A Structural MRI Study of Human Brain Development from Birth to 2 Years
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Brain development in the first 2 years after birth is extremely dynamic and likely plays an important role in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Knowledge regarding this period is currently quite limited. We studied structural brain development in healthy subjects from birth to 2. Ninety-eight children received structural MRI scans on a Siemens head-only 3T scanner with magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo T1-weighted, and turbo spin echo, dual-echo (proton density and T2 weighted) sequences: 84 children at 2–4 weeks, 35 at 1 year and 26 at 2 years of age. Tissue segmentation was accomplished using a novel automated approach. Lateral ventricle, caudate, and hippocampal volumes were also determined. Total brain volume increased 101% in the first year, with a 15% increase in the second. The majority of hemispheric growth was accounted for by gray matter, which increased 149% in the first year; hemispheric white matter volume increased by only 11%. Cerebellum volume increased 240% in the first year. Lateral ventricle volume increased 280% in the first year, with a small decrease in the second. The caudate increased 19% and the hippocampus 13% from age 1 to age 2. There was robust growth of the human brain in the first two years of life, driven mainly by gray matter growth. In contrast, white matter growth was much slower. Cerebellum volume also increased substantially in the first year of life. These results suggest the structural underpinnings of cognitive and motor development in early childhood, as well as the potential pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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The brain doubles in volume during year one and attains 80-90% of adult size by age three.
“doubling in volume during the first year and reaching 80–90% of adult volume by age 3 (Courchesne et al., 2000; Knickmeyer et al., 2008).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Knickmeyer et al., 2008
Recent imaging studies in early childhood have begun to reveal the very rapid pace of postnatal structural and functional brain development.
“Recently, however, imaging studies in early childhood have begun to illuminate the extremely rapid pace of postnatal structural and functional brain development3–6.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
Brain volume is about 35% of adult volume two to three weeks after birth, doubles from term size in the first year, and increases an additional 15% in the second year to about 80% of adult size.
“Brain volume is about 35% of adult volume 2–3 weeks after birth after birth13, doubles from term size in the first year of life and increases an additional 15% in the second to about 80% of adult size3.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
From birth to age one, cortical grey-matter volume increases by 108-149% while white matter increases by about 11%; from age one to two, grey matter increases by 14-19% while white matter increases by 19%.
“From birth to age 1, cortical grey-matter volume increases 108–149%, whereas white matter increases by about 11%; from age 1 to age 2 years, grey matter increases 14–19%, whereas white matter increases by 19%3.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
Lateral ventricle volume increases by over 100% in the first year and then decreases by 7-24% in the second year.
“Lateral ventricle volume increases by over 100% in year 1, but subsequently decreases by 7–24% in the second year of life3, 10, 19.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
Grey and white matter have different growth trajectories soon after birth, with rapid grey-matter volume development compared with a more gradual increase in white-matter volume.
“Grey and white matter have different growth trajectories soon after birth, with rapid development of grey-matter volume compared to white-matter volume, which increases much more gradually15,3.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
In neonates and infants, studies suggest a complex pattern of cortical development that varies based on anatomical location and cortical metric.
“In general, studies suggest a complex pattern of development that varies based on anatomical location and cortical metric.”
From Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1–6 years of age (2017) · cites this paper as Knickmeyer et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Knickmeyer, R. C., Gouttard, S., Kang, C., Evans, D., Wilber, K., Smith, J. K., Hamer, R. M., Lin, W., Gerig, G., & Gilmore, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-11-19
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 12176-12182
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2884385
- OpenAlex
- W2018077021
- Cited by
- 1,151
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 112 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 23.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000454)
- National Institute of Mental Health (HD053000, MH064065, T32MH019111, P50MH064065, MH019111)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025008)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053000, #HD03110, HD053000, P30HD003110, HD-40127, T32HD040127)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- brain development, early childhood, cerebellum, lateral ventricle, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, total brain volume, neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pregnancy
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