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Processing of Emotional Reactivity and Emotional Memory over Sleep
Open accessAbstract
Sleep enhances memories, particularly emotional memories. As such, it has been suggested that sleep deprivation may reduce posttraumatic stress disorder. This presumes that emotional memory consolidation is paralleled by a reduction in emotional reactivity, an association that has not yet been examined. In the present experiment, we used an incidental memory task in humans and obtained valence and arousal ratings during two sessions separated either by 12 h of daytime wake or 12 h including overnight sleep. Recognition accuracy was greater following sleep relative to wake for both negative and neutral pictures. While emotional reactivity to negative pictures was greatly reduced over wake, the negative emotional response was relatively preserved over sleep. Moreover, protection of emotional reactivity was associated with greater time in REM sleep. Recognition accuracy, however, was not associated with REM. Thus, we provide the first evidence that sleep enhances emotional memory while preserving emotional reactivity.
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“REM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing, while NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day [19,20,21,22,23].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“REM sleep occurs after slow-wave sleep and allows for emotional memory processing, while NREM sleep is required for optimal wakefulness and cognitive function the following day [19,20,21,22,23].”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Others found that emotional reactivity decreased across wakefulness, but was preserved during sleep, with the preserving effect on emotional reactivity being specifically linked to REM sleep (60,481).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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“In fact, at a purely behavioral level, numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep after learning benefits declarative (17,18,60,63,79,290,326,327,343,348,350,376,408,427,431,478,479,547,560,571,574,592,603,682,732,735,861,898,930,932,959,1069,1172,1192,1217,1274,1276,1278,1282,1302) as well as nondeclarative kinds of procedural memory (135,147,164,311,322,374,383,435,447,563,602,631,664,679,733”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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“Some studies indeed demonstrated that sleep preferentially consolidates emotional over neutral memories (574,602,861,896,898,1276); however, others failed to reveal such effects (60,168,732,1147,1148).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [60]
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BackgroundResultInfluentialPreferential Consolidation of Emotional Memory During Sleep: A Meta-Analysis
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Emotional memory processing is influenced by sleep quality.
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Slow Wave Sleep Induced by GABA Agonist Tiagabine Fails to Benefit Memory Consolidation
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“Given that primary measures of emotional reactivity (ΔValence and ΔArousal, described below) represented target pictures only, HR was chosen as the primary measure of memory, whereas FAR, CR, and d' were included as secondary measures (Baran et al., 2012).”
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“Conversely, increased REM sleep has also been shown to be correlated with greater consolidation of emotionally salient memories, the mechanisms and benefits of which, in PTSD and healthy subjects, remain unclear (Baran et al., 2012; Nishida et al., 2009).”
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BackgroundSelective effects of sleep on emotional memory: What mechanisms are responsible?
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BackgroundSleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance
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“The role of REM sleep in emotion processing was further supported by research showing that REM sleep is particularly important for sustaining the emotional valence of memories [ 57 ].”
ResultThe impact of sleep on true and false memory across long delays
Pardilla-Delgado, E., & Payne, J. D. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.016 · Cited by 48
Alger, S. E., & Payne, J. D. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0460-1 · Cited by 54
The role of experience in prioritizing hippocampal replay
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“This ability of the brain to bias memory processing towards more salient experiences requires sleep; if subjects remained awake following training on a behavioral task for a similar time period, no bias in-memory processing is observed 23 .”
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“Baran et al. (2012) explain these divergent findings by highlighting the different experimental designs used across studies including variation of stimuli, range of emotional variance and presentation times.”
BackgroundInteraction of Sleep and Emotional Content on the Production of False Memories
McKeon, S., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049353 · Cited by 46
“However, preferential sleep dependent consolidation of emotional over neutral items has not been consistently found [29,30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan Marle, H. J. F., Hermans, E. J., Qin, S., Overeem, S., & Fernández, G. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.009 · Cited by 44
Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Anxious Traits
Coles, M. E., Schubert, J. R., & Nota, J. A. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0613-x · Cited by 50
Targeted memory reactivation in REM but not SWS selectively reduces arousal responses
Hutchison, I. C., Pezzoli, S., Tsimpanouli, M.-E., Abdellahi, M. E. A., Pobric, G., Hulleman, J., & Lewis, P. A. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01854-3 · Cited by 48
Sleep divergently affects cognitive and automatic emotional response in children
Bolinger, E., Jan Born, A., & Zinke, K. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.015 · Cited by 43
“Overall, however, studies of the effects of sleep on valence ratings to negative stimuli reveal a rather heterogeneous picture (Baran et al., 2012; Wagner et al., 2002), likely reflecting the complex integration of physiological signals and concurrent behavioral goals that are inherent to cognitive emotional appraisal…”
InfluentialSleep spindles provide indirect support to the consolidation of emotional encoding contexts
Cairney, S. A., Durrant, S. J., Jackson, R. L., & Lewis, P. A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.016 · Cited by 42
“…Power & McGaugh, 2002), are twice as high as those observed in wakefulness (Marrosu et al., 1995), and this sleep stage has been linked to emotional memory retention in a number of prior reports (Groch et al., 2013; Nishida et al., 2009; Wagner, et al., 2001), although see also Baran et al. (2012).”
Laugh yourself to sleep: memory consolidation for humorous information
Chambers, A. M., & Payne, J. D. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3779-7 · Cited by 38
Sleep and Memory Consolidation
Spencer, R. M. C., Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_13 · Cited by 38
Self-citationMild Traumatic Brain Injury Chronically Impairs Sleep- and Wake-Dependent Emotional Processing
Mantua, J., Henry, O. S., Garskovas, N. F., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx062 · Cited by 38
Self-citationThe impact of five nights of sleep restriction on emotional reactivity
Tempesta, D., Salfi, F., Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13022 · Cited by 37
Napping reduces emotional attention bias during early childhood
Cremone, A., Kurdziel, L. B. F., Fraticelli‐Torres, A., McDermott, J. M., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12411 · Cited by 40
“Reduced emotional attention biases following sleep may come about via consolidation of memories of recent episodic events, a known function of SWS (e.g., Gais & Born, 2004), and stabilization of their affective tone over sleep (Baran et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNielsen, T., O’Reilly, C., Carr, M., Dumel, G., Godin, I., Solomonova, E., Lara-Carrasco, J., Blanchette‐Carrière, C., & Paquette, T. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.09.007 · Cited by 37
Ai, S., Chen, J., Liu, J., He, J., Xue, Y.-X., Bao, Y., Han, F., Tang, X., Lü, L., & Shi, J. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.005 · Cited by 35
Sleep quality and its association with the insular cortex in emotional empathy
Guadagni, V., Burles, F., Ferrara, M., & Iaria, G. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14124 · Cited by 37
Cunningham, T. J., Stickgold, R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910317 · Cited by 34
“Substantial research has indicated that sleep may also play an active role in modulating the emotional tone or affectivity associated with emotional experiences (Walker and van Der Helm, 2009; van der Helm et al., 2011; Baran et al., 2012; Cunningham et al., 2014a; Bolinger et al., 2019).”
BackgroundWerner, G. G., Schabus, M., Blechert, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2020) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1713134 · Cited by 38
“The latter set of studies is rather in line with an alternative account that has recently emerged and that relates REM sleep to the consolidation of emotional salience (Baran et al., 2012; Pace-Schott et al., 2011; Werner et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTargeted Memory Reactivation During REM Sleep in Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder
Borghese, F., Henckaerts, P., Guy, F., Mayo, C., Delplanque, S., Schwartz, S., & Perogamvros, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.904704 · Cited by 33
“Thus, REM sleep would not strengthen the emotional tone of memories (Baran et al., 2012; Jones & Spencer, 2019; Wagner et al., 2002; Werner et al., 2015), but might instead consolidate negative memories while attenuating their emotional tone (Cunningham et al.”
BackgroundPorcheret, K., der Kloet, D. V. H., Goodwin, G. M., Foster, F., Wulff, K., & Holmes, E. A. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0403-z · Cited by 31
Sleep Preserves Physiological Arousal in Emotional Memory
Ashton, J. E., Harrington, M. O., Guttesen, A. Á. V., Smith, A. K., & Cairney, S. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42478-2 · Cited by 37
Sleep's benefits to emotional processing emerge in the long term
Bolinger, E., Cunningham, T. J., Payne, J. D., Bowman, M. A., Bulca, E., Jan Born, A., & Zinke, K. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.07.008 · Cited by 33
Lipov, E., Navaie, M., Brown, P. R., Hickey, A. H., Stedje-Larsen, E. T., & McLay, R. N. (2013) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00290 · Cited by 30
Lipinska, G., & Thomas, K. G. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01766 · Cited by 34
“, 2014), whereas others find maintained (Baran et al., 2012; Groch et al., 2013; Wiesner et al., 2015) or even enhanced (Lara-Carrasco et al.”
BackgroundTest Expectation Enhances Memory Consolidation across Both Sleep and Wake.
Wamsley, E. J., Hamilton, K., Graveline, Y., Manceor, S., & Parr, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165141 · Cited by 29
Both slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep contribute to emotional memory consolidation
Yüksel, Ç., Denis, D., Coleman, J., Ren, B., Oh, A., Cox, R., Morgan, A., Sato, E., & Stickgold, R. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07868-5 · Cited by 46
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and its implications for psychiatry
Goerke, M., Müller, N. G., & Cohrs, S. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1476-3 · Cited by 31
“Contrary to that, however, one study found that sleep attenuated reactivity for negative information less than wakefulness (Baran et al. 2012).”
ResultPolta, S., Fenzl, T., Jakubcakova, V., Kimura, M., Yassouridis, A., & Wotjak, C. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00060 · Cited by 31
Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep’s Function on Memory and Cognition
Spencer, R. M. C. (2013) · ISRN Physiology · doi:10.1155/2013/619319 · Cited by 30
“Emotional reactivity associated with negative images is also preserved over sleep [133].”
Self-citationMendoza-Alvarez, M., Balthasar, Y., Verbraecken, J. A., Claes, L., Someren, E. J. W. V., van Marle, H. J. F., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., & Picker, L. D. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.12.037 · Cited by 29
Tempesta, D., Socci, V., Ioio, G. D., Gennaro, L. D., & Ferrara, M. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5043-z · Cited by 30
Effects of Stressor Predictability on Escape Learning and Sleep in Mice
Machida, M., Yang, L., Wellman, L. L., & Sanford, L. D. (2013) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.2464 · Cited by 28
Zeng, S., Lau, E. Y. Y., Li, S. X., & Hu, X. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13208 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Baran, B., Pace-Schott, E. F., Ericson, C., & Spencer, R. M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-18
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1035-1042
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3548452
- OpenAlex
- W2024614399
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 12.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R00AG029710)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- emotional memory consolidation, emotional reactivity, sleep, REM sleep, sleep deprivation, post-traumatic stress disorder, incidental memory, recognition memory, emotional valence, emotional arousal, negative pictures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sleep, Statistics as Topic, Polysomnography, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
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