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Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception
Open accessAbstract
Subliminal stimuli can be deeply processed and activate similar brain areas as consciously perceived stimuli. This raises the question which signatures of neural activity critically differentiate conscious from unconscious processing. Transient synchronization of neural activity has been proposed as a neural correlate of conscious perception. Here we test this proposal by comparing the electrophysiological responses related to the processing of visible and invisible words in a delayed matching to sample task. Both perceived and nonperceived words caused a similar increase of local (gamma) oscillations in the EEG, but only perceived words induced a transient long-distance synchronization of gamma oscillations across widely separated regions of the brain. After this transient period of temporal coordination, the electrographic signatures of conscious and unconscious processes continue to diverge. Only words reported as perceived induced (1) enhanced theta oscillations over frontal regions during the maintenance interval, (2) an increase of the P300 component of the event-related potential, and (3) an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word. We propose that the critical process mediating the access to conscious perception is the early transient global increase of phase synchrony of oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency range.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a masked-word delayed matching-to-sample EEG study, consciously perceived and unperceived words produced similar local gamma activity, but only perceived words triggered a transient long-distance synchronization of gamma oscillations across cortical areas. The authors propose this early global phase synchrony as a critical event mediating access to conscious perception.
Key findings
- Visible words were correctly classified 94.5% of the time (mean d′ = 3.85), whereas invisible words dropped to chance (52.2%; mean d′ = 0.16); reaction times were shorter for visible than invisible words (923 vs 1418 ms).
- Both visible and invisible words increased local gamma oscillations, but only visible words induced transient long-distance gamma phase synchrony at 50–57 Hz from 80 to 130 ms after sample-word presentation (F(1,14) = 5.041; p = 0.044), with no concurrent difference in gamma amplitude or ERPs.
- Only visible words later produced a frontocentral P3a-like positivity from 130 to 430 ms, peaking at 240 ms (F(1,14) = 37.766; p = 0.00002; 2.3394 µV difference), enhanced frontal theta (5–6 Hz) during maintenance, and increased gamma power and phase synchrony before test-word presentation (synchrony: F(1,14) = 11.803, p = 0.005; power: F(1,14) = 8.006, p = 0.015).
- In a separate unconscious priming experiment (n = 20), invisible primes still produced a 15 ms congruent-versus-incongruent reaction-time effect (F(1,19) = 8.981; p = 0.007), indicating deep processing without awareness.
Methods
- Experiment 1: 15 healthy right-handed native Spanish speakers performed a two-alternative forced-choice delayed matching-to-sample task (320 trials); a 33 ms sample word was rendered visible or invisible by mask luminance, followed 533 ms later by a test word, with control conditions to subtract mask-stream responses.
- Experiment 2: 20 subjects performed an unconscious semantic priming task with the same word set and masks; invisible primes were semantically congruent or incongruent with targets.
- EEG was recorded from a 64-electrode geodesic sensor net at 1000 Hz. Analyses included ERPs, time-frequency power, and phase-locking value (PLV) for phase synchrony, with permutation tests and within-subject ANOVAs; topographic synchrony used a conservative threshold of p < 0.00005.
Limitations
- The paper states that the transient long-distance synchronization is not entirely compatible with models predicting sustained activity for conscious stimuli, because synchrony lasted about 100 ms but reached significance only for about 50 ms.
- The paper states that the mechanism by which long-distance synchronization affects subsequent cognitive processes remains to be clarified, and whether early synchronization itself is phenomenal awareness or whether awareness emerges from later processes is unresolved.
- The paper notes that precise onset of enhanced theta could not be determined because long windows were needed for low-frequency oscillations; it also reports that luminance and volume-conduction confounds were addressed by control subtractions and phase-lag analyses, though these remain methodological considerations evident from the design.
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Claims the paper makes
54 Own result · 30 Own interpretation · 15 Not checked yet · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reaction times were significantly shorter in the visible com- pared with the invisible condition (923 and 1418 ms, respectively; F (1,14) ϭ 76.139; p ϭ 0.000018), despite the fact that speed of response was not stressed in the task.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the visible condition, in contrast, numerous electrode pairs, both within and across hemispheres, showed significant phase-locking between occipital, parietal, and frontal sites in the time window 40 -180 ms after sample-word presentation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both perceived and nonperceived words caused a similar increase of local (gamma) oscillations in the EEG”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first significant difference between visible and invisible words was observed from 80 to 130 ms after sample-word presentation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
- Rests on an assumption: Subjective report of word visibility is a valid index of conscious perception.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the window between 180 and 330 ms, the pattern of phase synchrony became lateralized over the left hemisphere and restricted to occipito-parietal electrodes”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
- Rests on an assumption: The delayed matching to sample task involves language processing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor the mean ERPs calculated over all as well as over occipital electrodes differed between conditions (ERP effect over all electrodes: F (1,14) ϭ 0.005, p ϭ 0.774, 0.0245 V difference; ERP effect over occipital electrodes: F (1,14) ϭ 1.036, p ϭ 0.329, 0.3350 V difference)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither the mean amplitude of the gamma oscillations (50 -57 Hz; F (1,14) ϭ 0.616; p ϭ 0.448)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this period, the mean phase synchrony at 50 -57 Hz over all electrode pairs was significantly higher for the visible than the invisible condition (F (1,14) ϭ 5.041; p ϭ 0.044)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the patterns of phase synchrony were markedly different”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the patterns of gamma activity were spatially homogeneous and similar for the two conditions”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioral results showed that, in the experimental condition in which sample words could be perceived, 94.5% of the words were classified correctly (F (1,14) ϭ 904.5; p Ͻ 0.001), the mean dЈ being 3.85, which implies a highly significant difference from chance (F (1,14) ϭ 192.2; p Ͻ 0.001).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, in the experimental condition that rendered sample words invisible, performance dropped to chance level (52.2%;F (1,14) ϭ 2.097; p ϭ 0.170), and the mean dЈ value did not differ from zero (dЈ ϭ 0.16; F (1,14) ϭ 2.598; p ϭ 0.129)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In control conditions, the success rates were 92.50 and 86.17%, and the respective dЈ values were 3.27 and 2.50, indicating that participants were able to detect the control words.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, there was a significant increase in phase synchrony in the frequency band from 63 to 83 Hz in the interval 185-240 ms after test-word presentation (visible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 22.869, p Ͻ 0.001; invisible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 18.720, p ϭ 0.001; visible vs invisible conditions: F (1,14) ϭ 0.199, p ϭ 0.663)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third and more delayed difference between the visible and invisible conditions was observed immediately after test-word presentation.Here, both phase synchrony and gamma power were significantly higher during the visible than the invisible conditions.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there was a significant increase in power of gamma oscillations in a broad frequency range (36 -85 Hz) during the interval of 155-230 ms after test-word presentation (visible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 63.524, p Ͻ 0.001; invisible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 52.626, p Ͻ 0.001; visible vs invisible condition: F (1,14) ϭ 2.030, p ϭ 0.180).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the interval of enhanced phase-locking, neither the ERPs nor the induced gamma oscillations differed between conditions”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results show increased neural synchrony for the visible condition, which lasts ϳ100 ms but reaches significance only during a short time window (ϳ50 ms)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our experiment, the phase angles at which synchronization occurred were not centered on zero and exhibited considerable scatter (Ϯrads)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, the induced synchronization occurred with much longer latency (ϳ200 ms) and was in the range described in previous experiments.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) an enhancement of a P3a-like component of the ERP and of sustained theta oscillations over frontal areas”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Late correlates of conscious processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prime words, although not perceived, had a clear behavioral effect indicating that the unconsciously perceived words are processed.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second peaks occur only in the visible condition.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the window between 180 and 330 ms, the pattern of phase synchrony lateralizes over the left hemisphere and restricts to occipitoparietal electrodes.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stimuli that are masked and presented so briefly that they cannot be reported can still be highly processed and even activate motor responses (Marcel, 1983;Dehaene et al., 1998Dehaene et al., , 2001Dehaene et al., , 2004;;Naccache et al., 2005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marcel, 1983
- Not checked yetcites Dehaene et al., 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed,  and gamma frequency band phase synchrony is enhanced for consciously perceived stimuli (Meador et al., 2002;Gross et al., 2004;Nakatani et al., 2005;Palva et al., 2005) and correlates with conscious perception in binocular rivalry (Fries et al., 1997(Fries et al., , 2002;;Srinivasan et al., 1999;Doesburg et al., 2005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meador et al., 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Fries et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Doesburg et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The neural signature of unconscious perception would be local coordination of neural activity and propagation along sensory processing pathways, whereas conscious perception would require global coordination of widely distributed neural activity by long-distance synchronization (Dehaene et al., 2006).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dehaene et al., 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these studies have investigated synchronization in spatially restricted neural assemblies, or without distinguishing between local and global coordination.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The P3-like component has been related to the updating of contents kept in working memory (Donchin, 1981).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Donchin, 1981
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Frontal theta oscillations have been assigned a role in the maintenance of short-term memories (Jensen and Tesche, 2002;Schack et al., 2005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jensen and Tesche, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Schack et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it would have been interesting to see whether the theta enhancement started only after the episode of gamma phase-locking, the necessity to use long windows for the assessment of the low-frequency oscillations precluded determination of the precise onset of enhanced theta.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This contrast should remove any remaining luminance effects, and persisting effects should only reflect processes related to conscious perception of the sample word.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that neural synchronization could last longer but is nonetheless transient.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“experiments on the related phenomenon of change blindness show that unattended objects could be fleetingly represented and reported but that their representations disappear as soon as a new object is presented or if the eyes move to a new location (Landmann et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Landmann et al., 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these results suggest that the brain can process information remarkably fast”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the fast stream of stimuli used in our experiment might have imposed pressure on the perceptual processes, leading to a shortening of the processing time devoted to each stimulus.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the sustained activity often reported using such experimental paradigms could reflect the transfer or maintenance of a stable representation in working memory and are not necessarily a correlate of conscious perception itself.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination of the different methods applied here allows for a more detailed temporal characterization of the putative EEG events differentiating between conscious and unconscious processing.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Late correlates of conscious processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“implying that this early wave of activation might be an essential correlate of conscious perception (Pins and Ffytche, 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pins and Ffytche, 2003
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it seems as if the fast and transient large-scale synchronization enhances the saliency of the activation patterns sufficiently to permit access to consciousness and thereby triggers a sequence of processes such as perception stabilization, maintenance in working memory, and generation of expectancies that are associated with conscious awareness.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Late correlates of conscious processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, in the control experiment with the subliminal priming task, we evaluated the depth of processing of the unperceived word using the same protocol as in the main experiment.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we consider it likely that the key event mediating access to consciousness is the early long-distance synchronization of neural assemblies, rather than the mere depth of processing in the various cortical areas involved in written word processing.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
“This design enabled us to isolate the response to the sample word by subtracting the response elicited by the masking stimuli.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
“a filter was designed that eliminated only the continuous 50 Hz (AC) component but kept the biological 50 Hz signal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subjective report of word visibility is a valid index of conscious perception.
“Only words reported as perceived induced”
The paper relies on this without support.
The delayed matching to sample task involves language processing.
“which agrees with the fact that the task involves language processing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Enhanced synchronization can be mimicked by volume conduction if it occurs with zero phase lag.
“Enhanced synchronization can be mimicked by volume conduction if it occurs with zero phase lag.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If observed synchronization were attributable to activation or inactivation of one or several generators, it should show up as a difference in induced gamma activity or ERPs between experimental conditions.
“if the observed synchronization were attributable to activation or inactivation of one or several generators, it should show up as a difference in the induced gamma activity or in the ERPs between experimental conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Synchronization caused by volume conduction must occur with zero phase difference between electrodes.
“synchronization caused by volume conduction must occur with zero phase difference between electrodes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Phase synchronization caused by volume conduction should exhibit a distance-dependent gradient on the scalp.
“phase synchronization caused by volume conduction should exhibit a distancedependent gradient on the scalp”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of inter-region functional coordination can facilitate emergence of neural activity as conscious percepts.”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Abstract
“an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
“The increase in synchrony, averaged over all electrodes, occurred in the high gamma range (67-80 Hz) and during the interval 10 -40 ms after test-word presentation (visible vs invisible: F (1,14) ϭ 11.803; p ϭ 0.005).Interestingly, in this case the power of oscillations was also enhanced and in exactly the same frequency range”
Citations
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“This suggests that early large-scale synchronization could be the event that triggers ignition of the global workspace of consciousness, as postulated by Dehaene and Naccache (2001) and Dehaene et al. (2006).”
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Burgess, 1999, Methodological advances in the analysis of event-related desynchronization data: reliability and robust analysis, Vol 6, 139
- Wolfe JM (1999) in Fleeting memories: cognition of brief visual stimuli, Inattentional amnesia, ed Coltheart V (MIT, Cambridge, MA), pp 71–91.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Melloni, L., Molina, C., Pena, M., Torres, D., Singer, W., & Rodriguez, E.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- ORCID
- Singer, Wolf
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-03-14
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2858-2865
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6672558
- OpenAlex
- W1983939506
- Semantic Scholar
- b2ac15db0b7829efcb8dcbda723039a3df2b6f11
- Cited by
- 716
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 27.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- conscious perception, subliminal perception, neuronal synchronization, gamma oscillations, phase synchronization, theta oscillations, P300, event-related potentials, delayed matching-to-sample, unconscious processes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness, Cortical Synchronization, Female, Humans, Male, Neurons, Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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