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A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors
Open accessAbstract
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide important for social behaviors such as maternal care and parent–infant bonding. It is believed that oxytocin receptor signaling in the brain is critical for these behaviors, but it is unknown precisely when and where oxytocin receptors are expressed or which neural circuits are directly sensitive to oxytocin. To overcome this challenge, we generated specific antibodies to the mouse oxytocin receptor and examined receptor expression throughout the brain. We identified a distributed network of female mouse brain regions for maternal behaviors that are especially enriched for oxytocin receptors, including the piriform cortex, the left auditory cortex, and CA2 of the hippocampus. Electron microscopic analysis of the cerebral cortex revealed that oxytocin receptors were mainly expressed at synapses, as well as on axons and glial processes. Functionally, oxytocin transiently reduced synaptic inhibition in multiple brain regions and enabled long-term synaptic plasticity in the auditory cortex. Thus modulation of inhibition may be a general mechanism by which oxytocin can act throughout the brain to regulate parental behaviors and social cognition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oxytocin is an important peptide hormone involved in maternal behavior and social cognition, but it has been unclear what elements of neural circuits express oxytocin receptors due to the paucity of suitable antibodies. Here, we developed new antibodies to the mouse oxytocin receptor. Oxytocin receptors were found in discrete brain regions and at cortical synapses for modulating excitatory-inhibitory balance and plasticity. These antibodies should be useful for future studies of oxytocin and social behavior.
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TL;DR
The paper reports a novel specific antibody (OXTR-2) against the mouse oxytocin receptor and maps receptor expression across the brain, identifying a female-enriched distributed network including piriform cortex, hippocampal CA2, and left auditory cortex. Functionally, oxytocin transiently reduced synaptic inhibition in several regions and enabled NMDA receptor-dependent long-term plasticity in auditory cortex.
Key findings
- OXTR-2 was validated as specific: it detected a 43 kDa band in oxytocin-receptor-expressing HEK cells, labeled wild-type uterus and brain, and showed no labeling in oxytocin receptor knock-out tissue or after peptide preadsorption.
- In adult mice, oxytocin receptors were widely expressed but enriched in specific regions: piriform cortex had more OXTR-2+ cells in females than males (p < 0.03); hippocampal CA2 had more OXTR-2+ cells than other hippocampal regions in females (p < 0.01); left auditory cortex had more OXTR-2+ cells than right auditory cortex in females (p < 0.002), with no lateralization in males (p > 0.9). Table 1 reported, for virgin females, left auditory cortex 26.5 ± 2.3% vs right 20.6 ± 3.0%, CA2 52.8 ± 5.9%, and piriform cortex 44.8 ± 7.5% vs males 10.5 ± 1.4%.
- Electron microscopy showed OXTR-2 labeling at putative excitatory synapses (presynaptic: 6.3 ± 2.2% WT vs 1.4 ± 1.2% KO synapses, p < 10−4; postsynaptic spines: 22.0 ± 3.4% vs 3.7 ± 1.7%, p < 10−4), inhibitory synapses, axons, and glia, but not significantly in dendrites.
- Oxytocin reduced evoked IPSCs in auditory cortex, piriform cortex, and PVN (e.g., auditory cortex 1 µM oxytocin decreased IPSCs to 80.7 ± 3.7% of baseline, n = 7, p < 0.003; piriform cortex 5 µM to 74.7 ± 4.5%, n = 6, p < 0.004; PVN 5 µM to 71.1 ± 5.3%, n = 5, p < 0.02), an effect blocked by the oxytocin receptor antagonist OTA. Oxytocin also enabled long-term potentiation and increased spike probability in auditory cortex, requiring NMDA receptors.
Methods
- Custom polyclonal antibodies were generated against four mouse oxytocin receptor peptide sequences; OXTR-2 was affinity-purified and validated by dot blot, Western blot, immunohistochemistry in wild-type vs oxytocin receptor knock-out mice, and peptide preadsorption.
- Receptor expression was quantified by confocal immunohistochemistry across 29 brain regions in experienced mothers, pup-naive adult virgin females, and adult males, with estrous state checked in some animals; additional methods included qPCR, RNAseq across postnatal ages, viral tracing of oxytocinergic axons, and electron microscopy in auditory cortex of 4 wild-type and 4 knock-out mice.
- Synaptic function was tested with whole-cell recordings in acute slices from adult virgin female C57BL/6 or Oxt-IRES-Cre mice, using exogenous oxytocin, optogenetic release of endogenous oxytocin, and in vivo auditory cortex recordings with tone–oxytocin pairing.
Limitations
- The paper states that receptor expression in some brain areas could be somewhat variable, that the study may have been underpowered to detect fine-grain differences in oxytocin receptors or oxytocinergic axon branches, and that animals were not behaviorally tested to control for paw preference or other functional lateralization.
- The paper notes that topically applied oxytocin in vivo might diffuse to recorded cells 420–800 µm below the pial surface or act at more superficial synapses, and that mechanisms of oxytocin modulation may differ across regions (e.g., piriform cortex disinhibition was prevented by blocking excitation, unlike auditory cortex and PVN).
- Evident from the text: the antibody is a custom polyclonal reagent validated in mouse, most functional experiments used virgin female mice and acute slices, and several proposed mechanisms (e.g., glial oxytocin receptor function, presynaptic vs postsynaptic actions) are hypotheses requiring further study.
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“Electron microscopic analysis of the cerebral cortex revealed that oxytocin receptors were mainly expressed at synapses, as well as on axons and glial processes.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Abstract
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“We identified a distributed network of female mouse brain regions for maternal behaviors that are especially enriched for oxytocin receptors, including the piriform cortex, the left auditory cortex, and CA2 of the hippocampus.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Abstract
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“Functionally, oxytocin transiently reduced synaptic inhibition in multiple brain regions and enabled long-term synaptic plasticity in the auditory cortex.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Abstract
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“Functionally, oxytocin transiently reduced synaptic inhibition in multiple brain regions and enabled long-term synaptic plasticity in the auditory cortex.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Abstract
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“In contrast, no labeling was observed in oxytocin receptor knock-out mice anywhere in the brain or other tissues such as uterus (Fig. 2D), hypothalamic PVN (Fig. 3A), lateral septum (Fig. 3B), and neocortex (Fig. 3C).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
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“the expression level was similar across the estrous cycle in virgin female auditory cortex or PVN ( p Ͼ 0.4 between estrous and proestrous, Student's unpaired two-tailed t test, n ϭ 3 animals in each state).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“Positive labeling was detected in wild-type virgin female uterine tissue (Fig. 2D) and brain (Fig. 3).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
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“Our initial analysis indicated that all four antisera were positive.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
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“Second, hippocampal CA2 in females had more OXTR-2ϩ cells than in other regions of the hippocampal formation (Fig. 4C, p Ͻ 0.01).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“Finally, preadsorption of the OXTR-2 antibody with OXTR-2 pure peptide abolished the immunoreactivity observed with antibody alone in wild-type cortex (Fig. 2E).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
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“Oxytocin receptors were expressed at various cell densities throughout the brain.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“First, piriform cortex had more OXTR-2ϩ cells in females than in males (Fig. 4B, p Ͻ 0.03, ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“Across animals, there was no clear left/right asymmetry of OXTR-2 immunoreactivity in primary somatosensory barrel cortex ( p Ͼ 0.4) or visual cortex ( p Ͼ 0.2)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“although this lateralization was not observed in males ( p Ͼ 0.9).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“We then focused on OXTR-2, which had the highest sensitivity of the four antibodies.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
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“We also did not detect significant left lateralization within other temporal areas surrounding core auditory cortex either dorsal ( p Ͼ 0.1) or ventral ( p Ͼ 0.7) from the core regions.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“Finally, left auditory cortex in females had more OXTR-2ϩ cells than in right auditory cortex from the same females (Fig. 4D, p Ͻ 0.002, Student's paired two-tailed t test)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“Our initial characterization showed that oxytocin receptors were expressed throughout the brains of female and male mice to varying degrees (Table 1)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
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“We also found that hippocampal CA1 and CA2 had substantially more YFPϩ axons than CA3 and the dentate gyrus from the same animals (Fig. 5 D, E, p Ͻ 0.05).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“In general, there was little correspondence between the percentage of OXTR-2ϩ cells and the density of YFPϩ axon segments and terminals in the cortex and throughout the rest of the brain, although there was some interesting regional heterogeneity (Fig. 5).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“Hypothalamic nuclei expressed the highest densities of oxytocinergic fibers (including but not limited to the PVN and SON), almost 10 times greater than the rest of the brain (Fig. 5G, p Ͻ 0.001 for hypothalamic regions compared with nonhypothalamic regions).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“Using an antibody to oxytocin peptide, we confirmed that these PVN cells and projections were oxytocinergic because they were costained for oxytocin and YFP (Fig. 5I ).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“We observed OXTR-2 labeling throughout cortical tissue sections at low to moderate levels (Fig. 6).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Subcellular localization of cortical oxytocin receptor expression
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“but we observed a comparable number of oxytocinergic fibers across different cortical areas of virgin female Oxt-IRES-Cre mice (Fig. 5A-C, n ϭ 7 animals, p Ͼ 0.3, ANOVA).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“We observed what appeared to be direct oxytocin fibers between PVN and SON (Fig. 5H ).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“However, we did not detect significant labeling within dendrites (Fig. 6G, p Ͼ 0.1).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Subcellular localization of cortical oxytocin receptor expression
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“Over all brain regions examined, however, there was not a significant correlation between OXTR-2 expression and oxytocinergic axon abundance (Fig. 5F, r: 0.32, p Ͼ 0.1).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“For example, sections of virgin female left auditory cortex expressed more oxytocin receptors than visual cortex (Table 1)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
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“We observed a subtle but significant difference in the amount of transcript between the left and right hemispheres, with more oxytocin receptor mRNA on the left side than on the right of individual animals (Fig. 7F, bottom, p Ͻ 0.05, Student's paired two-tailed t test).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
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“Oxytocin receptor expression is lateralized in adult female mouse auditory cortex (Marlin et al., 2015), with ϳ30% more cells expressing these receptors within core auditory cortex (Fig. 4, Table 1).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
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“We noticed that the spatiotemporal profile of OXTR-2ϩ expression in the auditory cortex differed over the first three postnatal weeks compared with adulthood (Fig. 7A-C).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
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“We found that this asymmetrical receptor expression was not present early in life, but emerged in the third postnatal week (Fig. 7F, top), even though receptor expression was highest overall during the second postnatal week (Fig. 7E, top).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
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“This pattern of protein expression was matched by a corresponding reduction in oxytocin receptor mRNA as measured with RNAseq over postnatal development after the high levels in the first postnatal week (Fig. 7D, bottom, p Ͻ 0.05).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
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“Expression began relatively high in the auditory thalamus during the first postnatal week and declined thereafter in a similar manner for both the left and right hemispheres (Fig. 7D, top, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 , ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
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“In contrast, blocking excitation prevented oxytocinergic disinhibition in the piriform cortex (Fig. 11D)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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“We also noticed that oxytocin receptor expression was lower in layer 4 compared with superficial and deeper layers (Fig. 7A-C).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
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“The disinhibitory effect of oxytocin was blocked by coapplication of a specific oxytocin receptor antagonist, OTA (1 M, Fig. 11C)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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“These concentrations were chosen based on measurements of dose-response relations for each region, where 1-5 M oxytocin led to the maximal amount of disinhibition in auditory cortex (Fig. 9G).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“The number of cells expressing oxytocin receptors in layer 4 was significantly lower from receptor expression in other layers at all ages, except compared with layers 5-6 in adult animals (Fig. 8).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
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In the paper
“In contrast to the robust and reliable disinhibition produced within 3-6 min by pharmacological treatment (Figs. 9, 11A) or optogenetic release of oxytocin (Figs. 10, 11A), excitatory responses onto the same cells were relatively unchanged during the first 3-6 min of the wash-in period (Fig. 11B).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“In auditory cortex and PVN, the reduction of inhibition could be observed when excitatory synapses were blocked with DNQX and APV (Fig. 11D).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“Note that ACSF alone (0 M oxytocin) did not affect IPSC amplitudes (Fig. 9G-I ).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“In each region, oxytocin consistently reduced inhibition (Fig. 9D-F ), confirming and extending previous studies in the auditory cortex and hippocampus (Owen et al., 2013;Marlin et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Owen et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
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In the paper
“Optogenetic release of endogenous oxytocin in slices from Oxt-IRES-Cre animals also reduced IPSCs in each region in a comparable manner (Fig. 10).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“This increase in spontaneous rate occurred in the absence of significant changes to the mean spontaneous event amplitude (Fig. 11 E, G).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“Repetitive stimulation in the presence of oxytocin could reliably potentiate excitatory synapses.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“Similar effects were obtained with optogenetic release of endogenous oxytocin in slices made from Oxt-IRES-Cre animals virally expressing ChETA in oxytocin neurons.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“APV fully blocked long-term changes in both EPSPs and spike generation (Fig. 12C, E, F ) produced by oxytocin.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“OXTR-2 immunoreactivity revealed differential receptor expression throughout the CNS.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Transient gabazine wash-in was effective at persistently enhancing EPSP slope and spike generation (Fig. 12D-F ) in a similar manner as oxytocin wash-in.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“Lateralization was only apparent after the third postnatal week, which is particularly significant given that inhibitory responses begin to mature during this period in the rodent auditory cortex (Dorrn et al., 2010).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“We observed long-lasting changes to both synaptic and spiking responses of A1 neurons and multiunit ensembles to the paired tone for 10ϩ minutes after pairing regardless of the frequency of the paired tone.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
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In the paper
“Oxytocin receptor expression in mouse auditory cortex or PVN did not seem to be regulated by estrous.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Second, CA2 and piriform cortex were especially enriched for oxytocin receptors in females.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Finally, we observed oxytocinreleasing axons in many diverse regions in transgenic animals expressing YFP only in these cells.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Furthermore, oxytocin greatly increased the rate of spontaneous inhibition onto excitatory piriform neurons, providing an alternative mechanism for oxytocinergic disinhibition.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“There was little relation between axonal distributions and oxytocin receptor expression profiles, as observed for some other transmitter systems (Herkenham, 1987).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Herkenham, 1987
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In the paper
“Layer 4 contains significantly fewer OXTR-2ϩ cells (**p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 compared with layers 1-3 and layers 5-6, Fisher's exact two-tailed t test corrected for multiple comparisons), except compared with layers 5-6 in adult animals (#p ϭ 0.09).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Bottom, oxytocin receptor mRNA (measured with RT-PCR relative to ribophorin mRNA expression) is higher in left auditory cortex than in right auditory cortex from the same adult virgin females (left auditory cortex expressed 112.4 Ϯ 5.4% mRNA as right auditory cortex, n ϭ 9, p Ͻ 0.04, Student's paired two-tailed t test).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Oxytocin did not significantly affect evoked EPSCs in the first 3-6 min (auditory cortex 1 M oxytocin, 98.2 Ϯ 4.4% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.7, Student's paired two-tailed t test; auditory cortex optogenetics, 90.5 Ϯ 10.9% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.4; piriform cortex 5 M oxytocin, 97.0 Ϯ 4.4% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.5; piriform cortex optogenetics, 103.5 Ϯ 16.8% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.8; PVN 5 M oxytocin, 104.5 Ϯ 13.6%”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Optogenetic stimulation decreased IPSCs (baseline: 72.4 Ϯ 2.8 pA, 3-6 min after optogenetic stimulation: 48.9 Ϯ 2.1 pA, reduced to 67.6% of baseline).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Optogenetic stimulation reduced IPSCs in piriform cortex (decrease to 64.8 Ϯ 4.1% of baseline, n ϭ 5, p Ͻ 0.02; decrease after 5-10 min: 60.9 Ϯ 4.2% of baseline, p Ͻ 0.02).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“This observation is especially interesting given our electrophysiological recordings from PVN neurons showing that the PVN is rapidly disinhibited by oxytocin.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“There appeared to be extensive oxytocin-positive axon fibers projecting within and between the PVN and SON.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consonant with these hypotheses, the dose-response relations that we examined indicate that inhibitory transmission is less sensitive to low concentrations of oxytocin in brain regions that express oxytocin receptors more densely; this includes the PVN, which highly expressed oxytocin receptors and had many YFPϩ oxytocinergic axons.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“Oxytocin (5 M) reduced IPSCs in PVN within 3-6 min (decrease to 71.1 Ϯ 5.3% of baseline, n ϭ 5, p Ͻ 0.02; decrease after 5-10 min: 58.5 Ϯ 1.1% of baseline, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ5 ).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
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In the paper
“The first postnatal week had the highest amount of thalamic OXTR-2 expression (n ϭ 18 animals, 4 -6 animals/age; p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 , ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons) and mRNA level (n ϭ 11 animals, 2-3 animals/age; p Ͻ 0.05).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaincorrelationaln = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nonsignificant correlation between percentages of OXTR-2ϩ cells and axon segment densities across 26 brain regions (r ϭ 0.32, p Ͼ 0.1).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plainn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Oxytocin (5 M) reduced IPSCs in piriform cortex within 3-6 min (decrease to 74.7 Ϯ 4.5% of baseline, n ϭ 6, p Ͻ 0.004; decrease after 5-10 min: 65.0 Ϯ 0.9% of baseline, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ6 ).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“OTA (1 M) prevented oxytocinergic reduction of IPSCs (auditory cortex 1 M oxytocin, 107.4 Ϯ 5.9% of baseline, n ϭ 4, p Ͼ 0.3; piriform cortex 5 M oxytocin, 98.1 Ϯ 4.8% of baseline, n ϭ 4, p Ͼ 0.7; PVN 5 M oxytocin, 100.1 Ϯ 6.3% of baseline, n ϭ 3, p Ͼ 0.9).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The second and third postnatal weeks had the highest amount of cortical OXTR-2 expression (n ϭ 21 animals, 4 -7 animals/age; p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 ) and mRNA level (n ϭ 12 animals, 3 animals/age; p Ͻ 0.03).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaincorrelationaln = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Hypothalamic areas had significantly more YFPϩ axon segments (hypothalamus had 933.1 Ϯ 120.9% YFPϩ axon segments compared with mean axon length in nonhypothalamic regions, n ϭ 7 virgin female mice, p Ͻ 0.001, Student's unpaired two-tailed t test).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Optogenetic stimulation of oxytocin axons decreased IPSC amplitude (baseline: 115.0 Ϯ 4.0 pA, 3-6 min after start of optogenetic stimulation: 72.0 Ϯ 4.4 pA, reduced to 62.7% of baseline).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Optogenetic stimulation rapidly reduced IPSCs in auditory cortex within 3-6 min (decrease to 72.8 Ϯ 1.8% of baseline, n ϭ 6, p Ͻ 0.002, Student's paired two-tailed t test; decrease after 5-10 min: 56.5 Ϯ 9.0% of baseline, p Ͻ 0.002).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Tone-evoked synaptic responses at the paired frequency were increased after pairing (mean increase 11-20 min after pairing to 167.7 Ϯ 20.0% of baseline, n ϭ 4 neurons, p Ͻ 0.05, Student's paired two-tailed t test).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OTA (1 M) prevented oxytocinergic reduction of IPSCs (auditory cortex 1 M oxytocin, 107.4 Ϯ 5.9% of baseline, n ϭ 4, p Ͼ 0.3; piriform cortex 5 M oxytocin, 98.1 Ϯ 4.8% of baseline, n ϭ 4, p Ͼ 0.7; PVN 5 M oxytocin, 100.1 Ϯ 6.3% of baseline, n ϭ 3, p Ͼ 0.9).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Summary of multiunit recordings before and after pairing (before pairing: 0.50 Ϯ 0.39 spikes/tone, 11-20 min after pairing: 2.06 Ϯ 0.63 spikes/tone, n ϭ 7 recordings, p Ͻ 0.04, Student's paired two-tailed t test).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Optogenetic stimulation decreased IPSCs (baseline: 232.8 Ϯ 9.1 pA, 3-6 min after optogenetic stimulation: 123.1 Ϯ 9.3 pA, reduced to 52.9% of baseline).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Optogenetic stimulation reduced IPSCs in PVN (decrease to 71.9 Ϯ 7.6% of baseline, n ϭ 4, p Ͻ 0.04; decrease after 5-10 min: 67.7 Ϯ 6.7% of baseline, p Ͻ 0.02).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin did not significantly affect spontaneous event amplitude (auditory cortex 1 M oxytocin, spontaneous EPSC amplitude was 96.4 Ϯ 2.3% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.1; auditory 4 cortex spontaneous IPSC amplitude was 107.7 Ϯ 8.2% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.4; piriform cortex 5 M oxytocin, spontaneous EPSC amplitude was 93.2 Ϯ 3.3% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.05; piriform cortex spontaneous IPSC amplitude was 102.5 Ϯ 6.8”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Summary of single-unit recordings before and after pairing (before pairing: 0.05 Ϯ 0.03 spikes/tone, 11-20 min after pairing: 0.76 Ϯ 0.23 spikes/tone, n ϭ 10 neurons, p Ͻ 0.02, Student's paired two-tailed t test).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin did not significantly affect evoked EPSCs in the first 3-6 min (auditory cortex 1 M oxytocin, 98.2 Ϯ 4.4% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.7, Student's paired two-tailed t test; auditory cortex optogenetics, 90.5 Ϯ 10.9% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.4; piriform cortex 5 M oxytocin, 97.0 Ϯ 4.4% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.5; piriform cortex optogenetics, 103.5 Ϯ 16.8% of baseline, p Ͼ 0.8; PVN 5 M oxytocin, 104.5 Ϯ 13.6%”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Commercially available antibodies to the oxytocin receptor are not sufficiently sensitive nor specific enough to detect cell-type expression (Yoshida et al., 2009).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoshida et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In particular, oxytocin enables mice to recognize the behavioral significance of infant distress vocalizations.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An additional issue is the sequence similarity between the oxytocin receptor and receptors for vasopressin, another peptide hormone important for social behaviors (Dulac et al., 2014;Rilling and Young, 2014).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dulac et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Rilling and Young, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results indicate that oxytocin modulation is important for regulating excitatory-inhibitory balance and plasticity in the auditory cortex and possibly throughout the brain.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus modulation of inhibition may be a general mechanism by which oxytocin can act throughout the brain to regulate parental behaviors and social cognition.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Expression of maternal retrieval behavior is enhanced by oxytocin (Ehret, 1987;Koch and Ehret, 1989) and seems to require plasticity specifically within left auditory cortex to reorganize excitatory and inhibitory inputs for successful processing of pup distress calls (Marlin et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ehret, 1987
- Not checked yetcites Koch and Ehret, 1989
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Expression of maternal retrieval behavior is enhanced by oxytocin (Ehret, 1987;Koch and Ehret, 1989) and seems to require plasticity specifically within left auditory cortex to reorganize excitatory and inhibitory inputs for successful processing of pup distress calls (Marlin et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these areas represent a distributed network for social cognition related to mouse maternal behavior, particularly in terms of auditory, olfactory, and spatial memory.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, neural processing may be coordinated in some manner between these two nuclei by direct interactions mediated by oxytocin.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocinergic axonal projections
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, oxytocin receptors are expressed predominantly by cortical interneurons (Nakajima et al., 2014;Marlin et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Subcellular localization of cortical oxytocin receptor expression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nakajima et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the asymmetry in oxytocin receptors appears to be prepatterned and is likely driven by transcriptional regulation or other genetic factors rather than posttranslational mechanisms.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results also support a close coupling between mRNA amount and protein amount of oxytocin receptors in the mouse brain across multiple areas and ages.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recently, we showed that oxytocin could transform responses in female virgin auditory cortex, increasing the number of spikes evoked by infant distress vocalizations (Marlin et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These data suggest that, in the auditory cortex and PVN, reduction in evoked inhibition might occur via presynaptic activation of oxytocin receptors on inhibitory terminals that serve to decrease GABAergic transmitter release, similar to the action of several other neuromodulators in mouse cortex (Kruglikov and Rudy, 2008).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kruglikov and Rudy, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The maintained enhancement of EPSP size, however, may be due to mechanisms of LTP or spiketiming-dependent plasticity (STDP) triggered by repetitive synaptic stimulation paired with reliable postsynaptic action potential generation (D'amour and Froemke, 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D'amour and Froemke, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that the initial increase in EPSP was due to reduced inhibition, allowing the synaptic inputs to more effectively depolarize the postsynaptic cell.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Because these mechanisms usually depend on activation of NMDA receptors (Froemke, 2015)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Froemke, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results from brain slices suggest that oxytocin modulation and plasticity may not simply be a special mechanism for enhancing responses to ultrasonic pup vocalizations.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, no labeling with the antibody was detected in tissue sections from oxytocin receptor knock-out animals.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were also able to validate the specificity of our antibody using electron microscopy from wild-type and receptor knock-out mice.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are several behaviors required for successful maternal care, which might be augmented or activated by oxytocin release (Sanchez-Andrade and Kendrick, 2009;Dulac et al., 2014;Rilling and Young, 2014).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sanchez-Andrade and Kendrick, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Dulac et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Rilling and Young, 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together with left auditory cortex, these regions might form part of a distributed network for rodent maternal behaviors.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: The distribution of oxytocin receptors in the mouse brain determines which components of neural circuits are directly sensitive to oxytocin modulation and thus form an important network for control of social behavior.
In the paper
“Consistent with this hypothesis, we previously found that oxytocin receptors were expressed primarily by cortical interneurons, specifically those that were parvalbumin-positive or somatostatin-positive (Marlin et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that inhibitory events onto piriform cortex cells were triggered disynaptically by stimulation of excitatory inputs into interneurons.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this indicates that oxytocin release may act broadly as a classic volume-transmitted neuromodulator across the CNS.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the specificity of target structures for oxytocin modulation is a purview of the postsynaptic excitatory and inhibitory neurons in these regions.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
- It may state two separate claims as one. 45
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin-receptor-expressing HEK cells were also immunostained with OXTR-2 and cells were colabeled for both OXTR-2 and Venus (Fig. 2C).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No reactivity was observed in the preimmune bleeds, but higher levels of reactivity were observed with increasing amounts of OXTR-2 (Fig. 2A).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OXTR-2 labeling was also found at inhibitory synapses located both on dendritic shafts and perisomatically (Fig. 6C,F, p Ͻ 0.01), as well as preterminal axon segments and glial cells (Fig. 6 D, E,G, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 for axonal labeling, p Ͻ 0.004 for glial labeling).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Subcellular localization of cortical oxytocin receptor expression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin receptors were found at putative excitatory synapses, both at presynaptic terminals (Fig. 6 A, F, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 , Fisher's two-tailed exact test) opposed to PSDs and also at PSDs themselves (Fig. 6 B, D,F, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 ).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Subcellular localization of cortical oxytocin receptor expression
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A different pattern was observed in the auditory cortex.Initially, expression and mRNA levels were both low during the first postnatal week, but then increased abruptly at week two, decreasing thereafter to moderate levels in adults (Fig. 7E, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 for OXTR-2 expression, p Ͻ 0.03 for mRNA).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher concentrations were required to reduce inhibition by a comparable degree in piriform cortex (Fig. 9H ) and PVN (Fig. 9I ), with 5-10 M oxytocin reducing inhibition by a similar level in these two regions.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Strikingly, spontaneous rates of EPSCs and IPSCs were each increased in auditory cortex, piriform cortex, and PVN, with spontaneous inhibitory rates more than quadrupling in piriform cortex (Fig. 11 E, F ), similar to the effects of oxytocin receptor agonist application in hippocampal slices (Owen et al., 2013).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Owen et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although excitation was initially unaffected, oxytocin wash-in (5 M) led to a gradual increase in EPSPs over 10 -20 min, which persisted long after oxytocin washout.In parallel, this cell began firing action potentials, eventually firing reliably on almost every trial.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a novel, specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor OXTR-2, we found that oxytocin receptors were widely expressed throughout the CNS and detectable in many brain areas.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We and others have found that oxytocin acts as a disinhibitory neuromodulator throughout the brain, rapidly decreasing evoked inhibitory events in the mouse piriform cortex and PVN, in the auditory cortex in vitro and in vivo (Marlin et al., 2015), and in hippocampal neurons in vitro (Owen et al., 2013).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Owen et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was apparent after either pharmacological application of exogenous oxytocin or optogenetic release of endogenous oxytocin and was consistent across different brain areas: auditory cortex, piriform cortex, and PCtx).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the electron microscopic level, it appeared that oxytocin receptors were located at excitatory and inhibitory synapses (both presynaptic and postsynaptic), along axons, and expressed by glial cells.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although IPSCs were reduced by oxytocin in auditory cortex and PVN when excitatory receptors were blocked, DNQX/APV prevented disinhibition in the piriform cortex.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, however, the predominant effect of oxytocin modulation is to reduce inhibitory transmission without directly affecting excitation.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant labeling was detected in the cytoplasm of putative axon segments (15.0 Ϯ 2.7% WT vs 3.0 Ϯ 1.3% KO, p Ͻ 10 Ϫ4 ) and glial cells (12.4 Ϯ 2.5% WT vs 7.7 Ϯ 1.9% KO, p Ͻ 0.004), but not dendrites (2.5 Ϯ 1.3% WT vs 1.5 Ϯ 1.0% KO, p Ͼ 0.1).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin (1 m) washed into the bath decreased IPSC amplitude (baseline: 262.7 Ϯ 5.1 pA, 3-6 min after start of wash-in: 209.9 Ϯ 7.8 pA, reduced to 79.9% of baseline).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin reduced IPSCs in DNQX/APV (25 and 50 M) in auditory cortex and PVN but not piriform cortex (auditory cortex 1 M oxytocin, decrease to 73.1 Ϯ 5.3% of baseline, n ϭ 8, p Ͻ 0.002; piriform cortex 5 M oxytocin, 94.2 Ϯ 2.8% of baseline, n ϭ 5, p Ͼ 0.1; PVN 5 M oxytocin, decrease to 86.9 Ϯ 2.2% of baseline, n ϭ 5, p Ͻ 0.005).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin (OT, 5 m, red bar) washed into the bath gradually increased EPSP slope (baseline: 6.9 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, 10 -20 min after start of wash-in: 8.3 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, increased to 120.6% of baseline) and spiking probability (upper raster plot, baseline: 4.0% of trials, 10 -20 min after wash-in: 96.3% of trials; cell was depolarized by 19 mV).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Mean change in EPSP slope after oxytocin wash-in (5 M, mean increase to 117.7 Ϯ 7.2% of baseline, n ϭ 10, p Ͻ 0.04; Student's paired two-tailed t test)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gabazine (0.1 m, black bar) washed into the bath gradually increased EPSP slope (baseline: 4.8 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, 10 -20 min after start of wash-in: 6.8 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, increased to 145.5% of baseline) and spiking probability (upper raster plot, baseline: 6.3% of trials, 10 -20 min after wash-in: 100.0% of trials; cell was depolarized by 12 mV).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin wash-in (5 m oxytocin, red bar) in the presence of APV (50 m APV, black bar) did not enhance EPSP slope (baseline: 6.6 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, 10 -20 min after wash-in: 5.5 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, decreased to 83.1% of baseline) or spiking probability (upper raster plot, baseline: 20.8% of trials, 10 -20 min after wash-in: 10.0% of trials; cell was depolarized by 12 mV).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“oxytocin in APV (5 M oxytocin, 50 M APV, 97.2 Ϯ 10.2% of baseline, n ϭ 6, p Ͼ 0.7)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin increased spontaneous event frequency (auditory cortex 1 M oxytocin, spontaneous EPSC frequency increased to 133.1 Ϯ 10.3% of baseline, p Ͻ 0.04; auditory cortex spontaneous IPSC frequency increased to 169.5 Ϯ 17.6% of baseline, p Ͻ 0.03; piriform cortex 5 M oxytocin, spontaneous EPSC frequency increased to 151.3 Ϯ 19.1% of baseline, p Ͻ 0.05; piriform cortex spontaneous IPSC frequency”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Optogenetic release of oxytocin (Opto, blue bar) increased EPSP slope (baseline: 2.5 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, 10 -20 min after start of optogenetic stimulation: 3.5 Ϯ 0.05 mV/msec, increased to 141.6% of baseline) and spiking probability (upper raster plot, baseline: 18.2% of trials, 10 -20 min after start of optogenetic stimulation: 48.7% of trials; cell was depolarized by 19 mV).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“optogenetic release of oxytocin (mean increase to 119.3 Ϯ 5.4% of baseline, n ϭ 5, p Ͻ 0.03)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Images from each brain area were collected and saved for manual counts by two independent blinded observers.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of OXTR-2ϩ cells.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experimenters were kept blind to the animal genotypes while capturing images and quantifying the frequency of immunolabeled profiles.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantification of OXTR-2ϩ cells in these animals was performed blind to estrous state.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of OXTR-2ϩ cells.
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Asymmetric synapses were identified by thick postsynaptic densities (PSDs) on a portion of membrane adjacent to a vesicle-filled axon terminal and were presumably excitatory.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peters et al., 1991
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The brains of wild-type and knock-out animals were processed together to minimize any confounding factors and parallel sections from knock-out animals served as controls.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recordings were excluded from analysis if R s or R i changed Ͼ30% compared with the baseline period.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribution and number of immunoreactive cells in each section were determined by taking images of wild-type and knock-out sections under the same laser power output, pinhole aperture, and gain.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of OXTR-2ϩ cells.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“qPCR assays were performed in triplicate per sample on 96-well plates.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of OXTR-2ϩ cells.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Synapses were categorized as symmetric and inhibitory if they lacked the thick PSDs (Peters et al., 1991).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peters et al., 1991
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a control, omission of primary antibody eliminated immunofluorescent labeling from that channel.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Materials and Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wild-type and knockout animals were processed in parallel to ensure equalized labeling conditions.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This procedure ensured that micrographs were captured randomly, except for the constraint of imaging as close as possible to the EPON-tissue interface, regardless of whether an immunolabeled profile was present in the field.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controls lacking random hexamers, reverse transcriptase, or oxytocin receptor Taqman probe were run to verify the lack of contamination in the preparation.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of OXTR-2ϩ cells.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“EPSP slope is correlated with peak amplitude but less prone to contamination by polysynaptic activity (Staff and Spruston, 2003;Sweatt, 2009).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Staff and Spruston, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Sweatt, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin receptor mRNA levels of left and right auditory cortex were compared by Student's paired two-tailed t test because the data passed Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of OXTR-2ϩ cells.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiments demonstrate that the OXTR-2 antibody is highly specific for the mouse oxytocin receptor and that the antibody binds to the target epitope sequence on the oxytocin receptor.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > OXTR-2, a novel and specific antibody to the mouse oxytocin receptor
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings indicate that, although oxytocin may act throughout the brain, there are specific areas related to ma-ternal behaviors that may be especially sensitive to oxytocinergic modulation in female mice beyond the hypothalamus: hippocampal CA2, piriform cortex, and left auditory cortex.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recordings were excluded from analysis if R s or R i changed Ͼ30% compared with the baseline period.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure recordings or implants were targeted to A1, we first recorded multiunit activity with tungsten electrodes.A1 was mapped with pure tones (60 dB SPL, 2-79 kHz at 0.2-1 octave steps, 50 ms duration, 1-3 ms cosine on/off ramps) delivered in a pseudorandom sequence at 0.5-1 Hz.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Quantification of oxytocinergic fiber densities.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inhibitory synapse expression is interesting given recent studies by us (Marlin et al., 2015) and others (Owen et al., 2013) showing that oxytocin modulates GABAergic transmission in neocortical and hippocampal circuits.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Subcellular localization of cortical oxytocin receptor expression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Owen et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Modulation and plasticity in these areas may be especially important for recognition of infant vocalizations, scents, and locations.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Oxytocin receptor expression in adult mouse brain
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An interesting set of studies has recently examined oxytocin modulation in the perinatal and postnatal rodent hippocampus, demonstrating that oxytocin can reduce the efficacy of GABAer- gic transmission as either an inhibitory (Owen et al., 2013) or excitatory (Tyzio et al., 2006;Tyzio et al., 2014) neurotransmitter.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Owen et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Tyzio et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Tyzio et al., 2014
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The second and third weeks are important stages for auditory cortical development, with hearing onset in rodents beginning around P10, the critical period for tonotopic map organization occurring over the next few days, and the development of excitatory-inhibitory balance progressing into the end of the third postnatal week (Dorrn et al., 2010;Barkat et al., 2011;Froemke and Jones, 2011).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dorrn et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Barkat et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Froemke and Jones, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that oxytocin receptors are poised at GABAergic synapses to control inhibitory transmission, perhaps by multiple presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Subcellular localization of cortical oxytocin receptor expression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the mechanism of oxytocin modulation may be distinct in different brain areas, although the functional consequences may be similar.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thereafter, the oxytocin-receptor-expressing cells might mature along a layer-specific program, first in the superficial layers and then in deep layers, before expression occurs or cells mature within layer 4.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indicating that these effects are mediated directly by oxytocin receptor activation and not cross-reactivity of oxytocin peptide with other types of receptors.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During early postnatal development, when thalamic levels are high but layer 4 levels are low, oxytocin might independently modulate thalamic and intracortical circuits.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in piriform cortex, excitatory cells and synapses onto inhibitory cells might be affected by oxytocin, increasing inhibitory tone and hyperpolarization to reduce excitatory drive onto inhibitory cells.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Disinhibition can be effective for inducing long-term synaptic modifications in the auditory cortex (Froemke, 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Froemke, 2015
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the long-term changes produced by a brief period of oxytocin wash-in required NMDA receptors, strongly suggesting that this enhancement of EPSP strength is a canonical form of LTP.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data show conclusively that oxytocin disinhibits cortical neurons directly, boosting EPSP amplitude and converting subthreshold responses into suprathreshold spiking responses.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is possible that receptor lateralization might be part of a maturational program for specific types of cortical interneurons, including a subset of parvalbumin-positive and somatostatinpositive inhibitory cells that predominantly express oxytocin receptors (Nakajima et al., 2014;Marlin et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nakajima et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Marlin et al., 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This leads to mechanisms of NMDA-receptor-dependent plasticity that consolidate these enhancements and enable them to persist in absence of further oxytocin action.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These data support the hypothesis that a consequence of the disinhibitory action of oxytocin modulation is to enable LTP induction, likely by increasing synaptic strength from a subthreshold to a suprathreshold level and consequently inducing excitatory STDP (D'amour and Froemke, 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D'amour and Froemke, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lateralization was only apparent after the third postnatal week, which is particularly significant given that inhibitory responses begin to mature during this period in the rodent auditory cortex (Dorrn et al., 2010).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dorrn et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The potential mechanisms for this surprising lateralization of both protein and transcript levels is unclear, but the oxytocin receptor is under tremendous control by various regulatory elements that provide potential for asymmetric expression (Gimpl and Fahrenholz, 2001).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gimpl and Fahrenholz, 2001 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, oxytocin might transiently increase the salience of incoming sensory input, enabling cortical circuits (and other oxytocin-sensitive brain regions) to form new memories of important social experiences.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Modulation of synaptic responses by oxytocin
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Disinhibition seems to be a general mechanism for modulating cortical circuits (Kruglikov and Rudy, 2008;Froemke, 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kruglikov and Rudy, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Froemke, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The abundance of oxytocin receptor expression in CA2 is particularly significant given the finding that this region of the hippocampus conveys signals to promote social interaction and memory (Hitti and Siegelbaum, 2014).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hitti and Siegelbaum, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This may be a consequence of the rapid estrous cycling in mice and is comparable to findings examining radiolabeled oxytocin receptors in maternal rats (Insel, 1990) and rabbits (Jimenez et al., 2015).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Insel, 1990
- Not checked yetcites Jimenez et al., 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, oxytocin might directly stimulate hormone release from astrocytes (Parent et al., 2008).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parent et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is also possible that optogenetic stimulation of oxytocinergic fibers leads to corelease of other neurotransmitters or neuromodulators that regulate inhibition, such as glutamate (Kendrick et al., 1988;Richard et al., 1991).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kendrick et al., 1988
- Not checked yetcites Richard et al., 1991 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is similar to a recent study in transgenic mice in which somatostatin-positive inhibitory cells in mouse frontal cortex were found to express oxytocin receptors (Nakajima et al., 2014).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nakajima et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the auditory cortex and PVN, we hypothesize that oxytocin receptors on presynaptic inhibitory terminals might directly decrease GABA release, whereas in the piriform cortex, oxytocin receptor activation might hyperpolarize excitatory cells, preventing them from driving inhibitory cells.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although inhibitory events were consistently reduced in each of the three brain regions examined here (auditory cortex, piriform cortex, and PVN), there may be important distinctions in the mechanisms and details of oxytocinergic modulation in different circuits.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedgedconditionaln = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study may have been underpowered to see more fine-grain differences in oxytocin receptors or oxytocinergic axon branches within individual circuits.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“R i and R s for this experiment, which each changed Ͻ10% from baseline during wash-in.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“R i changed Ͻ5% and R s changed ϳ20% from baseline during wash-in.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“R i of this neuron was stable (mean R i before wash-in: 165.5 M⍀, mean R i 10 -20 min after wash-in: 166.8 M⍀).”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin or gabazine enabled long-term plasticity of synaptic responses in vitro.”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The oxytocin receptor knock-out mice used as controls lack oxytocin receptor protein.
“tissues from the oxytocin-receptor knock-out uterus and brain, were used as controls in each Western blot analysis.”
“oxytocin receptor knock-out brain sections”
The paper relies on this without support.
The distribution of oxytocin receptors in the mouse brain determines which components of neural circuits are directly sensitive to oxytocin modulation and thus form an important network for control of social behavior.
“The distribution of oxytocin receptors in the mouse brain determines which components of neural circuits are directly sensitive to oxytocin modulation and thus form an important network for control of social behavior.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Pairing oxytocin with synaptic stimulation persistently increases EPSCs and spiking”
From Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Mitre et al. 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, oxytocin can shift auditory cortical frequency–tuning profiles for pure tones, similar to cholinergic modulation (Mitre et al. 2016).”
From Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Mitre et al. 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, OXT from PVN increases the salience of mouse pup vocalizations, while a dam's experience with pups adjusts the balance of excitatory and inhibitory tuning in the auditory cortex (54,123,124).”
From Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“revealed oxytocinergic axons throughout the brain, including in the thalamus, cortex, amygdala, striatum, and hippocampus”
From Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Mitre et al. 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cortical oxytocin receptors are found primarily on parvalbumin-positive or somatostatin-positive inhibitory interneurons”
From Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Mitre et al. 2016
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“only a fraction of neurons seem to express oxytocin receptors”
From Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Mitre et al. 2016
In the citing paper
“The oxytocin receptor is expressed in several cortical areas, including A1, S1, mPFC, insular cortex, entorhinal cortex and piriform cortex (Knobloch et al., 2012; Mitre et al., 2016; Rogers-Carter et al., 2018; Sabihi et al., 2014).”
From Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin (2019) · cites this paper as Mitre et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“optogenetic oxytocin release from axons can be induced at much lower stimulation frequency at increased duration of 5 Hz during 3 min in different brain structures ex vivo as A1, piriform cortex, and PVN itself, resulting in a decrease of inhibitory transmission and increased spiking output (Mitre et al., 2016).”
From Neuromodulation of maternal circuits by oxytocin (2019) · cites this paper as Mitre et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Development of cortical and thalamic oxytocin receptor expression
“We found that this asymmetrical receptor expression was not present early in life, but emerged in the third postnatal week”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
“Lateralization was only apparent after the third postnatal week”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Gabazine (0.1 m, black bar) washed into the bath gradually increased EPSP slope (baseline: 4.8 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, 10 -20 min after start of wash-in: 6.8 Ϯ 0.1 mV/msec, increased to 145.5% of baseline)”
§ Cellular/Molecular A Distributed Network for Social Cognition Enriched for Oxytocin Receptors > Discussion
Reported 145.5 · recomputed 141.666667
Citations
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Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing
Kuro-o, M., Matsumura, Y., Aizawa, H., Kawaguchi, H., Suga, T., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Kaname, T., Kume, E., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36285 · Cited by 3,837
The oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation
Gimpl, G., & Fahrenholz, F. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629 · Cited by 3,089
Nagai, T., Ibata, K., Park, E. S., Kubota, M., Mikoshiba, K., & Miyawaki, A. (2002) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0102-87 · Cited by 2,769
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002 · Cited by 1,581
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Mouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images
Byers, S. L., Wiles, M. V., Dunn, S. L., & Taft, R. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035538 · Cited by 1,220
The neurobiology of attachment
Insel, T. R., & Young, L. J. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35053579 · Cited by 1,173
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior
Jurek, B., & Neumann, I. D. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2017 · Cited by 999
Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior
Froemke, R. C., & Young, L. J. (2021) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102320-102847 · Cited by 480
“For example, oxytocin can shift auditory cortical frequency–tuning profiles for pure tones, similar to cholinergic modulation (Mitre et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHippocampal oxytocin receptors are necessary for discrimination of social stimuli
Raam, T., McAvoy, K. M., Besnard, A., Veenema, A. H., & Sahay, A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02173-0 · Cited by 292
Biased Oxytocinergic Modulation of Midbrain Dopamine Systems
Xiao, L., Priest, M. F., Nasenbeny, J., Lu, T., & Kozorovitskiy, Y. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.003 · Cited by 292
Johnson, Z. V., & Young, L. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.034 · Cited by 242
Metadata
- Authors
- Mitre, M., Marlin, B. J., Schiavo, J. K., Morina, E., Norden, S. E., Hackett, T. A., Aoki, C. J., Chao, M. V., & Froemke, R. C.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-02-24
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2517-2535
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4764667
- OpenAlex
- W2278486104
- Semantic Scholar
- c126acf168845fd8cf6d327647b26e130894ac18
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 41.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- McKnight Foundation
- Vanderbilt University
- National Institutes of Health (HD015052, NS-21072, EY13079)
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH105846, T32MH019524)
- National Eye Institute (EY 13079, P30EY013079)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC012527, K99DC009635, R01DC009836, DC009635, R00DC009635, K18DC012527, R01DC015388, DC009836, R01DC012557)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS021072, NS-21072, R56NS021072, T32NS086750)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD015052, P30-HD015052-33, U54HD083211)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- oxytocin receptor, oxytocin, maternal behavior, social cognition, piriform cortex, auditory cortex, hippocampal CA2, synaptic inhibition, excitation-inhibition balance, synaptic plasticity, glial processes, antibody development, parent-infant bonding
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Auditory Cortex, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Molecular Sequence Data, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Receptors, Oxytocin, Mice, Knockout, Mice, HEK293 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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