The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Learning-Dependent Increases in Sleep Spindle Density
Open accessAbstract
Declarative memory consolidation is enhanced by sleep. In the investigation of underlying mechanisms, mainly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep have been considered. More recently, sleep stage 2 with sleep spindles as a most prominent feature has received increasing attention. Specifically, in rats hippocampal ripples were found to occur in temporal proximity to cortical sleep spindles, indicating an information transfer between the hippocampus and neocortex, which is supposed to underlie the consolidation of declarative memories during sleep. This study in humans looks at the changes in EEG activity during nocturnal sleep after extensive training on a declarative learning task, as compared with a nonlearning control task of equal visual stimulation and subjectively rated cognitive strain. Time spent in each sleep stage, spindle density, and EEG power spectra for 28 electrode locations were determined. During sleep after training, the density of sleep spindles was significantly higher after the learning task as compared with the nonlearning control task. This effect was largest during the first 90 min of sleep (p < 0.01). Additionally, spindle density was correlated to recall performance both before and after sleep (r = 0.56; p < 0.05). Power spectra and time spent in sleep stages did not differ between learning and nonlearning conditions. Results indicate that spindle activity during non-REM sleep is sensitive to previous learning experience.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Also, consistent with this concept, at the level of local field potentials, slow oscillations, spindle activity and hippocampal ripple activity are increased during sleep after a learning experience (Gais, Molle, Helms, & Born 2002; Eschenko, Ramadan, Molle, Born, & Sara 2008; Mölle & Born 2009)”
From System consolidation of memory during sleep (2012) · cites this paper as Gais, Molle, Helms, & Born 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Spindle activity is increased over cortical regions involved in prior learning and, moreover, positively correlates with post sleep retrieval performance 180,181 and appears to accompany memory reactivations during sleep.108,114”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [180]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs or virtual maze) increases the number of spindles (12-15 Hz) during subsequent sleep, particularly in the early part of the night (432, 812).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [432]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772
Hobson, J. A. (1969) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(69)90021-2 · Cited by 5,215
A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact
Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E. (1983) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(83)90135-9 · Cited by 5,055 · cited 1×
“For sleep spindle detection, ocular artifacts were removed automatically (Gratton et al., 1983), and all epochs containing movement artifacts were excluded from analysis.”
MethodThalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain
Steriade, M., McCormick, D. A., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8235588 · Cited by 3,564
Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep
Wilson, M. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8036517 · Cited by 3,118
The molecular basis of CaMKII function in synaptic and behavioural memory
Lisman, J., Schulman, H., & Cline, H. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn753 · Cited by 1,860
Temporally structured replay of awake hippocampal ensemble activity during rapid eye movement sleep
Louie, K., & Wilson, M. A. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00186-6 · Cited by 1,148
Ylinen, A., Bragin, A., Nadasdy, Z., Jando, G., Szabo, I., Sik, A., & Buzsaki, G. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-01-00030.1995 · Cited by 1,092
Coordinated interactions between hippocampal Ripples and Cortical Spindles during Slow-Wave Sleep
Siapas, A. G., & Wilson, M. A. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80629-7 · Cited by 1,052
Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory
Plihal, W., & Born, J. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.534 · Cited by 1,026
Replay and Time Compression of Recurring Spike Sequences in the Hippocampus
Nádasdy, Z., Hirase, H., Czurkó, A., Csicsvari, J., & Buzsáki, G. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-21-09497.1999 · Cited by 932 · cited 1×
“Studies in rats have demonstrated the existence of hippocampal cells showing a replay of previous activation patterns during non-REM sleep (Kudrimoti et al., 1999; Nadasdy et al., 1999) and a coordination of hippocampal and neocortical reactivation (Qin et al.”
BackgroundNeuromodulation: acetylcholine and memory consolidation
Hasselmo, M. E. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01365-0 · Cited by 809
Kudrimoti, H. S., Barnes, C. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-10-04090.1999 · Cited by 753
Steriade, M., Contreras, D., Dossi, R. C., & Núñez, Á. (1993) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.13-08-03284.1993 · Cited by 723
Chrobak, J. J., & Buzsáki, G. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-09-03056.1996 · Cited by 587
Steriade, M., Contreras, D., & Nuiiez, A. (1993) · Cited by 584
Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspective
Buzsáki, G. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.7.s1.3.x · Cited by 578
Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills
Gais, S., Plihal, W., Wagner, U., & Born, J. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/81881 · Cited by 558
Self-citationImpact of Network Activities on Neuronal Properties in Corticothalamic Systems
Steriade, M. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.1 · Cited by 530
Why do we sleep?11Published on the World Wide Web on 7 November 2000.
Sejnowski, T. J., & Destexhe, A. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03007-9 · Cited by 489
Effect of unilateral somatosensory stimulation prior to sleep on the sleep EEG in humans
KATTLER, H., DIJK, D., & BORBÉLY, A. A. (1994) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00123.x · Cited by 401
Memory trace reactivation in hippocampal and neocortical neuronal ensembles
Sutherland, G. (2000) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00079-9 · Cited by 384
The sequential hypothesis of the function of sleep
Giuditta, A., Ambrosini, M. V., Montagnese, P., Mandile, P., Cotugno, M., Zucconi, G. G., & Vescia, S. (1995) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(95)00012-i · Cited by 382
Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on priming and spatial memory
Plihal, W., & Born, J. (1999) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3650571 · Cited by 364
Self-citationMemory reprocessing in corticocortical and hippocampocortical neuronal ensembles
Qin, Y., McNaughton, B. L., Skaggs, W. E., & Barnes, C. A. (1997) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0139 · Cited by 328
Spindle frequency activity in the sleep EEG: individual differences and topographical distribution
Werth, E., Achermann, P., Dijk, D., & Borbély, A. A. (1997) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(97)00070-9 · Cited by 260
Anderer, P., Klösch, G., Gruber, G., Trenker, E., Pascual-Marqui, R. D., Zeitlhofer, J., Barbanoj, M. J., Rappelsberger, P., & Saletu, B. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00028-8 · Cited by 220
Impaired motor memory for a pursuit rotor task following Stage 2 sleep loss in college students
SMITH, C., & MACNEILL, C. (1994) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00133.x · Cited by 210
Steriade, M. (2001) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3822.001.0001 · Cited by 149
EEG theta synchronization conjoined with alpha desynchronization indicate intentional encoding
Mölle, M., Marshall, L., Fehm, H. L., & Born, J. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01921.x · Cited by 114
Self-citationRipple (˜200-Hz) Oscillations in Temporal Structures
Draguhn, A., Traub, R. D., Bibbig, A., & Schmitz, D. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-200007000-00003 · Cited by 92
Walking through a Maze Alters the Architecture of Sleep
Meier-Koll, A., Bussmann, B., Schmidt, C., & Neuschwander, D. (1999) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1999.88.3c.1141 · Cited by 81
Davies, J. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf198 · Cited by 16
Memory reprocessing in corticocortical and hippocampocortical neuronal ensembles
Qin, Y., McNaughton, B. L., Skaggs, W. E., et al. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198524533.003.0016 · Cited by 13
WALKING THROUGH A MAZE ALTERS THE ARCHITECTURE OF SLEEP
Meier-Koll, A. (1999) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.88.3.1141-1159 · Cited by 9
Is drinking water sold in vending machines safe for people with HIV?
Fenton, M. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Cortico-hippocampal communication by way of parallel parahippocampal-subicular pathways.
Lavenex (2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2762 · Cited by 3,760
Self-citationRasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783
“Intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs or virtual maze) increases the number of spindles (12–15 Hz) during subsequent sleep, particularly in the early part of the night (432, 812).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSleep-dependent memory consolidation
Stickgold, R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04286 · Cited by 1,857
Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems
Steriade, M. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.029 · Cited by 1,296
Mechanisms of systems memory consolidation during sleep
Klinzing, J. G., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0467-3 · Cited by 1,176
Metadata
- Authors
- Gais, S., Mölle, M., Helms, K., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- ORCID
- Mölle, Matthias
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2002-08-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 6830-6834
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6758170
- OpenAlex
- W1803658430
- Semantic Scholar
- 77119a0e51cdabd17d9da077081bc9a6d2fac148
- Cited by
- 859
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, sleep spindle density, declarative memory consolidation, NREM sleep, stage 2 sleep, EEG power spectra, memory retrieval, cognitive strain, nocturnal sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Photic Stimulation, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
