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Processing of Emotional Reactivity and Emotional Memory over Sleep
Open accessAbstract
Sleep enhances memories, particularly emotional memories. As such, it has been suggested that sleep deprivation may reduce posttraumatic stress disorder. This presumes that emotional memory consolidation is paralleled by a reduction in emotional reactivity, an association that has not yet been examined. In the present experiment, we used an incidental memory task in humans and obtained valence and arousal ratings during two sessions separated either by 12 h of daytime wake or 12 h including overnight sleep. Recognition accuracy was greater following sleep relative to wake for both negative and neutral pictures. While emotional reactivity to negative pictures was greatly reduced over wake, the negative emotional response was relatively preserved over sleep. Moreover, protection of emotional reactivity was associated with greater time in REM sleep. Recognition accuracy, however, was not associated with REM. Thus, we provide the first evidence that sleep enhances emotional memory while preserving emotional reactivity.
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“REM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing, while NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day [19,20,21,22,23].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“REM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing, while NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day [19,20,21,22,23].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Others found that emotional reactivity decreased across wakefulness, but was preserved during sleep, with the preserving effect on emotional reactivity being specifically linked to REM sleep (60,481).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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“In fact, at a purely behavioral level, numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep after learning benefits declarative (17,18,60,63,79,290,326,327,343,348,350,376,408,427,431,478,479,547,560,571,574,592,603,682,732,735,861,898,930,932,959,1069,1172,1192,1217,1274,1276,1278,1282,1302) as well as nondeclarative kinds of procedural memory (135,147,164,311,322,374,383,435,447,563,602,631,664,679,733”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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“Some studies indeed demonstrated that sleep preferentially consolidates emotional over neutral memories (574,602,861,896,898,1276); however, others failed to reveal such effects (60,168,732,1147,1148).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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Citations
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Cited by
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Items 101–200 of 253
Sleep and Affective Brain Regulation
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Sleep and psychiatric disorders: Bidirectional interactions and shared neurobiological mechanisms
Hyndych, A., Koval, K., Dzeruzhynska, N., & Mader, E. C. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000531 · Cited by 36
“…eye movement (REM) and sleep loss alter amygdala-prefrontal dynamics and emotional memory processes needed for fear resolution and mood regulation [22,23], and inflammatory axes connect chronic sleep disturbance with elevated cortisol responses and low-grade inflammation seen in multiple…”
Seeley, C. J., Smith, C. T., MacDonald, K. J., & Beninger, R. J. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000123 · Cited by 25
“Furthermore, REM sleep has been implicated in the consolidation of tasks that involve memory for stimuli that evoke negative emotions (Baran et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2006; Nishida et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGlosemeyer, R. W., Diekelmann, S., Cassel, W., Kesper, K., Koehler, U., Westermann, S., Steffen, A., Borgwardt, S., Wilhelm, I., Müller‐Pinzler, L., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74169-8 · Cited by 27
Emotional Memory Processing during REM Sleep with Implications for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Rho, Y.-A., Sherfey, J. S., & Vijayan, S. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1020-22.2022 · Cited by 30
The role of sleep in emotional memory processing in middle age
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“Second, previous work using the identical task as the current study demonstrated no short-term memory differences between young adults who learned in the morning and evening (Baran et al., 2012), suggesting time of day does not influence encoding or recognition performance of this task, at least in young adults.”
ResultSelf-citationHalf-lives in plasma and bioavailability of ethinylestradiol in laboratory animals.
Düsterberg, B., Kühne, G., & Täuber, U. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 24
Future-relevant memories are not selectively strengthened during sleep
Ashton, J. E., & Cairney, S. A. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258110 · Cited by 20
Rapid eye movement sleep does not seem to unbind memories from their emotional context
Deliens, G., Neu, D., & Peigneux, P. (2013) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12065 · Cited by 23
“Compared to previous studies (Baran et al., 2012; Groch et al., 2013), our study presents an original method to probe consolidation for neutral stimuli learned in an emotional contextual background, rather than for intrinsically emotional material.”
MethodSharp Wave-Ripples in Human Amygdala and Their Coordination with Hippocampus during NREM Sleep
Cox, R., Rüber, T., Staresina, B. P., & Fell, J. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgaa051 · Cited by 24
“Calculations followed equation (2), but using absolute phases instead of phase differences, and averaging across trials rather than time.”
Interactions between Sleep and Emotions in Humans and Animal Models
Lefter, R. M., Cojocariu, R. O., Ciobica, A. S., Balmuș, I.-M., Mavroudis, I. A., & Kis, A. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58020274 · Cited by 25
“Another important mechanism which is thought to be characteristic of REM sleep could be the protection of the emotional response to the sight of negative images, otherwise reduced in the wakefulness state [20].”
BackgroundTo sleep or not to sleep – Effects on memory in normal aging and disease
Kroeger, D., & Vetrivelan, R. (2023) · Aging Brain · doi:10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100068 · Cited by 28
“If, as several reports indicate, REM sleep serves to enhance emotional memories during sleep [289,290], then it might be reasonable in certain circumstances to advocate for REM sleep deprivation as a therapeutic tool after traumatic events to prevent these memories from being strengthened [291].”
BackgroundEvidence of an active role of dreaming in emotional memory processing shows that we dream to forget
Zhang, J., Pena, A., Delano, N., Sattari, N. S., Shuster, A. E., Baker, F. C., Simon, K. C. N. S., & Mednick, S. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58170-z · Cited by 37
“Physiological markers of REM sleep associated with a reduction in reactivity to emotional stimuli have also been found, with theta 33 and gamma power 34 , as well as minutes in REM 35 .”
BackgroundHippocampal Contributions to Declarative Memory Consolidation During Sleep
Antony, J. W., & Paller, K. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_9 · Cited by 27
“Baran et al. (2012) and Lewis et al. (2011) found no interaction between emotional versus neutral information and sleep versus wake.”
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Mantua, J., Mahan, K. M., Henry, O. S., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00328 · Cited by 23
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Self-citationDenis, D., Kim, S. Y., Kark, S. M., Daley, R. T., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15132 · Cited by 25
Sleep benefits emotional and neutral associative memories equally
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Residual effects of emotion are reflected in enhanced visual activity after sleep
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“If the SFSR hypothesis would indeed argue for decreased sensory activity in memory related regions following sleep, our findings are more consistent with work suggesting that sleep serves to preserve (Baran et al., 2012; Groch, Wilhelm, Diekelmann, & Born, 2013) or even potentiate (Lara-”
ResultSuppression-induced forgetting diminishes following a delay of either sleep or wake
Davidson, P., Hellerstedt, R., Jönsson, P., & Johansson, M. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2019.1705311 · Cited by 20
“The absolute majority of studies that have included polysomnography have reported no correlation between duration of REM and emotional memory performance (e.g. Ackermann et al., 2015; Baran et al., 2012).”
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Investigating the effect of a nap following experimental trauma on analogue PTSD symptoms
Wilhelm, I., Azza, Y., Brennwald, K., Ehrt‐Schäfer, Y., Seifritz, E., & Kleim, B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83838-1 · Cited by 20
Sleep and the generalization of fear learning
Davidson, P., Carlsson, I., Jönsson, P., & Johansson, M. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12339 · Cited by 20
“, 2011) and decrease (Baran et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2002) intersession habituation to negative images.”
BackgroundSleep preserves subjective and sympathetic emotional response of memories
Jones, B. J., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107096 · Cited by 20
“Compared to a day spent awake, a night of sleep preserved valence ratings of negative pictures, and this preservation was correlated with time in REM sleep (Baran et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNew directions in sleep and memory research: the role of autonomic activity
Whitehurst, L. N., Chen, P., Naji, M., & Mednick, S. C. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.001 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, emotional memory processing engages both time in REM sleep [42,43] and REM theta frequency [44], as well as NREM sleep features [45–49].”
BackgroundDavidson, P., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2021) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-020-00200-z · Cited by 22
Self-citationSleep sharpens sensory stimulus coding in human visual cortex after fear conditioning
Virginie Sterpenich, A., Piguet, C., Desseilles, M., Ceravolo, L., Gschwind, M., Ville, D. V. D., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Schwartz, S. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.003 · Cited by 19
“…ScienceDirect NeuroImage j ourna l homepage: www.e lsev ie r .com/ locate /yn img are consolidated by a period of sleep following initial exposure (Baran et al., 2012; Payne and Kensinger, 2011; Sterpenich et al., 2007, 2009), particularly REM sleep (Menz et al., 2013; Nishida et al., 2009;…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSleep selectively stabilizes contextual aspects of negative memories
Cox, R., van Bronkhorst, M. L. V., Bayda, M., Gomillion, H., Cho, E., Parr, E., Manickas-Hill, O. P., Schapiro, A. C., & Stickgold, R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35999-9 · Cited by 22
Links between the brain and body during sleep: implications for memory processing
Whitehurst, L. N., Subramoniam, A., Krystal, A. D., & Prather, A. A. (2022) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2021.12.007 · Cited by 21
“Some studies have reported increased number and density of REMs, as well as higher theta power after learning [127 – 130].”
BackgroundSleep‐dependent memory consolidation is related to perceived value of learned material
van Rijn, E., Lucignoli, C., Izura, C., & Blagrove, M. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12457 · Cited by 18
“However, other studies have found improved memory for neutral as well as negative stimuli, following sleep relative to wake (e.g. Baran et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialA new function of rapid eye movement sleep: Improvement of muscular efficiency
Cai, Z.-J. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.013 · Cited by 18
Overnight sleep benefits both neutral and negative direct associative and relational memory
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REM refines and rescues memory representations: a new theory
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Age-related positivity effect in emotional memory consolidation from middle age to late adulthood
Niu, X., Utayde, M. F., Sanders, K. E. G., Denis, D., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1342589 · Cited by 22
“…line with the existing literature that the prioritization of emotional memory during sleep is more of an exception than the norm (Prehn-Kristensen et al., 2009, 2013; Baran et al., 2012; Morgenthaler et al., 2014; Göder et al., 2015; Bolinger et al., 2018; Kurz et al., 2019; Davidson et al., 2021).”
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“One is emotionality of the remembered experiences: more emotional experiences are consolidated by sleep-dependent memory processing, especially during rapid eye movement sleep [41–43].”
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Self-citationColvonen, P. J., Straus, L. D., Drummond, S. P. A., Angkaw, A. C., & Norman, S. B. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107905 · Cited by 17
“, 2014), negative long-term health consequences (Baran et al., 2012), and suicide risk (Nadorff et al.”
BackgroundEffect of emotional and neutral declarative memory consolidation on sleep architecture
Ward, M., Peters, K. R., & Smith, C. T. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3781-0 · Cited by 17
“For example, there is some disagreement about whether sleep in general preferentially benefits emotional over neutral memory consolidation (Nishida et al. 2009; Wagner et al. 2001; hu et al. 2006; Payne et al. 2008) or not (Baran et al. 2012; campanella and hamann 2011; lewis et al. 2011).”
Palmer, C. A., Oosterhoff, B., Massey, A., & Bawden, H. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.127 · Cited by 16
Pesonen, A., Koskinen, M.-K., Vuorenhela, N., Halonen, R., Mäkituuri, S., Selin, M., Luokkala, S., Suutari, A., & Hovatta, I. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105714 · Cited by 19
“Also, in healthy participants, the evidence for the dissipation of affective load in sleep is not without controversies, as decreases in emotional reactivity have not been observed in all studies (Wagner et al., 2002, Baran et al., 2012).”
ResultSleep spindles, stress and PTSD: The state of the science and future directions
Natraj, N., & Richards, A. L. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100516 · Cited by 15
Exploring indicators from keyboard and mouse interactions to predict the user affective state.
Salmerón-Majadas, S., Santos, O. C., & Boticario, J. G. (2014) · Cited by 15
Emotional Memory Consolidation During Sleep
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The Fate of Emotional Memories Over a Week: Does Sleep Play Any Role?
Cellini, N., Mercurio, M., & Sarlo, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00481 · Cited by 14
“Also, while the SFSR hypothesis would predict an arousal decrement only for unpleasant pictures over a week (Walker and van Der Helm, 2009), and the emotional salience view would expect a preservation of the arousal ratings (PaceSchott et al., 2011; Baran et al., 2012; Werner et al., 2015), here we observed a reductio…”
BackgroundPontine Control of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Fear Memory
Wen, Y., Yang, W. J., Guo, C. N., Qiu, M. H., Kroeger, D., Niu, J. G., Zhan, S. Q., Yang, X. F., Gisabella, B., Vetrivelan, R., et al. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14123 · Cited by 14
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Self-citationDecreased serum potassium may disturb sleep homeostasis in essential hypertensives
Heizhati, M., Zhang, Y., Shao, L., Wang, Y., Yao, X., Abulikemu, S., Zhang, D., Chang, G., Zhou, L., & Li, N. (2018) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-018-0131-4 · Cited by 14
Zolpidem Maintains Memories for Negative Emotions Across a Night of Sleep
Simon, K. C. N. S., Whitehurst, L. N., Zhang, J., & Mednick, S. C. (2021) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00079-1 · Cited by 14
“Early investigation into sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation focused on the reciprocal role of REM in strengthening emotional memory details while minimizing reactivity (Payne & Kensinger, 2010; Wagner et al., 2001, 2005, 2006; Baran et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLipinska, G., Austin, H. A., Moonsamy, J. R., Henry, M., Lewis, R., Baldwin, D. S., Thomas, K. G. F., & Stuart, B. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.976047 · Cited by 13
“An attenuated response (rather than an enhanced or maintained response) is considered more adaptive because in healthy individuals repeated exposure to emotional (and particularly negatively valenced) stimuli during waking hours and in an unthreatening environment is associated with increasingly attenuated responses t…”
BackgroundSleep and Emotional Memory: A Review of Current Findings and Application to a Clinical Population
Rawson, G., & Jackson, M. L. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00306-8 · Cited by 13
“Baran et al. [17] also found that a sleep opportunity preserved affective tone of emotional memories, however, the comparison group in this study experienced daytime wakefulness, as opposed to sleep deprivation.”
Awake replay: off the clock but on the job
van der Meer, M. A. A., & Bendor, D. (2025) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2025.02.006 · Cited by 19
“There are several behavioral studies that support this process of memory triage and prioritization ([85] mice, [86 – 90] humans).”
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Engages Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons to Reduce Cocaine Seeking
Guo, R., Wang, Y., Yan, R., Chen, B., Ding, W., Gorczyca, M. T., Ozsoy, S., Cai, L., Hines, R. L., Tseng, G. C., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.006 · Cited by 13
The robustness of false memory for emotional pictures
Bessette-Symons, B. A. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1339091 · Cited by 15
Sleep parameters improvement in PTSD soldiers after symptoms remission
Rousseau, P., Vallat, R., Coste, O., Cadis, H., Nicolas, F., Trousselard, M., Ruby, P. M., & Khalfa, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88337-x · Cited by 18
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Sleep and emotion processing in paediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot investigation
Jones, S. G., Castelnovo, A., Riedner, B. A., Flaherty, B., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Benca, R. M., Tononi, G., & Herringa, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13261 · Cited by 11
“Indeed, REM sleep may reinforce reactivity to emotionally salient stimuli rather than support adaptive reappraisal (Baran et al., 2012; Talamini et al., 2013; Werner et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNeural and behavioral organization of rapid eye movement sleep in zebrafishPreprint
Choudhary, V., Heller, C. R., Aimon, S., Schmid, L. D. S., Robson, D. N., & Li, J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555077 · Cited by 14
Rodheim, K., Kainec, K. A., Noh, E., Jones, B. J., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2023) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053685.122 · Cited by 14
“Consistent with this, we and others found a link between emotional memory performance and SWS (Groch et al. 2011; Hauner et al. 2013; Payne et al. 2015), while changes in emotional reactivity are associated with REM (Baran et al. 2012).”
MethodSelf-citationHacking the functions of sleep: noninvasive approaches to stimulate sleep neurophysiology
Krugliakova, E., Breuer, F., Adelhöfer, N., Alonso, A., Besedovsky, L., Murphy, K. R., Peters, E., Raczek, K., Rasch, B., Salvesen, L., et al. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00007.2025 · Cited by 21
Slow-wave disruption enhances the accessibility of positive memory traces
Goldschmied, J., Cheng, P., Kim, H. S., Casement, M. D., Armitage, R., & Deldin, P. J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.09.006 · Cited by 11
Psychostimulants may block long-term memory formation via degraded sleep in healthy adults
Whitehurst, L. N., & Mednick, S. C. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107342 · Cited by 10
Dorsal subcoeruleus nucleus (SubCD) involvement in context-associated fear memory consolidation
Siwek, D. F., Knapp, C. M., Kaur, G., & Datta, S. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3858-4 · Cited by 9
“…in healthy individuals, adequate sleep is beneficial for processing emotional memories (Wagner et al. 2001; hu et al. 2006; holland and lewis 2007; Baran et al. 2012; Diekelmann and Born 2010), and in individuals with the major neuropsychiatric disorders listed above, such processing is severely…”
BackgroundVerona, E., & Bozzay, M. L. (2017) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732217719910 · Cited by 9
Blasco‐Serra, A., Alfosea-Cuadrado, G. M., Cervera‐Ferri, A., González-Soler, E. M., Lloret, A., Martínez‐Ricós, J., Teruel‐Martí, V., & Valverde‐Navarro, A. A. (2019) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24829 · Cited by 10
Ludwig, R. L., Nelson, E., Vaduvathiriyan, P., Rippee, M. A., & Siengsukon, C. F. (2021) · Journal of Concussion · doi:10.1177/20597002211020881 · Cited by 8
The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review
Holland-Winkler, A. M., Greene, D. R., & Oberther, T. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082169 · Cited by 9
“REM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing, while NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day [19–23].”
BackgroundInfluentialHow Sleep Shapes Emotion Regulation
Goldschmied, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30628-1_6 · Cited by 8
The role of sleep and wakefulness in the recognition of emotional pictures
Carollo, G., Degasperi, G., & Cellini, N. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13695 · Cited by 7
“…group or condition (Goldschmied et al., 2015; Wagner, Kashyap, Diekelmann, & Born, 2007) to 24 participants per group or condition (Ashton, Harrington, Smith, & Cairney, 2019), with some exceptions with a larger sample size (Baran et al., 2012; Bennion, Payne, & Kensinger, 2016; Cox et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLawrence, W. M., Ying, L. E. Y., Lam, Y. C., Rusak, B., Chia-huei, T., Chun, L. T. M., & Kwok, W. Y. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa140 · Cited by 8
“To our knowledge, such effects have not yet been documented, even though daytime sleep has been shown to benefit neurocognitive functions including vigilance, learning and recall, perceptual memory, cognitive flexibility and working memory (Mednick et al., 2003; Smith, 2003; Wamsley et al., 2010; Baran et al., 2012; L…”
BackgroundNiu, X., Utayde, M. F., Sanders, K. E. G., Cunningham, T. J., Zhang, G., Kensinger, E. A., & Payne, J. D. (2024) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-024-01209-5 · Cited by 8
“Although many studies find that post-learning sleep benefits overall memory performance (Baran et al., 2012; Bolinger et al., 2018; Göder et al., 2015; Hu et al., 2006; Kurz et al., 2019; Morgenthaler et al., 2014; Payne, Ellenbogen et al., 2008a; Prehn-Kristensen et al., 2009, 2013), not all find…”
InfluentialReinhold, F. L., Gerlicher, A. M. V., Someren, E. J. W. V., & Kindt, M. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac220 · Cited by 7
“The suggested underlying neural mechanism is the particularly high brain activity in regions that have been linked to emotional processing during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep [7], thereby promoting the reactivation of emotional memory traces [8, 9].”
BackgroundSharp wave-ripples in human amygdala and their coordination with hippocampus during NREM sleepPreprint
Cox, R., Rüber, T., Staresina, B. P., & Fell, J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.07.897413 · Cited by 7
Emotional memories are enhanced when reactivated in slow-wave sleep but impaired in REMPreprint
Yüksel, Ç., Denis, D., Coleman, J., Ren, B., Oh, A., Cox, R., Morgan, A., Sato, E., & Stickgold, R. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.01.530661 · Cited by 7
Elements of episodic memory: insights from artificial agents
Boyle, A., & Blomkvist, A. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0416 · Cited by 6
“…than the one originally pursued by the agent (Andrychowicz et al., 2017), imaginary hindsight experience replay generates new data which is incorporated into replay (Mccarthy et al., 2023), and prioritized experience replay replays more informative transitions more frequently (Schaul et al., 2015).”
Sleep’s Role in Schema Learning and Creative Insights
Durrant, S. J., & Johnson, J. M. (2021) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-021-00202-5 · Cited by 7
Wernette, E. M. D., & Fenn, K. M. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02247-9 · Cited by 6
“Sleep strengthened memory for negative and neutral images when participants made arousal judgments (Baran et al., 2012), and strengthened recall after deep encoding but did not affect recognition after shallow encoding (Jurewicz et al.”
Should you Sleep on it? The Effects of Overnight Sleep on Subjective Preference‐based Choice
Karmarkar, U. R., Shiv, B., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1921 · Cited by 6
“…stimuli, and find that sleep’s beneficial effects on consolidation are greater (Payne et al. 2008a; Nishida et al. 2009; van der Helm et al., 2011) or at least the same (e.g. Baran et al., 2012; Cunningham et al., 2014) for negative memories (for review, see: Deliens, Gilson, & Peigneux, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSleeping over moral dilemmas modulates utilitarian decision-making
Cellini, N., Mercurio, M., & Sarlo, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02144-1 · Cited by 5
Human sleep and its regulation
Achermann, P., & Tarokh, L. (2014) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-99785 · Cited by 8
van Trigt, S., van der Zweerde, T., Someren, E. J. W. V., van Straten, A., & van Marle, H. J. F. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102089 · Cited by 9
An Overview of the Relationship Between Meal Timing and Sleep
Keser, M. G., & Yüksel, A. (2024) · Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine · doi:10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2023.71676 · Cited by 10
“18-20 Between 10-35% of the population experiences difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep.”
BackgroundREM Sleep Preserves Affective Response to Social Stress—Experimental Study
Halonen, R., Kuula, L., Selin, M., Suutari, A., Antila, M., & Pesonen, A. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0453-23.2024 · Cited by 6
The Memory Function of Sleep Across the Life Span
Kurdziel, L. B. F. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2814-5_1 · Cited by 7
Halonen, R., Kuula, L., Lahti, J. M. T., Räikkönen, K., & Pesonen, A. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107353 · Cited by 4
Wernette, E. M. D., & Fenn, K. M. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14091 · Cited by 4
“The few studies that have investigated incidental encoding and sleep suggest that sleep benefits memory after deep but not shallow processing (Baran et al., 2012; Jurewicz et al., 2016), potentially because deep encoding produces stronger memories (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Marzi & Viggiano, 2010;…”
The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation: Active or Permissive?
Schönauer, M., & Jan Born, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21034-1 · Cited by 4
A Role for Neuronal Oscillations of Sleep in Memory and Cognition
Marshall, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0653-7_7 · Cited by 4
Investigation of early night sleep effects on subsequent fear extinction learning and recall
Friesen, E., Sopp, M. R., Brueckner, A. H., de Sá, D. S. F., & Michael, T. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087221090350 · Cited by 5
“Whereas some studies have provided evidence in favor of this assumption (e.g., Van Der Helm et al., 2011; Wassing et al., 2019), others have not (e.g., Baran et al., 2012; Lara-Carrasco et al., 2009).”
ResultDaytime affect and sleep EEG activity: A data‐driven exploration
Zhang, J., ten Brink, M., Yan, Y., Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N., Krause, A. J., Manber, R., Kreibig, S. D., & Gross, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13916 · Cited by 4
Evolution of Psychoanalytic Interactions and Conflicts in Vertebrates
Cai, Z.-J. (2016) · Sleep and Hypnosis · doi:10.5350/sleep.hypn.2016.18.0128 · Cited by 4
Hachenberger, J., ten Brink, M., Kerkhoff, D., Baron, S., Schabus, M., & Lemola, S. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100648 · Cited by 4
“Acknowledging these conflicting study results, Baran et al. (2012) and Pace-Schott et al. (2012) proposed an alternative interpretation of the role of REM sleep, which suggests that REM sleep consolidates the emotional salience of memories, which makes these memories more readily available the next…”
Do, A. H., Schnitker, S. A., & Scullin, M. K. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2394452 · Cited by 3
“…are that sleep loss reduces positive emotions by reducing one’s energy (Groeger et al., 2022), by attenuating emotional processing (e.g. Baran et al., 2012), by decreasing use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies (Parsons et al., 2022), by altering theory of mind network…”
The Role of Sleep in Emotional Processing
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2814-5_6 · Cited by 5
Role of Post-Learning Sleep in the Recognition Memory for Faces and Scenes
Kashyap, N. (2019) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-019-00063-7 · Cited by 3
Treatment of insomnia – A preventive strategy for cardiovascular and mental disorders
Hertenstein, E., Johann, A. F., Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., & Riemann, D. W. (2016) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2016.02.005 · Cited by 4
Pace-Schott, E. F. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4792 · Cited by 3
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Chappel-Farley, M. G., Goldstein, M. R., & Benca, R. M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00085-2 · Cited by 2
Reinhold, F. L., Someren, E. J. W. V., & Kindt, M. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf029 · Cited by 2
“Numerous studies have documented changes in emotional memories using pictorial stimuli [4, 8–17].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Baran, B., Pace-Schott, E. F., Ericson, C., & Spencer, R. M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-18
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1035-1042
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3548452
- OpenAlex
- W2024614399
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 12.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R00AG029710)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- emotional memory consolidation, emotional reactivity, sleep, REM sleep, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, incidental memory, recognition memory, emotional valence, emotional arousal, negative pictures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sleep, Statistics as Topic, Polysomnography, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
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