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Learning-Dependent Increases in Sleep Spindle Density
Open accessAbstract
Declarative memory consolidation is enhanced by sleep. In the investigation of underlying mechanisms, mainly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep have been considered. More recently, sleep stage 2 with sleep spindles as a most prominent feature has received increasing attention. Specifically, in rats hippocampal ripples were found to occur in temporal proximity to cortical sleep spindles, indicating an information transfer between the hippocampus and neocortex, which is supposed to underlie the consolidation of declarative memories during sleep. This study in humans looks at the changes in EEG activity during nocturnal sleep after extensive training on a declarative learning task, as compared with a nonlearning control task of equal visual stimulation and subjectively rated cognitive strain. Time spent in each sleep stage, spindle density, and EEG power spectra for 28 electrode locations were determined. During sleep after training, the density of sleep spindles was significantly higher after the learning task as compared with the nonlearning control task. This effect was largest during the first 90 min of sleep (p < 0.01). Additionally, spindle density was correlated to recall performance both before and after sleep (r = 0.56; p < 0.05). Power spectra and time spent in sleep stages did not differ between learning and nonlearning conditions. Results indicate that spindle activity during non-REM sleep is sensitive to previous learning experience.
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“Also, consistent with this concept, at the level of local field potentials, slow oscillations, spindle activity and hippocampal ripple activity are increased during sleep after a learning experience (Gais, Molle, Helms, & Born 2002; Eschenko, Ramadan, Molle, Born, & Sara 2008; Mölle & Born 2009)”
From System consolidation of memory during sleep (2012) · cites this paper as Gais, Molle, Helms, & Born 2002
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“Spindle activity is increased over cortical regions involved in prior learning and, moreover, positively correlates with post sleep retrieval performance 180,181 and appears to accompany memory reactivations during sleep.108,114”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [180]
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“Intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs or virtual maze) increases the number of spindles (12-15 Hz) during subsequent sleep, particularly in the early part of the night (432, 812).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [432]
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The memory function of noradrenergic activity in non-REM sleep
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Self-citationFear conditioning increases NREM sleep.
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Spindle activity orchestrates plasticity during development and sleep
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Sleep in humans stabilizes pattern separation performance
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Self-citationCortical reactivations during sleep spindles following declarative learning
Jegou, A., Schabus, M., Gosseries, O., Dahmen, B., Albouy, G., Desseilles, M., Sterpenich, V., Phillips, C., Maquet, P., Grova, C., et al. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.051 · Cited by 54
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Self-citationHow to become an expert: a new perspective on the role of sleep in the mastery of procedural skills
Fogel, S. M., Ray, L. B., Binnie, L., & Owen, A. M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.004 · Cited by 55
Developmental changes in sleep spindle characteristics and sigma power across early childhood
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gais, S., Mölle, M., Helms, K., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- ORCID
- Mölle, Matthias
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2002-08-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 6830-6834
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6758170
- OpenAlex
- W1803658430
- Semantic Scholar
- 77119a0e51cdabd17d9da077081bc9a6d2fac148
- Cited by
- 859
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, sleep spindle density, declarative memory consolidation, NREM sleep, stage 2 sleep, EEG power spectra, memory retrieval, cognitive strain, nocturnal sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Photic Stimulation, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM
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