Processing of Emotional Reactivity and Emotional Memory over Sleep

“Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (Buysse et al., 1989), which sur-”

“Performance on a range of tasks is better after an interval of sleep compared with an equivalent interval spent awake even after controlling for possible circadian influences on performance (Walker and Stickgold, 2006; Marshall and Born, 2007; Diekelmann and Born, 2010).”

“By repeatedly reactivating the memory, as posited to occur during sleep (Wilson and McNaughton, 1994), one might become habituated to the emotional response provoked by the stimulus.”

“Accumulating evidence points to an enhancing effect of sleep on memory consolidation (Stickgold, 2005).”

“It has also been proposed that sleep modulates emotional reactivity, a construct that can be described along two orthogonal dimensions of valence (sad to happy) and arousal (calm to excited) (LaBar and Cabeza, 2006; Bradley and Lang, 2007).”

“REM3% correlated significantly with Valence; notably, contrary to predictions (Walker, 2009), this relationship was negative (r 0.41, p 0.04).”

“Performance on a range of tasks is better after an interval of sleep compared with an equivalent interval spent awake even after controlling for possible circadian influences on performance (Walker and Stickgold, 2006; Marshall and Born, 2007; Diekelmann and Born, 2010).”

“…connectivity while valence-related enhancement was associated with interactions between medial temporal and prefrontal cortices (Kensinger, 2004; Kensinger and Corkin, 2004; LaBar and Cabeza, 2006), recent studies suggest that these two neural systems can interact to promote memory (Mickley…”

“Performance on a range of tasks is better after an interval of sleep as compared to an equivalent interval spent awake even after controlling for possible circadian influences on performance (e.g. Diekelman and Born, 2010; Marshall and Born, 2007; Walker & Stickgold, 2006).”

“In contrast to previous studies (Wagner et al., 2001; Payne et al., 2008), sleep did not preferentially act on memory for emotionally negative items over neutral items.”

“Given that REM latency has also been shown to predict emotional memory processing (Nishida et al., 2009), we examined whether this measure (time to enter REM), predicted behavioral measures.”

“, 2011b) and impaired by sleep deprivation (Killgore et al., 2006).”

“Although functional neuroimaging studies initially suggested that the brain bases for the memory enhancing effects of valence and arousal were discrete, it is now known that neural systems supporting these two dimensions can interact to enhance memory (Kensinger, 2004; LaBar and Cabeza, 2006; Pierce and Kensinger, 201…”

“Such misperceptions have been observed by others (Carskadon et al., 1976; Silva et al., 2007).”

“Such misperceptions have been observed by others (Carskadon et al., 1976; Silva et al., 2007).”

“Studies that reveal direct relationships between physiological properties of sleep and changes in task performance over sleep suggest that sleep actively modulates memory representations (Gais and Born, 2004; Schabus et al., 2004; Marshall et al., 2006).”

“Emotional but not neutral memories show enhanced consolidation over a full night of sleep compared with an equivalent interval of wake (Hu et al., 2006; Payne et al., 2008).”

“This difference is not likely to be attributable to the incidental nature of the task: Although intentional memories are subject to greater memory benefits from sleep, emotion is thought to add intent to incidental encoding (Wilhelm et al., 2011).”

“Based on the signal detection theory (Macmillan and Creelman, 1990), memory discrimination is most accurately summarized by measures of sensitivity (the ability to discriminate hit rates and false alarms; d ) and response bias (tendency for conservative vs liberal responding; c).”

“…Wagner et al. (2001) found that retrieval of emotionally negative, but not neutral, narrative texts was better after REM-rich late-night sleep compared with slow-wave sleep (SWS)-rich early night sleep or an equivalent interval awake, an effect persisting up to 4 years later (Wagner et al., 2006).”

“Such misperceptions have been observed by others (Carskadon et al., 1976; Silva et al., 2007).”

“…if the processes protecting emotional reactivity over sleep overlap at all with those processes underlying sleepdependent consolidation of the emotional memory, individual differences in these measures should correlate (for a discussion of individual difference approach, see Zelaznik et al., 2002).”

“NREM Stage 2 contains sleep spindles that are thought to underlie neural plasticity (Andrade et al., 2011).”

“The high incidence of sleep abnormalities in mood disorders (Riemann, 2007) may suggest that sleep interacts with emotional processing.”

“Recent neuroimaging studies reveal increased amygdala activation and increased connectivity between the amygdala and the limbic system for retrieval of negative stimuli following sleep compared with wake (Lewis et al., 2011; Payne and Kensinger, 2011).”

“Given that initial emotionality for targets and foils was similar (based on a preliminary study), we compared Session 2 ratings for targets (old stimuli) and foils (new stimuli), a measure of sleepdependent emotional processing used previously (Wagner et al., 2002).”

“…was associated with interactions between medial temporal and prefrontal cortices (Kensinger, 2004; Kensinger and Corkin, 2004; LaBar and Cabeza, 2006), recent studies suggest that these two neural systems can interact to promote memory (Mickley Steinmetz et al., 2010; Waring and Kensinger, 2011).”

“Moreover, emotionally guided decision making is enhanced by sleep (Pace-Schott et al., 2011b) and impaired by sleep deprivation (Killgore et al., 2006).”

“The high incidence of sleep abnormalities in mood disorders (Riemann, 2007) may suggest that sleep interacts with emotional processing.”

“Moreover, our results are consistent with two recent studies that also failed to find preferential benefits of sleep for emotionally negative relative to neutral stimuli (Campanella and Hamann, 2011; Lewis et al., 2011).”

“More specifically, whereas arousal-related memory enhancement was originally thought to be associated with amygdala connectivity while valence-related enhancement was associated with interactions between medial temporal and prefrontal cortices (Kensinger, 2004; Kensinger and Corkin, 2004; LaBar and Cabeza, 2006), rece…”

“Moreover, emotionally guided decision making is enhanced by sleep (Pace-Schott et al., 2011b) and impaired by sleep deprivation (Killgore et al., 2006).”

“We also separately considered REM4%, as REM is thought to be richer as the night progresses (Mallick et al., 2011).”

“Some studies indeed demonstrated that sleep preferentially consolidates emotional over neutral memories (574, 602, 861, 896, 898, 1276); however, others failed to reveal such effects (60, 168, 732, 1147, 1148).”