were primarily in the superior frontal regions that control executive functioning (Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCorrelations among Brain Gray Matter Volumes, Age, Gender, and Hemisphere in Healthy Individuals
Taki, Y., Thyreau, B., Kinomura, S., Sato, K., Goto, R., Kawashima, R., & Fukuda, H. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022734 · Cited by 164
“, have been considered to be involved in the decline of gray matter volume. On the other hand, brain maturation, consisting of both regressive cellular events, such as synaptic pruning, and progressive cellular events, such as myelination, occurs simultaneously in the brain during childhood, adolescence, and young adu…”
BackgroundNeuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Spadoni, A. D., Petrenko, C. L. M., Fryer, S. L., & Riley, E. P. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.09.006 · Cited by 163
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Diffusion tensor imaging of normal brain development
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“This heterogeneous comportment has been previously described for the cortex [117, 130] and for the white matter of older adults [131], but not for the white matter of younger subjects.”
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Dumontheil, I., Burgess, P. W., & Blakemore, S. (2008) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02026.x · Cited by 168
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Brain volume reductions in adolescent heavy drinkers
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“…in the extracellular matrix, and white matter encroachment (Paus, 2005), beginning primarily in posterior brain regions and progressing to more anterior regions (Gogtay et al., 2004) with decreases in dorsal prefrontal cortical volume continuing into early adulthood (mid-20s) (Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“…that MRI methods could yield apparent cortical thinning during adolescence that is partly explained by developmental myelination at the gray–white matter boundary (white matter encroachment; Gogtay and Thompson, 2010; Panizzon et al., 2009; Sowell et al., 2001, 2004; Thompson et al., 2007).”
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Effects of alcohol use initiation on brain structure in typically developing adolescents
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“Studies of brain structure during adolescence have revealed normative patterns of decrease in gray matter volume, particularly in cortical regions (15,16), as well as linear increases in white matter volume (17) throughout the brain (but see (18) for a contrary pattern of findings where white matter volumes were obser…”
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Gender and age effects in structural brain asymmetry as measured by MRI texture analysis
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“Alternative, surface-based approaches characterize gyral and sulcal pattern variations across subjects in order to remove confounds of cortical surface variability (Thompson et al., 1997, 1998, 2001; Sowell et al., 2001, 2002; Narr et al., 2001a,b).”
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“This part of the brain undergoes the most maturation during adolescence and is the last part to develop completely ( Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001 ).”
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Cognitive Control in Adolescence: Neural Underpinnings and Relation to Self-Report Behaviors
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“2007) which could reflect increased myelination of axonal connections (Sowell et al. 2001; Sowell 2004).”
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“…which the brain undergoes remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity, as well as neuronal connectivity in different regions, including the cortical and subcortical structures which undergo modifications in white- and gray-matter densities (Gogtay et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001).”
Prefrontal Executive Function Syndromes in Children
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Mapping Cortical Gray Matter Asymmetry Patterns in Adolescents with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Sowell, E. R. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1328 · Cited by 137
“This result is consistent with our earlier findings in these subjects in which gray matter density was more affected in the left hemisphere than in the right (Sowell et al., 2001b, 2002a).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCortical thickness of the frontopolar area in typically developing children and adolescents
O'Donnell, S., Noseworthy, M. D., Levine, B., & Dennis, M. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.014 · Cited by 137
In vivo mapping of incremental cortical atrophy from incipient to overt Alzheimer’s disease
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“The reliability of the manual outlining was assessed prior to experimental subject tracing with a standard protocol requiring the same rater to trace all lateral and medial sulci of six test brains [16].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBrain Neuroplasticity in Healthy, Hyperactive and Psychotic Children: Insights from Neuroimaging
Rapoport, J. L., & Gogtay, N. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301553 · Cited by 132
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“Most of the prestigious developmental studies of regional gray matter have been done using rGMD [e.g., Sowell et al., 1999, 2001, 2003].”
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“…pattern of spread during adolescent years (Thompson et al., 2001a,b) which appears to be an exaggeration of the healthy GM developmental pattern (Gogtay et al., 2004a,b); perhaps reflecting lack of inhibitory controls on the normal maturational GM loss (Schoop et al., 1997; Sowell et al., 2001).”
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Male-specific Volume Expansion of the Human Hippocampus during Adolescence
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“…regionally variable patterns; a reduction in cortical gray matter occurs primarily in the dorsal parietal and frontal regions (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 1999b, 2001), along with a decrease in subcortical gray matter (Giedd et al., 1996a; Thompson et al., 2000) and an increase in white…”
BackgroundDo school-age children remember or know the personal past?
Piolino, P., Hisland, M., Ruffeveille, I., Matuszewski, V., Jambaqué, I., & Eustache, F. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.010 · Cited by 140
“These behavioural developments are in parallel with the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, which continues to develop throughout adolescence and into early adulthood (Casey et al., 2005; Giedd et al., 1999; Paus, 2005; Sowell et al., 1999, 2001 ).”
BackgroundThe Neurobiology of Social Affiliation and Pair Bonding
Carter, C. S., & Keverne, E. B. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00004-8 · Cited by 130
Genes, brain development and psychiatric phenotypes in velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome
Gothelf, D., Schaer, M., & D, S. E. M. (2008) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.9 · Cited by 127
Animal models of periadolescent substance abuse
Smith, R. F. (2003) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(02)00349-5 · Cited by 126
Frontal lobe and cognitive development
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Adolescents and androgens, receptors and rewards
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“, 2004), myelination (Benes et al., 1994; Paus et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2001), and sexual differentiation (Chung et al.”
BackgroundSurface‐based morphometry of the anterior cingulate cortex in first episode schizophrenia
Fornito, A., Yücel, M., Wood, S. J., Adamson, C. L., Velakoulis, D., Saling, M. M., McGorry, P. D., & Pantelis, C. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20412 · Cited by 123
“Notably, the cortical grey matter reduction seen in MRI studies of normal adolescent development is thought to reflect partial volume effects caused by ongoing myelination of fibers penetrating the cortical mantle, rather than overt neuronal loss [Paus et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2001].”
BackgroundFrazier, J. A., Breeze, J. L., Makris, N., Giuliano, A. S., Herbert, M. R., Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Hodge, S. M., Dieterich, M., Gerstein, E. D., et al. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00258.x · Cited by 125
“These differences in GM volume may be the result of abnormal pruning, early myelination (or abnormal myelination), and/or cell loss in the GM (67,69).”
BackgroundInfluentialMurphy, M. N., Mills, S., Winstone, J., Leishman, E., Wager‐Miller, J., Bradshaw, H. B., & Mackie, K. (2017) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2017.0034 · Cited by 131
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Matthews, M., Nigg, J. T., & Fair, D. A. (2013) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45758-0_249 · Cited by 124
Morton, J. B., Bosma, R. L., & Ansari, D. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.037 · Cited by 126
“These findings are broadly consistent with evidence that cognitive flexibility is supported by a distributed frontoparietal network (Barber and Carter, 2005; Cole and Schneider, 2007) that follows a protracted developmental trajectory as reflected by measures of myelination (Yakovlev and Lecours, 1967), regional volum…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurocognitive Functioning in Depressed Young People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Goodall, J., Fisher, C. A., Hetrick, S. E., Phillips, L., Parrish, E. M., & Allott, K. (2018) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9373-9 · Cited by 130
Smaller frontal lobe white matter volumes in depressed adolescents
Steingard, R. J., Renshaw, P. F., Hennen, J. A., Lenox, M., Cintron, C. B., Young, A. D., Connor, D. F., Au, T. H., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01393-8 · Cited by 120
Cruz, D. A., Eggan, S. M., & Lewis, D. A. (2003) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10833 · Cited by 118
“Second, PFC gray matter volume decreases during adolescence (Giedd, 1999; Sowell et al., 2001), which would be expected to cause increased densities.”
BackgroundZamberletti, E., Gabaglio, M., Prini, P., Rubino, T., & Parolaro, D. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.021 · Cited by 114
Tadayon, E., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Santarnecchi, E. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz082 · Cited by 116
“Importantly, it has been proposed that cortical thickness can be affected by myelination in deeper layers of the cortex especially during development (Sowell et al. 2001).”
BackgroundHealthy and abnormal development of the prefrontal cortex
Spencer‐Smith, M. M., & Anderson, V. A. (2009) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518420903090701 · Cited by 117
“More recent volumetric imaging studies indicate that it takes at least four decades before the myelination process ceases, with intracortical connections being amongst the last to become myelinated [59,134].”
BackgroundLoeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_474 · Cited by 113
Structural MRI and Brain Development
Thompson, P. M., Sowell, E. R., Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Vidal, C. N., Hayashi, K. M., Leow, A., Nicolson, R., Rapoport, J. L., & Toga, A. W. (2005) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(05)67009-2 · Cited by 112
“This hypothesis is further supported by recent evidence showing brain growth that spatially and temporally coincides with regional patterns of gray matter density reduction between childhood and young adulthood (Sowell et al., 2001b).”
ResultSelf-citationCognitive maturation in preterm and term born adolescents
Allin, M. P. G., Walshe, M., Fern, A., Nosarti, C., Cuddy, M., Rifkin, L., Murray, R. M., Rushe, T., & Wyatt, J. S. (2007) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.110858 · Cited by 114
Bauer, J. A., Devick, K. L., Bobb, J. F., Coull, B. A., Bellinger, D. C., Benedetti, C., Cagna, G., Fedrighi, C., Guazzetti, S., Oppini, M., et al. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp6803 · Cited by 110
“Neurodevelopment occurs as a dynamic process from the in utero period to adulthood (e.g., ∼ 30 years of age) (Blakemore and Choudhury 2006; Sowell et al. 2001).”
BackgroundAnimal models of drug addiction: Where do we go from here?
Olmstead, M. C. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210500356308 · Cited by 112
Generalizing the dynamic field theory of spatial cognition across real and developmental time scales
Simmering, V. R., Schutte, A. R., & Spencer, J. P. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.081 · Cited by 104
Plumert, J. M., & Spencer, J. P. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189223.001.0001 · Cited by 104
Luby, J. L., Belden, A. C., Jackson, J. J., Lessov‐Schlaggar, C. N., Harms, M. P., Tillman, R., Botteron, K. N., Whalen, D. J., & Barch, D. M. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2356 · Cited by 106
Brain abnormalities in antisocial individuals: implications for the law
Yang, Y., Glenn, A. L., & Raine, A. (2008) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.788 · Cited by 107
Giedd, J. N., Stockman, M., Weddle, C., Liverpool, M., Alexander-Bloch, A., Wallace, G. L., Lee, N. R., Lalonde, F., & Lenroot, R. K. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9151-9 · Cited by 101
“This would lead to voxels changing classification from GM to WM along this border, resulting in cortical thinning as assessed by MR volumetrics, without necessarily entailing changes in synaptic density (Sowell et al. 2001).”
Significance of epigenetics for understanding brain development, brain evolution and behaviour
Keverne, E. B. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.030 · Cited by 104
“A further reorganisation of the cortex, notably prefrontal and infatemporal, occurs throughout puberty (Sowell et al., 2001) in an environment of developing sexual awareness.”
The Phenomenology of Lucid Dreaming: An Online Survey
Stumbrys, T., Erlacher, D., Johnson, M. J., & Schredl, M. (2014) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.2.0191 · Cited by 116
Alcohol and NMDA receptor: current research and future direction
Chandrasekar, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2013.00014 · Cited by 110
James, A. C., James, S., Smith, D. M., & Javaloyes, A. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1023 · Cited by 102
“In normal adolescence, expansion of the dorsal frontal cortex is associated with lower gray matter density (29), whereas accelerated gray matter loss (>5%/year) occurs in the frontal regions in childhood-onset schizophrenia (30).”
BackgroundToward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain
Thomason, M. E., & Marusak, H. A. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.022 · Cited by 101
“This pattern presumably reflects concurrent and complementary processes of axonal myelination and synaptic pruning (Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe impact of junk foods on the adolescent brain
Reichelt, A. C., & Rank, M. M. (2017) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1173 · Cited by 102
“This is measured as increases in cerebral white matter volumes, and it is suggested that this process is not completed in the PFC until 20 years of age or later (Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundFernández, A., Quintero, J., Hornero, R., Zuluaga, P., Navas, M., Gómez, C., Escudero, J., García-Campos, N., Biederman, J., & Ortiz, T. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.046 · Cited by 98
The developing human brain: age‐related changes in cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar anatomy
Sussman, D., Leung, R. C., Chakravarty, M. M., Lerch, J. P., & Taylor, M. J. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.457 · Cited by 109
“This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.”
Hill, S. Y., Wang, S., Kostelnik, B., Carter, H., Holmes, B., McDermott, M., Zezza, N., Stiffler, S., & Keshavan, M. S. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.001 · Cited by 99
“Structural MRIs acquired during childhood and adolescence (3–7) and even up to age 30 years (54) have consistently shown increases in total white matter volume.”
Noble, K. G., Korgaonkar, M. S., Grieve, S. M., & Brickman, A. M. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12077 · Cited by 105
“The prefrontal and striatal circuits that underlie cognitive control exhibit protracted maturation (Giedd, 2004; Gogtay et al., 2004; Huttenlocher, 1979; Klingberg et al., 1999; Liston et al., 2006b; Sowell et al., 2003; Sowell et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001), in part accounted for by cognitive skill (Liston et al.”
BackgroundEltokhi, A., Janmaat, I. E., Genedi, M., Haarman, B. C. M., & Sommer, I. E. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24616 · Cited by 102
Dissociable Neuroanatomical Correlates of Subsecond and Suprasecond Time Perception
Hayashi, M. J., Kantele, M., Walsh, V., Carlson, S., & Kanai, R. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00580 · Cited by 97
Asymmetries of cortical shape: Effects of handedness, sex and schizophrenia
Narr, K. L., Bilder, R. M., Eileen Luders, A., Thompson, P. M., Woods, R. P., Robinson, D. G., Szeszko, P. R., Dimtcheva, T., Gurbani, M. N., & Toga, A. W. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.052 · Cited by 97
“…hemispheric shape, we used a previously validated 'distance from the center' or DFC measure that has been used to describe local patterns of brain growth during brain maturation and to characterize cerebral shape differences in children with fetal alcohol syndrome (Sowell et al., 2001, 2002).”
Self-citationRelationships between Brain Activation and Brain Structure in Normally Developing Children
Lu, L. H., Dapretto, M., O’Hare, E. D., Kan, E., McCourt, S. T., Thompson, P. M., Toga, A. W., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Sowell, E. R. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp011 · Cited by 97
“Then we looked for regions where ‘‘mature’’ activation corresponded with morphological growth trajectories associ- ated with maturation in previous reports (i.e., thinning in dorsal fronto-parietal regions; thickening in perisylvian regions) (Sowell, Thompson, Holmes, Jernigan, et al. 1999; Sowell et al. 2001, 2003; G…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAnatomical changes in the emerging adult brain: A voxel‐based morphometry study
Bennett, C. M., & Baird, A. A. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20218 · Cited by 99
“Further, gray matter volume has been shown to have a quadratic developmental trajectory, with volume increasing during childhood, peaking during adolescence, and then decreasing once more during late adolescence and young adulthood [Gogtay et al., 2004; Reiss et al., 1996; Sowell et al., 2001].”
BackgroundKesler, S. R., Blasey, C. M., Brown, W. E., Yankowitz, J., Zeng, S. M., Bender, B. G., & Reiss, A. L. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00289-0 · Cited by 96
“Decreasing tissue volume, particularly gray matter volume, is a consistent finding in typically developing individuals (Courchesne et al 2000; Giedd et al 1999; Sowell et al 1999, 2001).”
BackgroundAdolescent brain development, risk-taking and vulnerability to addiction
Dayan, J., Bernard, A., Olliac, B., Mailhes, A.-S., & Kermarrec, S. (2010) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2010.08.007 · Cited by 101
“Frontal lobe GM thinning was also more strongly predictive of memory capacity (Sowell et al., 2001a,b).”
BackgroundNeurobiological Processes in Adolescent Addictive Disorders
Schepis, T. S., Adinoff, B. H., & Rao, U. (2008) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490701756146 · Cited by 100
Neurocognition in college-aged daily marijuana users
Becker, M. P., Collins, P. F., & Luciana, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.893996 · Cited by 104
Wilde, E. A., Merkley, T. L., Bigler, E. D., Max, J. E., Schmidt, A., Ayoub, K. W., McCauley, S. R., Hunter, J. V., Hanten, G. R., Li, X., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.01.003 · Cited by 95
“…TBI in children results in persistent alterations to both white and gray matter (Bigler et al., 2010; Beauchamp et al., 2011; Fearing et al., 2008; Spanos et al., 2007; Wilde et al., 2007, 2006, 2005; Wu et al., 2010; Merkley et al., 2008; McCauley et al., 2010, 2011), but studies addressing the…”
BackgroundThe effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly
Liu, T., Wen, W. X., Zhu, W., Trollor, J. N., Reppermund, S., Crawford, J., Jin, J. S., Luo, S., Brodaty, H., & Sachdev, P. S. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.016 · Cited by 94
“, 2005) and is consistent with age-related graymatter atrophy in the superior frontal region as reported in anatomical studies of aging using different measures such as cortical thickness, cortical density and volume (Fjell et al., 2009; Good et al., 2001; Raz et al., 2004; Raz and Rodrigue, 2006; Smith et al., 2007;…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Tessner, K. D., & Toga, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-11-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 8819-8829
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6762261
- OpenAlex
- W2095621691
- Cited by
- 983
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9601356)
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh016381-20)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH 01733, 5-T32-MH16381, K01MH001733, P20 MH/DA52176)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS38753, R01NS038753)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, P41 RR13642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain maturation, myelination, synaptic pruning, parietal cortex, executive function, developmental neuroimaging, children, adolescents and young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cell Count, Child, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe
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