Gamma coherence and conscious perception
Abstract
BACKGROUND: High-frequency (e.g., gamma 30 to 50 Hz) coherent neural activity has been postulated to underlie binding of independent neural assemblies and thus integrate processing across distributed neuronal networks to achieve a unified conscious experience. Prior studies suggest that gamma activity may play a role in perceptual mechanisms, but design limitations raise concerns. Thus, controversy exists as to the hypothesis that gamma activity is necessary for perceptual awareness. In addition, controversy exists as to whether the primary sensory cortices are involved directly in the mechanisms of conscious perception or just in processes prior to conscious awareness. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation of gamma coherence and perception. METHODS: Digital intracranial electrocorticographic recordings from implanted electrodes were obtained in six patients with intractable epilepsy during a simple somatosensory detection task for near-threshold stimuli applied to the contralateral hand. Signal analyses were then conducted using a quantitative approach that employed two-way Hanning digital bandpass filters to compute running correlations across pairs of channels at various time epochs for each patient and each perception state across multiple bandwidths. RESULTS: Gamma coherence occurs in the primary somatosensory cortex approximately 150 to 300 milliseconds after contralateral hand stimuli that are perceived, but not for nonperceived stimuli, which did not differ in character/intensity or early somatosensory evoked potentials. CONCLUSION: The results are consistent with the possible direct involvement of primary sensory cortex in elemental awareness and with a role for gamma coherence in conscious perception.
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Beta and gamma frequency band phase synchrony is enhanced for consciously perceived stimuli and correlates with conscious perception in binocular rivalry.
“Indeed,  and gamma frequency band phase synchrony is enhanced for consciously perceived stimuli (Meador et al., 2002;Gross et al., 2004;Nakatani et al., 2005;Palva et al., 2005) and correlates with conscious perception in binocular rivalry (Fries et al., 1997(Fries et al., , 2002;;Srinivasan et al., 1999;Doesburg et al., 2005).”
From Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception (2007) · cites this paper as Meador et al., 2002
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For things needing your attention: the role of neocortical gamma in sensory perception
Pritchett, D. L., Siegle, J. H., Deister, C. A., & Moore, C. I. (2015) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.02.004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Human gamma-band activity and behavior
Rieder, M., Rahm, B., Williams, J. D., & Kaiser, J. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.08.010 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Tecchio, F., Zappasodi, F., Pasqualetti, P., Tombini, M., Salustri, C., Oliviero, A., Pizzella, V., Vernieri, F., & Rossini, P. M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.051 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Conscious auditory perception related to long-range synchrony of gamma oscillations
Steinmann, S., Leicht, G., Ertl, M., Andreou, C., Polomac, N., Westerhausen, R., Friederici, A. D., & Mulert, C. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Conscious perception has been suggested to be related to synchronized oscillatory activity in the gamma-band range of widely distributed cortical regions (Hipp et al., 2011;Meador et al., 2002; Schurger et al., 2006).”
BackgroundOutcome prediction in acute monohemispheric stroke via magnetoencephalography
Tecchio, F., Pasqualetti, P., Zappasodi, F., Tombini, M., Lupoi, D., Vernieri, F., & Rossini, P. M. (2007) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0355-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“This finding underlines the relevant role of gamma band activity for the functionality of cortical areas devoted to hand control, in addition to the known contribution in cognitive motor tasks [31, 42 ], as an indicator of selective neural recruitment [44], and as coding feature for functional prevalence in hand senso…”
BackgroundIrrmischer, M., Poil, S., Mansvelder, H. D., Intra, F. S., & Linkenkaer‐Hansen, K. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13672 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Identifying neural correlates of consciousness: The state space approach
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“Interestingly, in another perception threshold study awareness of somatosensory stimuli was reported to be associated with increased c synchronization within primary somatosensory cortex as revealed by intracranial recordings in epilepsy patients ( Meador, Ray, Echauz, Loring, & Vachtsevanos, 2002 ).”
BackgroundKaiser, J., Hertrich, I., Ackermann, H., & Lutzenberger, W. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.042 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Abnormal functional corticomuscular coupling after stroke
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Cortical short-term fatigue effects assessed via rhythmic brain–muscle coherence
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“2002), and there is evidence that gamma activity is involved in cognitive motor tasks (Gross and Gotman 1999; Meador et al. 2002), and intra-regional synchrony in this frequency range was recently suggested to code the functional prevalence in hand sensory areas (Tecchio et al.”
BackgroundHigh-gamma band activity of primary hand cortical areas: A sensorimotor feedback efficiency index
Tecchio, F., Zappasodi, F., Porcaro, C., Barbati, G., Assenza, G., Salustri, C., & Rossini, P. M. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.038 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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“…1999; Meador et al., 2002; Sahraie et al., 1997) involves a widespread network, including SI (Blankenburg et al., 2003; Colder and Tanenbaum, 1999; Meador et al., 2002; Sahraie et al., 1997) and several areas higher in the processing hierarchy (Blankenburg et al., 2003; Brazdil et al., 2001;…”
BackgroundSarri, M., Blankenburg, F., & Driver, J. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.032 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Lee, S., & Jones, S. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00869 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“These estimates are consistent with reports of spatial coherence of gamma activity from subdural grids in visual cortex of monkeys (Rols et al., 2001) and somatosensory cortex of humans (Meador et al., 2002).”
ResultCortical Oscillatory Activity and the Dynamics of Auditory Memory Processing
Kaiser, J., & Lutzenberger, W. (2005) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2005.16.3.239 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Primary sensory cortices, top-down projections and conscious experience
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The Role of Dendritic Signaling in the Anesthetic Suppression of Consciousness
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Nonlinear dynamics of the brain: emotion and cognition
Rabinovich, M. I., & Muezzinoglu, M. K. (2010) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.0180.201004b.0371 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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Distinct and independent correlates of attention and awareness in a hemianopic patient
Schurger, A., Cowey, A., Cohen, J. D., Treisman, A., & Tallon‐Baudry, C. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.020 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Previous work has highlighted the role of gamma oscillations in perceptual integration (Engel & Singer, 2001) and sensory awareness (Meador et al., 2002; Schurger et al., 2006a; Summerfield et al., 2002).”
BackgroundA Hypothesis about the Biological Basis of Expert Intuition
Chassy, P., & Gobet, F. R. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023958 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Absence of Gamma-Range Corticomuscular Coherence During Dynamic Force in a Deafferented Patient
Patino, L., Omlor, W., Chakarov, V., Hepp‐Reymond, M., & Kristeva, R. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00390.2007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Neuronal Mechanisms of Conscious Awareness
Ortinski, P. I., & Meador, K. J. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.7.1017 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“It is interesting to note that the time period between these 2 restraints is associated with gamma synchronization in response to perception of simple somatosensory stimuli.(5) A temporal framework for some salient features of conscious mechanisms is suggested in Figure 2.”
BackgroundScale and frequency chauvinism in brain dynamics: too much emphasis on gamma band oscillations
Nunez, P. L., & Srinivasan, R. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0277-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…is well supported by the (large scale) human scalp data cited above showing the importance of low frequencies to cognition together with the (smaller scale) human gamma band ECoG data also related to cognition (Menon et al. 1996; Crone et al. 2001; Meador et al. 2002; Supratim et al. 2008).”
BackgroundLong‐term effects of stroke on neuronal rest activity in rolandic cortical areas
Tecchio, F., Zappasodi, F., Pasqualetti, P., Tombini, M., Caulo, M., Ercolani, M., & Rossini, P. M. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20796 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Also, there are reports on the gamma role in cognitive motor tasks (Meador et al., 2002); recently, gamma was suggested to code for functional prevalence in hand sensory areas (Tecchio et al.”
BackgroundOscillatory Correlates of Visual Consciousness
Gallotto, S., Sack, A. T., Schuhmann, T., & de Graaf, T. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01147 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Lastly, tactile stimulation of one hand increases gamma-band coherence in the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex only when the stimulus is consciously perceived (Meador et al., 2002) as well as when tactile stimuli are associated to visual stimuli, showing”
BackgroundTactile awareness and limb position in neglect: Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Valenza, N., Seghier, M. L., Schwartz, S., Lazeyras, F., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10854 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Our findings for an intact/ipsilesional limb strongly suggest that primary somatosensory cortex may be influenced by spatial attention and be directly involved in awareness of tactile stimuli.(18) Note that averaged activity in SI cortex as defined by our localizer scan showed that, in left space, even single right-ha…”
BackgroundEarly cortical signals in visual stimulus detection
Kwon, H., Kronemer, S. I., Christison-Lagay, K. L., Khalaf, A., Li, J., Ding, J. Z., Freedman, N. C., & Blumenfeld, H. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118608 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Movement-induced uncoupling of primary sensory and motor areas in focal task-specific hand dystonia
Melgari, J. M., Zappasodi, F., Porcaro, C., Tomasevic, L., Cassetta, E., Rossini, P. M., & Tecchio, F. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.027 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Therefore, the gamma band is of major relevance in the study of integrative cortical networks, including sensorimotor integration, as suggested by the observation that gamma-band synchronization also takes place locally in somatosensory areas involved in enhancing perceptual acuity of sensory processing (Meador et al.…”
BackgroundRajaei, N., Aoki, N., Takahashi, H. K., Miyaoka, T., Kochiyama, T., Ohka, M., Sadato, N., & Kitada, R. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24323 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The human S1 is involved in various aspects of conscious tactile perception, such as the detection and localization of stimuli (Auksztulewicz et al., 2012; Blankenburg et al., 2006; Hirvonen & Palva, 2016; Meador et al., 2002).”
BackgroundCampus, C., Brayda, L. G., Carli, F. D., Chellali, R., Famà, F., Bruzzo, C., Lucagrossi, L., & Rodriguez, G. (2012) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00624.2011 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The frequencies showing high coherence can suggest possible underlying processes: theta (4–8 Hz) coherence can reflect executive functions (Sauseng et al. 2005), whereas gamma (30–90 Hz) has been related to information integration (Lachaux et al. 2005; Meador et al. 2002).”
BackgroundCortical processing of near-threshold tactile stimuli: An MEG study
Wühle, A., Mertiens, L., Rüter, J., Ostwald, D., & Braun, C. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00964.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Somatosensory dynamic gamma-band synchrony: A neural code of sensorimotor dexterity
Tecchio, F., Graziadio, S., Barbati, G., Sigismondi, R., Zappasodi, F., Porcaro, C., Valente, G., Balsi, M., & Rossini, P. M. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cortical processing of near-threshold tactile stimuli in a paired-stimulus paradigm - an MEG study
Wühle, A., Preissl, H. T., & Braun, C. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07770.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Do You Know What I Mean? Brain Oscillations and the Understanding of Communicative Intentions
Brunetti, M., Zappasodi, F., Marzetti, L., Perrucci, M. G., Cirillo, S., Romani, G. L., Pizzella, V., & Aureli, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00036 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“, 2011), and conscious awareness (Meador, 2002).”
BackgroundChanges in saccadic eye movement (SEM) and quantitative EEG parameter in bipolar patients
Velasques, B., Bittencourt, J., Diniz, C., Teixeira, S. S., Basile, L., Salles, J. I., Novis, F. D., Silveira, L. A. S., da Silva, R. D. A., Teixeira, A. D. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.049 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Immediate and selective maternal brain responses to own infant faces
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Illusory persistence of touch after right parietal damage: neural correlates of tactile awareness
Schwartz, S. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh347 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“These data provide novel support for proposals that SI activity might be critically involved in tactile awareness (Meador et al., 2002; Valenza et al., 2004).”
InfluentialAbnormal neuronal response to rectal and anal stimuli in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence
Haas, S., Brock, C., Krogh, K., Gram, M., Lundby, L., Drewes, A. M., & Laurberg, S. (2015) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12567 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Inferential Constraint Sets in the Organization of Visual Expectation
Bressler, S. L. (2004) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1385/ni:2:2:227 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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“In support of this idea we have already seen that conscious perception correlates with increased synchrony of a (non-gamma-band) visual ‘frequency tag’ [87], and several studies have reported associations between gammaband synchrony and consciousness [121, 122, 123].”
Zhang, S., He, Z., Ye, Z.-Y., Sun, P., Ai, Q.-Y., Zhang, M., & Liu, Y.-Q. (2024) · Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3626772.3657890 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Gamma waves are known to play a critical role in numerous brain functions and cognitive processes, including attention, memory, perception, and consciousness [19, 23].”
BackgroundTowards causal mechanisms of consciousness through focused transcranial brain stimulation
Havlík, M., Hlinka, J., Klírová, M., Adámek, P., & Horáček, J. (2023) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niad008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“2014), and tactile consciousness (Meador et al. 2002), and are they in some way identical to visual NCCs? “Minimal sets gaps” summarize together all the questions of what the minimally sufficient and necessary conditions are for representations to become part of the conscious experience.”
BackgroundNeocortical Correlates of Vibrotactile Detection in Humans
Moore, C. I., Crosier, E., Greve, D. N., Savoy, R. L., Merzenich, M. M., & Dale, A. M. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00315 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Thalamo‐cortical processing of near‐threshold somatosensory stimuli in humans
Klostermann, F., Wahl, M., Schomann, J., Kupsch, A. R., Curio, G., & Marzinzik, F. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06970.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…of somatosensory information and, particularly, whether the transition from elementary to higher-order stimulus processing could be traced in thalamic recordings, analogously to what has been described for cortical areas (Meador et al., 2002; de Lafuente & Romo, 2005, 2006; Schubert et al., 2006).”
BackgroundJerath, R., Beveridge, C., & Jensen, M. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00426 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Scalp EEG Acquisition in a Low-Noise Environment: A Quantitative Assessment
Zandi, A. S., Dumont, G. A., Yedlin, M. J., Lapeyrie, P., Sudre, C., & Gaffet, S. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2158647 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Although this is still a subject of debate, the γ-band has also been associated with the somatosensory cortex [ 8 ]–[12], with a decrease in the γ activity linked to cognitive decline, and an increased θ/γ ratio associated with memory impairment [13].”
BackgroundMenuchi, M. R. T. P., Moro, A. R. P., Ambrósio, P. E., Pariente, C. A. B., & Araújo, D. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Conscious brain, metacognition and schizophrenia
Bob, P., Pěč, O., Mishara, A. L., Touskova, T. P., & Lysaker, P. H. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Coupling tendencies during exploratory behaviours of competing players in rugby union dyads
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“Following procedures of Corbetta and Thelen (1996) and also those of Araújo et al. (2006) and Meador et al. (2002), running correlations were calculated on the data for velocity towards the sideline of both participants in the dyads.”
MethodToward Studying Cognition in a Dish
Rouleau, N., Murugan, N. J., & Kaplan, D. L. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.01.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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In cerebro unveiling unconscious mechanisms during reading
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Inverse augmentation: Transposing real people into pedestrian models
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Consciousness, schizophrenia and complexity
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The human stress recognition of brain, using music therapy
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“Beta is a 'fast' activity, present when people are alert, attentive, engaged in problem solving, judgment, decision making, and engaged in focused mental activity [7].”
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Increased Entropy of Gamma Oscillations in the Frontal Region during Meditation
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“It has been hypothesized that the role of gamma-band is prominent in the ’binding problem’ defined as the binding of independent neural assemblies resulting in the integration of information processing for unified conscious experience [13].”
BackgroundExtending the global workspace theory to emotion: Phenomenality without access
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“Meador et al [12] reported the use of subdural grid electrode placement over the somatosensory cortex to study neuronal synchronization in patients receiving surgical treatment for epilepsy.”
BackgroundState Dissociation: Implications for Sleep and Wakefulness, Consciousness, and Culpability
Mahowald, M. W., Bornemann, M. A. C., & Schenck, C. H. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2011.08.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The role of eco-physical variables for analyzing and modeling goal-directed behavior in sport
Lopes, H., Carrilho, D., de Carvalho, M. V., Brito, H., Carvalho, A., & Araújo, D. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105826 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pascarella, A., Thölke, P., David Meunier, A., O’Byrne, J., Lajnef, T., Raffone, A., Guidotti, R., Pizzella, V., Marzetti, L., & Jerbi, K. (2025) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaf047 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This improved efficiency, which may lead to a more vivid conscious experience of the object of focus,was observed when examining the gamma envelope,which plays a crucial role in attentive processing (Jensen et al. 2007) and conscious perception (Meador et al. 2002).”
- Authors
- Meador, K. J., Ray, P. G., Echauz, J. R., Loring, D. W., & Vachtsevanos, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2002-09-24
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 847-854
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2001796590
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- gamma coherence, conscious perception, primary somatosensory cortex, perceptual awareness, neural binding, intracranial electrocorticography, epilepsy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Consciousness, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, Female, Humans, Male, Perception
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