The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Structural MRI Study of Human Brain Development from Birth to 2 Years
Open accessAbstract
Brain development in the first 2 years after birth is extremely dynamic and likely plays an important role in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Knowledge regarding this period is currently quite limited. We studied structural brain development in healthy subjects from birth to 2. Ninety-eight children received structural MRI scans on a Siemens head-only 3T scanner with magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo T1-weighted, and turbo spin echo, dual-echo (proton density and T2 weighted) sequences: 84 children at 2–4 weeks, 35 at 1 year and 26 at 2 years of age. Tissue segmentation was accomplished using a novel automated approach. Lateral ventricle, caudate, and hippocampal volumes were also determined. Total brain volume increased 101% in the first year, with a 15% increase in the second. The majority of hemispheric growth was accounted for by gray matter, which increased 149% in the first year; hemispheric white matter volume increased by only 11%. Cerebellum volume increased 240% in the first year. Lateral ventricle volume increased 280% in the first year, with a small decrease in the second. The caudate increased 19% and the hippocampus 13% from age 1 to age 2. There was robust growth of the human brain in the first two years of life, driven mainly by gray matter growth. In contrast, white matter growth was much slower. Cerebellum volume also increased substantially in the first year of life. These results suggest the structural underpinnings of cognitive and motor development in early childhood, as well as the potential pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“doubling in volume during the first year and reaching 80–90% of adult volume by age 3 (Courchesne et al., 2000; Knickmeyer et al., 2008).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Knickmeyer et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Recently, however, imaging studies in early childhood have begun to illuminate the extremely rapid pace of postnatal structural and functional brain development3–6.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Brain volume is about 35% of adult volume 2–3 weeks after birth after birth13, doubles from term size in the first year of life and increases an additional 15% in the second to about 80% of adult size3.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“From birth to age 1, cortical grey-matter volume increases 108–149%, whereas white matter increases by about 11%; from age 1 to age 2 years, grey matter increases 14–19%, whereas white matter increases by 19%3.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Lateral ventricle volume increases by over 100% in year 1, but subsequently decreases by 7–24% in the second year of life3, 10, 19.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Grey and white matter have different growth trajectories soon after birth, with rapid development of grey-matter volume compared to white-matter volume, which increases much more gradually15,3.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In general, studies suggest a complex pattern of development that varies based on anatomical location and cortical metric.”
From Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1–6 years of age (2017) · cites this paper as Knickmeyer et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Yushkevich, P. A., Piven, J., Hazlett, H. C., Smith, R. G., Ho, S., Gee, J. C., & Gerig, G. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015 · Cited by 8,868
Self-citationBrain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome
Schmahmann, J. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.4.561 · Cited by 3,230
Synaptic density in human frontal cortex —Developmental changes and effects of aging
Peter R., H. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90349-4 · Cited by 2,645
Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging
Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.001 · Cited by 1,863
(1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,713
Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study
Courchesne, E., Karns, C. M., Davis, H. R., Ziccardi, R., Carper, R. A., Tigue, Z. D., Chisum, H. J., Moses, P., Pierce, K., Lord, C., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.245 · Cited by 1,487
Longitudinal Mapping of Cortical Thickness and Brain Growth in Normal Children
Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Leonard, C. M., Welcome, S. E., Kan, E., & Toga, A. W. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1798-04.2004 · Cited by 1,481
Pfefferbaum, A., Mathalon, D. H., Sullivan, E. V., Rawles, J. M., Zipursky, R. B., & Lim, K. O. (1994) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540210046012 · Cited by 1,363
Schizophrenia as a Disorder of Neurodevelopment
Lewis, D. A., & Levitt, P. (2002) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142754 · Cited by 1,163
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.1080/02770930290056541 · DOI
- Sampaio RC Truwit CL (2001) in Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience, Myelination in the developing brain, eds Nelson CA Luciana M (MIT, Cambridge, MA), pp 35–44.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Brain charts for the human lifespan
Bethlehem, R. A. I., Seidlitz, J., White, S. R., Vogel, J. W., Anderson, K. M., Adamson, C., Adler, S., Alexopoulos, G. S., Anagnostou, E., Areces-Gonzalez, A., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04554-y · Cited by 1,794
Self-citationNormal development of brain circuits
Tau, G. Z., & Peterson, B. S. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.115 · Cited by 1,391
Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions
Alexander-Bloch, A., Giedd, J. N., & Bullmore, E. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3465 · Cited by 1,064
Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Gao, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1 · Cited by 1,013
Self-citationDubois, J., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Kulikova, S., Poupon, C., Hüppi, P. S., & Hertz-Pannier, L. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.044 · Cited by 851
Metadata
- Authors
- Knickmeyer, R. C., Gouttard, S., Kang, C., Evans, D., Wilber, K., Smith, J. K., Hamer, R. M., Lin, W., Gerig, G., & Gilmore, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-11-19
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 12176-12182
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2884385
- OpenAlex
- W2018077021
- Cited by
- 1,151
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 23.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454)
- National Institute of Mental Health (HD053000, MH064065, T32MH019111, P50MH064065, MH019111)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025008)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053000, #HD03110, HD053000, P30HD003110, HD-40127, T32HD040127)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- brain development, early childhood, cerebellum, lateral ventricle, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, total brain volume, neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pregnancy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
