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Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation
Open accessAbstract
Recent in vivo structural imaging studies have shown spatial and temporal patterns of brain maturation between childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood that are generally consistent with postmortem studies of cellular maturational events such as increased myelination and synaptic pruning. In this study, we conducted detailed spatial and temporal analyses of growth and gray matter density at the cortical surface of the brain in a group of 35 normally developing children, adolescents, and young adults. To accomplish this, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and novel computational image analysis techniques. For the first time, in this report we have mapped the continued postadolescent brain growth that occurs primarily in the dorsal aspects of the frontal lobe bilaterally and in the posterior temporo-occipital junction bilaterally. Notably, maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent cortical gray matter density reduction are highly consistent with maps of the spatial distribution of postadolescent brain growth, showing an inverse relationship between cortical gray matter density reduction and brain growth primarily in the superior frontal regions that control executive cognitive functioning. Inverse relationships are not as robust in the posterior temporo-occipital junction where gray matter density reduction is much less prominent despite late brain growth in these regions between adolescence and adulthood. Overall brain growth is not significant between childhood and adolescence, but close spatial relationships between gray matter density reduction and brain growth are observed in the dorsal parietal and frontal cortex. These results suggest that progressive cellular maturational events, such as increased myelination, may play as prominent a role during the postadolescent years as regressive events, such as synaptic pruning, in determining the ultimate density of mature frontal lobe cortical gray matter.
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“Prior imaging studies show regional nonlinear changes in gray matter (GM) density during childhood and adolescence with prepubertal increase followed by postpubertal loss (11–14).”
From Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood (2004) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“A further MRI study of 35 normally developing children (7-11 years), adolescents (12-16 years) and young adults (23-30 years) demonstrated a sharp acceleration in the loss of grey matter between childhood and adolescence in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The gradual decrease in grey matter density that occurs after puberty in certain brain regions has been attributed to post-pubescent synaptic pruning (Giedd et al., 1999a;Sowell et al., 2001;Gogtay et al., 2004).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“One such study of participants aged between 7 and 30 revealed that the loss of grey matter in the frontal cortex accelerated during adulthood between the early 20s and up to the age of 30 (Sowell et al., 2001).”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal regions”
From Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention (2010) · cites this paper as Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have shown that right frontal cortical thinning occurs prior to left frontal cortical thinning in children 5--11 years of age (Sowell et al. 2001).”
From Puberty influences medial temporal lobe and cortical gray matter maturation differently in boys than girls matched for sexual maturity (2011) · cites this paper as Sowell et al. 2001
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Paus, T., Zijdenbos, A., Worsley, K., Collins, D. L., Blumenthal, J., Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L., & Evans, A. C. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5409.1908 · Cited by 1,322 · cited 2×
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Matthews, M., Nigg, J. T., & Fair, D. A. (2013) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2013_249 · Cited by 80
“Volume loss occurs earliest in primary sensorimotor areas and latest rostrally in the PFC and caudally/laterally into parietal and temporal cortex (Toga et al. 2006; Paus 2005; Sowell et al. 2001; Gogtay et al. 2004).”
BackgroundTobacco use across the formative years: a road map to developmental vulnerabilities
Jamner, L., Whalen, C., Loughlin, S., Mermelstein, R., Audrain-McGovern, J., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Worden, J., & Leslie, F. (2003) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200310001625573 · Cited by 60
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“The frontal cortex continues to develop well into adulthood, and it is the cortical region which exhibits the greatest plasticity between adolescence and adulthood (Sowell et al., 1999, 2001).”
BackgroundRepeat traumatic brain injury in the developing brain
Prins, M. L., & Giza, C. C. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.05.009 · Cited by 63
“Imaging studies have shown that this process is ongoing in human postnatal development, and continues well into the early 20 s (Giedd, 2008; Sowell et al., 2001).”
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“However, brain maturation continues into early adulthood (e.g., Gogtay et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001).”
Fitzgerald, K. D., Schroder, H. S., & Marsh, R. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.012 · Cited by 63
“Given the synaptic pruning of these regions with advancing age (109), these data suggest that more advanced structural maturation of TC networks may underlie the capacity of young patients to benefit from CBT.”
BackgroundResting-state dynamic functional connectivity in major depressive disorder: A systematic review
Sun, S., Yan, C., Qu, S., Luo, G., Liu, X., Tian, F., Dong, Q., Li, X., & Hu, B. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111076 · Cited by 61
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Age modulates the effect of COMT genotype on delay discounting behavior
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“Moreover, frontal circuit maturation remains incomplete until the early-to-mid twenties (Sowell et al., 1999; Casey et al., 2000; Sowell et al., 2001; Giedd, 2004; Gogtay et al., 2004; Lenroot and Giedd, 2006), and components of this circuitry critical for particular tasks may mature at different…”
Petit, G., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., Cimochowska, A., & Campanella, S. (2013) · Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology · doi:10.3402/snp.v3i0.21890 · Cited by 58
“First is the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (e.g. Crews et al., 2007; Spear, 2007): its volume is reduced (Sowell et al., 1999, 2001; van Eden et al., 1990) and its neural circuits and connectivity are refined (e.g. Huttenlocher, 1984; Rosenberg & Lewis, 1994).”
BackgroundLongitudinal age- and sex-related change in background aperiodic activity during early adolescence
McSweeney, M., Morales, S., Valadez, E. A., Buzzell, G. A., & Fox, N. A. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101035 · Cited by 63
Spadoni, A. D., Norman, A. L., Schweinsburg, A. D., & Tapert, S. F. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00694.x · Cited by 58
“Typical neurodevelopments such as cortical thinning (Sowell et al., 2001), prefrontal myelination (Giedd et al.”
InfluentialRetinotopic organization in children measured with fMRI
Conner, I. P., Sharma, S., Lemieux, S. K., & Mendola, J. D. (2004) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/4.6.10 · Cited by 59
“Using common spaces, such as the traditional neurosurgical space of Talairach and Tournoux (1988) or even more modern versions such as the space defined by 152 adult subjects at the Montreal Neurological Institute (Evans et al.”
BackgroundDesarrollo de las Funciones Ejecutivas y de la Corteza Prefrontal
Gutiérrez, A. L., & Solís, F. O. (2011) · Revista Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias · Cited by 55
Altered brain function, structure, and developmental trajectory in children born late preterm
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“Longitudinal studies of brain development from childhood through to adolescence have shown that the volume of white matter (myelinated nerve fibres) increases linearly between 4 and 22 years of life (Sowell et al. 1999, 2001b).”
BackgroundWhat’s bugging your teen?—The microbiota and adolescent mental health
McVey Neufeld, K.-A., Luczynski, P., Seira Oriach, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.005 · Cited by 56
“…matter volume progressively increases in the frontal and parietal lobes throughout childhood, peaking in in puberty, and then begins to decrease (Pfefferbaum et al., 1994; Giedd et al., 1996; Reiss et al., 1996; Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2003; Giorgio et al., 2010).”
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“Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have reported that, in the frontal lobe, the GM maturation ultimately involves the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which shows an increase in GM density reduction during the post-adolescent years [2]–[3].”
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“Not only is myelination an important accompaniment of cortical plasticity during early development, but myelination continues through adolescence and into adulthood [220–226].”
BackgroundSynaptic Potentiation and Sleep Need: Clues from Molecular and Electrophysiological Studies
Hanlon, E. C., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Faraguna, U., Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2011) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/156802611797470312 · Cited by 59
“and by MRI estimates of the amount of gray matter [119].”
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“Between the ages of 8-20 years the cortical thickness of the frontopolar region decreases in response to maturational events in gray and white matter leading to improved functional efficiency (O’Donnell et al., 2005, Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundJohnson, S. B., & Jones, V. (2010) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2010.028126 · Cited by 59
“18 The frontal lobes support and facilitate functions such as regulating impulsivity, overriding emotional arousal, and anticipating consequences.(14) 19 Throughout adolescence, brain regions become increasingly interconnected, improving processing speed and efficiency, and better integrating prefrontal areas with oth…”
BackgroundReframing the Teenage Wasteland: Adolescent Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Neufeld, K. M., Luczynski, P., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716635536 · Cited by 60
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“Developmental studies suggest that later developing regions include prefrontal cortex and left posterior temporal cortex (Sowell et al. 2003; Sowell et al. 2001).”
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Effects of sex and age on regional prefrontal brain volume in two human cohorts
Cowell, P. E., Sluming, V., Wilkinson, I. D., Cezayirli, E., Romanowski, C. A. J., Webb, J., Keller, S. S., Mayes, A. R., & Roberts, N. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05281.x · Cited by 54
“Frontal cortices also exhibit a protracted developmental time course and a high degree of neuroplasticity across adulthood (Yakovlev and Lecours, 1967; Jernigan et al., 1991; Klingberg et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001, 1999; Luciana, 2003).”
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Addiction, Adolescence, and Innate Immune Gene Induction
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“Indeed, absolute PFC gray matter volumes decline in humans (Sowell et al., 1999, 2001) as well as in rats (van Eden et al., 1990) during adolescence.”
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Neurodevelopment of the visual system in typically developing children
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Age-Related Changes in the Anatomy of Language Regions in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“This finding is consistent with previous studies of typically developing individuals, demonstrating increased asymmetry of temporal language regions in adolescents compared to adults (Sowell et al. 2001) and differences in asymmetry of the Sylvian fissure in adolescents and adults compared to children (Sowell et al.”
InfluentialChamard, É., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2018) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1463106 · Cited by 53
“Considering that gray matter also undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence (89), this method is particularly relevant to better understand the impact of SRC on the developing brain.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf‐Regulation across the Life Span
Geldhof, G. J., Little, T. D., & Colombo, J. A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd002005 · Cited by 53
Early top-down influences on bistable perception revealed by event-related potentials.
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“later than 20 years of age (Fuster, 2002; Giedd et al, 1999; Gogtay et al, 2004; Jernigan, Trauner, Hesselink, & Tallal, 1991; Sowell, Thompson, Holmes, Jernigan, & Toga, 1999; Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001 ).”
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“The density estimates of labeled AIS may have been affected by changes in cortical volume that occur during postnatal development (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAsynchronies in the Development of Electrophysiological Responses to Motion and Color
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“Neural development in these regions is likely to beyond the early school years (Sowell et al., 1999, 2001; Huttenlocher & Dabhoklar, 1997; Huttenlocher, 1984, 1990).”
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Correlates of intellectual ability with morphology of the hippocampus and amygdala in healthy adults
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“This protocol is available on the Internet (Hayashi et al., 2002; Sowell et al., 2000) and has known inter-rater and intrarater reliability, as previously reported (Sowell et al., 2001).”
Self-citationCzernochowski, D., Mecklinger, A., & Johansson, M. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00841.x · Cited by 51
“While episodic recollection appears to be functional early on, successful source memory requires additional control processes guiding and monitoring the search for relevant source-specifying attributes provided by the PFC (e.g. Simons & Spiers, 2003; Dobbins, Simons & Schacter, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialKong, F., Hu, S., Xue, S., Song, Y., & Liu, J. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.062 · Cited by 55
“In addition, the negative correlation between social well-being and regional structure might be related to the intracortical myelination and synaptic pruning during development, which is believed to increase the efficiency of cognitive processes (Kanai and Rees, 2011; Sowell et al., 2001; Paus, 2005; Takeuchi et al.,…”
BackgroundSecondary instabilities modulate cortical complexity in the mammalian brain
Budday, S., Steinmann, P., & Ellen Kuhl, A. (2015) · The Philosophical Magazine A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics · doi:10.1080/14786435.2015.1024184 · Cited by 53
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“frontal areas and that this process occurs over a protracted postnatal period [42, 43].”
BackgroundDean, D. J., Orr, J. M., Bernard, J. A., Gupta, T., Pelletier‐Baldelli, A., Carol, E. E., & Mittal, V. A. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv086 · Cited by 55
Development of the Teenage Brain
Choudhury, S., Charman, T., & Blakemore, S. (2008) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2008.00045.x · Cited by 64
“While frontal and parietal cortex development is relatively rapid during adolescence (Sowell et al., 2001), GM volume in the superior temporal cortex, including superior temporal sulcus (STS), steadily declines during adolescence and across the lifetime, following an inverted U-curve and reaching…”
BackgroundSex Differences in Cortical Thickness and Their Possible Genetic and Sex Hormonal Underpinnings
Savic, I., & Arver, S. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht180 · Cited by 50
“On the other hand, women have a thicker parietal lobe cortex but consistently lower visuospatial performance, and thinning of the frontal cortex during brain development with a loss of redundant synapses through pruning seems to improve computational efficiency in related cerebral networks (Sowell et al. 2001).”
BackgroundDevelopment and Decline of Memory Functions in Normal, Pathological and Healthy Successful Aging
Aine, C. J., Sanfratello, L., Adair, J. C., Knoefel, J. E., Caprihan, A., & Stephen, J. M. (2011) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-011-0178-x · Cited by 54
“Frequently, gray matter (GM) in prefrontal regions (dorsolateral and orbitofrontal) was shown to decline linearly after adolescence or young adulthood (Gogtay et al. 2004; Raz et al. 1997; Sowell et al. 2001, 2003) (see Fig.”
The development of future-oriented control: An electrophysiological investigation
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“However, bymost anatomical and physiological measures, lateral PFC, and dorsal regions in particular, are among the latest developing cortical regions, showing continued changes in synaptic density (Huttenlocher andDabholkar, 1997), cortical thickness (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001; Shaw et al., 2008), myeli…”
Bhatt, R. R., Gupta, A., Mayer, E. A., & Zeltzer, L. K. (2019) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0689-9 · Cited by 54
The developmental neuropsychology of executive functions
Hunter, S. J., Edidin, J. P., & Hinkle, C. D. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977954.004 · Cited by 48
Fung, H., Yeo, B. T. T., Chen, C., Lo, J. C.-Y., Chee, M. W. L., & Ong, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.019 · Cited by 55
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Investigating brain connectivity heritability in a twin study using diffusion imaging data
Shen, K., Rose, S., Fripp, J., McMahon, K. L., de Zubicaray, G. I., Martin, N. G., Thompson, P. M., Wright, M. J., & Salvado, O. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.041 · Cited by 50
“An inverse relationship was found between cortical thickness and WM growth (Giorgio et al., 2010; Gogtay et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrestia, A., Boccardi, M., Galluzzi, S., Cavedo, E., Adorni, A., Soricelli, A., Bonetti, M., Geroldi, C., Giannakopoulos, P., Thompson, P. M., et al. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.12.015 · Cited by 49
“Moreover, the gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia may be seen as an endophenotype (Sowell et al., 2001), as longitudinal brainMRI studies on healthy COS siblings showed that unlike their COS probands, they had a baseline cortical hypotrophy which did not progress during adolescence (Gogtay…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCohen‐Gilbert, J. E., Nickerson, L. D. H., Sneider, J. T., Oot, E. N., Seraikas, A. M., Rohan, M. L., & Silveri, M. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01650 · Cited by 48
Homer, B. D., Plass, J. L., Rose, M. C., MacNamara, A. P., Pawar, S. S., & Ober, T. M. (2018) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.11.005 · Cited by 54
“to steadily increase until puberty and then proceed to decrease from adolescence through early adulthood (Sowell et al., 2003; Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Changes in the EEG Rhythms of Children and Young Adults
Barriga-Paulino, C. I., Flores, A. B., & Gómez, C. M. (2011) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000052 · Cited by 52
Shriver, A. S., Canady, J. W., Richman, L. C., Andreasen, N. C., & Nopoulos, P. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01679.x · Cited by 48
Brain change trajectories that differentiate the major psychoses
Liberg, B., Rahm, C., Panayiotou, A., & Pantelis, C. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12641 · Cited by 46
A Context for Self-Determination and Agency: Adolescent Developmental Theories
Hansen, D. M., & Jessop, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1042-6_3 · Cited by 47
Heritability of P300 amplitude development from adolescence to adulthood
Carlson, S. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00450.x · Cited by 48
Kam, J. W. Y., Dominelli, R. M., & Carlson, S. R. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.05.006 · Cited by 46
“Young adulthood, however, is a developmental period involving the final maturational stages of many neural systems implicated in executive function (Sowell et al., 2001; Best and Miller, 2010) and undergraduates are particularly prone to some disinhibited behavior problems associated with high BIS-11 facet levels, suc…”
BackgroundEffect of Familial Sinistrality on Planum Temporale Surface and Brain Tissue Asymmetries
Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N., Simon, G., Crivello, F., Jobard, G., Zago, L., Perchey, G., Hervé, P., Joliot, M., Petit, L., Mellet, E., et al. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp209 · Cited by 46
“during the postadolescent period (Sowell et al. 2001) was less pronounced in these subjects.”
BackgroundMapping the basal ganglia alterations in children chronically exposed to manganese
Lao, Y., Dion, L., Gilbert, G., Bouchard, M. F., Rocha, G. S., Wang, Y., Leporé, N., & Saint‐Amour, D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41804 · Cited by 46
Hut, M., Glass, C. R., Degnan, K. A., & Minkler, T. O. (2021) · Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ajsep.2021.06.002 · Cited by 53
Choo, A. L., Burnham, E. B., Hicks, K., & Chang, S. (2016) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.03.003 · Cited by 48
A Summary of the Developmental Trajectory of Executive Functions from Birth to Adulthood
Korzeniowski, C., Ison, M. S., & de Anglat, H. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61721-9_33 · Cited by 48
Nakama, N., Usui, N., Doi, M., & Shimada, S. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110783 · Cited by 43
Developmental Patterns of Sleep Slow Wave Activity and Synaptic Density in Adolescent Mice
de Vivo, L., Faraguna, U., Nelson, A. B., Pfister‐Genskow, M., Klapperich, M. E., Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2014) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.3570 · Cited by 45
Kennedy, J. T., Collins, P. F., & Luciana, M. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00413 · Cited by 51
“…are expected to show reductions in cortical gray matter volume (perhaps indicative of regressive maturational processes such as synaptic pruning; Sowell et al., 2001) as well as increases in white matter volume (perhaps indicative of increasing myelination and expanding axonal diameter;…”
BackgroundMethodEberhard‐Moscicka, A. K., Jost, L. B., Fehlbaum, L. V., Pfenninger, S. E., & Maurer, U. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.09.014 · Cited by 45
Functional neural anatomy of talent
Kalbfleisch, M. L. (2004) · The Anatomical Record Part B The New Anatomist · doi:10.1002/ar.b.20010 · Cited by 47
Sleurs, C., Deprez, S., Emsell, L., Lemiere, J., & Uyttebroeck, A. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.05.001 · Cited by 46
The neurobiology of executive functions
Hunter, S. J., Hinkle, C. D., & Edidin, J. P. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977954.005 · Cited by 43
Lin, K., Xu, G., Wong, N. M. L., Wu, H., Li, T., Lu, W., Chen, K., Chen, X., Lai, B., Zhong, L., et al. (2015) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.06.027 · Cited by 42
“Such graymatter reductions are associated with increased brain growth (Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundFarajdokht, F., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S., Dehghani, R., Mohaddes, G., Abedi, L., Bughchechi, R., Majdi, A., & Mahmoudi, J. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.07.006 · Cited by 45
Neuroanatomical Correlates of the Unity and Diversity Model of Executive Function in Young Adults
Smolker, H. R., Friedman, N. P., Hewitt, J. K., & Banich, M. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00283 · Cited by 42
Overman, W., & Pierce, A. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00935 · Cited by 54
Jeon, T., Mishra, V. R., Ouyang, M., Chen, M., & Huang, H. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00158 · Cited by 42
“Other related factors may include the accelerated growth of the frontal areas during the studied time period (7– 25 years; Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPassemard, S., Verloès, A., de Villemeur, T. B., Boespflug‐Tanguy, O., Hernandez, K., Laurent, M., Isidor, B., Alberti, C., Pouvreau, N., Drunat, S., et al. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.010 · Cited by 43
Toga, A. W., Thompson, P. M., & Sowell, E. R. (2006) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.4.3.378 · Cited by 42
Self-citationCservenka, A., Stroup, M. L., Etkin, A., & Nagel, B. J. (2015) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.002 · Cited by 44
Bücher, K., Dietrich, T., Marcar, V. L., Brem, S., Halder, P., Boujraf, S., Summers, P. E., Brandeis, D., Martin, E., & Loenneker, T. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.032 · Cited by 42
New Approaches in Brain Morphometry
Toga, A. W., & Thompson, P. M. (2002) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200201000-00003 · Cited by 42
Self-citationGrowing Up Is Hard to Do: An Empirical Evaluation of Maturation and Desistance
Rocque, M., Posick, C., & WHITE, H. R. (2015) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-015-0018-x · Cited by 41
“Briefly, through adolescence and into “emerging adulthood,” there appears to be a decrease in gray matter and an increase in white matter, thought to improve neural connectivity and information transmission [29, 35, 86].”
BackgroundAttention and Memory in School-Age Children Surviving the Terrorist Attack in Beslan, Russia
Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U. M. M., Capello, F., & Axia, G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410902851689 · Cited by 41
“Brain development, with the associated progression of cortical myelinization, starts prior to birth but continues well into adolescence and adulthood (eg, Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001 ).”
BackgroundEEG–BOLD correlations during (post-)adolescent brain maturation
Lüchinger, R., Michels, L., Martin, E., & Brandeis, D. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.050 · Cited by 46
“Gray matter loss and white matter increase in adolescence were found to be consistent with the basic processes of neuronal maturation, i.e. synaptic pruning and myelination (Giedd et al., 1999; Gogtay et al., 2004; Sowell et al., 2001).”
BackgroundA multisample study of longitudinal changes in brain network architecture in 4–13‐year‐old children
Wierenga, L. M., van den Heuvel, M. P., Oranje, B., Giedd, J. N., Durston, S., Peper, J. S., Brown, T. T., Crone, E. A., & The Pediatric Longitudinal Imaging, N. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23833 · Cited by 44
“Grey matter development studies showed specific regional change during child development [Gogtay et al., 2004; Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 2001; Wierenga et al., 2014].”
Dynamic gray matter volume changes in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Meo, E. D., Meani, A., Moiola, L., Ghezzi, A., Veggiotti, P., Filippi, M., & Rocca, M. A. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000007267 · Cited by 46
Anxiety Disorders in Emerging Adulthood
LeBlanc, N. J., Brown, M. L., & Henin, A. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_8 · Cited by 43
Taylor, J. E. (2005) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-200068107 · Cited by 41
“Executive cognitive functions are controlled by the frontal cortex, which shows marked development in adolescence and early adulthood (30)—the period in which SUDs and PDs typically onset—and are related to motivation and learning (31)—domains associated with BIS/BAS functioning.”
BackgroundKong, F., Chen, Z., Xue, S., Wang, X., & Liu, J. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22934 · Cited by 40
“Indeed, after the early phase of development, GM tends to decrease, probably caused by synaptic pruning and myelination [Huttenlocher et al., 1982; Huttenlocher and Dabholkar, 1997; Paus, 2005; Sowell et al., 2001].”
BackgroundWadehra, S., Pruitt, P. J., Murphy, E. R., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.010 · Cited by 42
Culture and neuroscience: additive or synergistic?: Table 1
Losin, E. A. R., Dapretto, M., & Iacoboni, M. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp058 · Cited by 45
Bakshi, N. K., Pruitt, P. J., Radwan, J., Keshavan, M. S., Rajan, U., Zajac‐Benitez, C., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.002 · Cited by 41
Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Onset
Woo, T.-U. W. (2013) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2013_243 · Cited by 46
“Imaging studies have shown that gray matter volume of the human cerebral cortex, including the prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortices, undergoes significant attrition through the period of late adolescence and early adulthood (Sowell et al. 2001; Gogtay et al. 2004; Shaw et al. 2008), which is commonly interprete…”
BackgroundAlzheimer's CSF markers in older schizophrenia patients
Frisoni, G. B., Prestia, A., Geroldi, C., Adorni, A., Ghidoni, R., Amicucci, G., Bonetti, M., Soricelli, A., Rasser, P. E., Thompson, P. M., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2575 · Cited by 42
“…the lateral and 12 on the medial surfaces, and 10 lines to outline interhemispheric gyral limits) by a single tracer (A.P.) following an extensive and validated protocol (http://users.loni.ucla.edu/ khayashi/Public/medial_surface/; www.loni.ucla.edu/ esowell/new_ sulcvar.html; Sowell et al., 2001).”
MethodSelf-citationParcellation in Left Lateral Parietal Cortex Is Similar in Adults and Children
Barnes, K. A., Nelson, S. M., Cohen, A. L., Power, J. D., Coalson, R. S., Miezin, F. M., Vogel, A. C., Dubis, J. W., Church, J. A., Petersen, S. E., et al. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr189 · Cited by 37
“Furthermore, measures of LLPC cortical thickness and gray matter density also change across development (Sowell et al. 1999, 2001, 2004; Gogtay et al. 2004), suggesting ongoing changes in cytoarchitecture and neuropil (e.g., synaptic pruning).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Tessner, K. D., & Toga, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2001-11-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 8819-8829
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6762261
- OpenAlex
- W2095621691
- Cited by
- 983
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9601356)
- National Institutes of Health (5t32mh016381-20)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01 MH 01733, 5-T32-MH16381, K01MH001733, P20 MH/DA52176)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS38753, R01NS038753)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR 13642, P41 RR13642)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain maturation, myelination, synaptic pruning, parietal cortex, executive function, developmental neuroimaging, children, adolescents and young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cell Count, Child, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe
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