The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception
Open accessAbstract
Subliminal stimuli can be deeply processed and activate similar brain areas as consciously perceived stimuli. This raises the question which signatures of neural activity critically differentiate conscious from unconscious processing. Transient synchronization of neural activity has been proposed as a neural correlate of conscious perception. Here we test this proposal by comparing the electrophysiological responses related to the processing of visible and invisible words in a delayed matching to sample task. Both perceived and nonperceived words caused a similar increase of local (gamma) oscillations in the EEG, but only perceived words induced a transient long-distance synchronization of gamma oscillations across widely separated regions of the brain. After this transient period of temporal coordination, the electrographic signatures of conscious and unconscious processes continue to diverge. Only words reported as perceived induced (1) enhanced theta oscillations over frontal regions during the maintenance interval, (2) an increase of the P300 component of the event-related potential, and (3) an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word. We propose that the critical process mediating the access to conscious perception is the early transient global increase of phase synchrony of oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency range.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a masked-word delayed matching-to-sample EEG study, consciously perceived and unperceived words produced similar local gamma activity, but only perceived words triggered a transient long-distance synchronization of gamma oscillations across cortical areas. The authors propose this early global phase synchrony as a critical event mediating access to conscious perception.
Key findings
- Visible words were correctly classified 94.5% of the time (mean d′ = 3.85), whereas invisible words dropped to chance (52.2%; mean d′ = 0.16); reaction times were shorter for visible than invisible words (923 vs 1418 ms).
- Both visible and invisible words increased local gamma oscillations, but only visible words induced transient long-distance gamma phase synchrony at 50–57 Hz from 80 to 130 ms after sample-word presentation (F(1,14) = 5.041; p = 0.044), with no concurrent difference in gamma amplitude or ERPs.
- Only visible words later produced a frontocentral P3a-like positivity from 130 to 430 ms, peaking at 240 ms (F(1,14) = 37.766; p = 0.00002; 2.3394 µV difference), enhanced frontal theta (5–6 Hz) during maintenance, and increased gamma power and phase synchrony before test-word presentation (synchrony: F(1,14) = 11.803, p = 0.005; power: F(1,14) = 8.006, p = 0.015).
- In a separate unconscious priming experiment (n = 20), invisible primes still produced a 15 ms congruent-versus-incongruent reaction-time effect (F(1,19) = 8.981; p = 0.007), indicating deep processing without awareness.
Methods
- Experiment 1: 15 healthy right-handed native Spanish speakers performed a two-alternative forced-choice delayed matching-to-sample task (320 trials); a 33 ms sample word was rendered visible or invisible by mask luminance, followed 533 ms later by a test word, with control conditions to subtract mask-stream responses.
- Experiment 2: 20 subjects performed an unconscious semantic priming task with the same word set and masks; invisible primes were semantically congruent or incongruent with targets.
- EEG was recorded from a 64-electrode geodesic sensor net at 1000 Hz. Analyses included ERPs, time-frequency power, and phase-locking value (PLV) for phase synchrony, with permutation tests and within-subject ANOVAs; topographic synchrony used a conservative threshold of p < 0.00005.
Limitations
- The paper states that the transient long-distance synchronization is not entirely compatible with models predicting sustained activity for conscious stimuli, because synchrony lasted about 100 ms but reached significance only for about 50 ms.
- The paper states that the mechanism by which long-distance synchronization affects subsequent cognitive processes remains to be clarified, and whether early synchronization itself is phenomenal awareness or whether awareness emerges from later processes is unresolved.
- The paper notes that precise onset of enhanced theta could not be determined because long windows were needed for low-frequency oscillations; it also reports that luminance and volume-conduction confounds were addressed by control subtractions and phase-lag analyses, though these remain methodological considerations evident from the design.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
54 Own result · 30 Own interpretation · 15 Not checked yet · 3 Own method · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reaction times were significantly shorter in the visible com- pared with the invisible condition (923 and 1418 ms, respectively; F (1,14) ϭ 76.139; p ϭ 0.000018), despite the fact that speed of response was not stressed in the task.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the visible condition, in contrast, numerous electrode pairs, both within and across hemispheres, showed significant phase-locking between occipital, parietal, and frontal sites in the time window 40 -180 ms after sample-word presentation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both perceived and nonperceived words caused a similar increase of local (gamma) oscillations in the EEG”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first significant difference between visible and invisible words was observed from 80 to 130 ms after sample-word presentation.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
- Rests on an assumption: Subjective report of word visibility is a valid index of conscious perception.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the window between 180 and 330 ms, the pattern of phase synchrony became lateralized over the left hemisphere and restricted to occipito-parietal electrodes”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
- Rests on an assumption: The delayed matching to sample task involves language processing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor the mean ERPs calculated over all as well as over occipital electrodes differed between conditions (ERP effect over all electrodes: F (1,14) ϭ 0.005, p ϭ 0.774, 0.0245 V difference; ERP effect over occipital electrodes: F (1,14) ϭ 1.036, p ϭ 0.329, 0.3350 V difference)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither the mean amplitude of the gamma oscillations (50 -57 Hz; F (1,14) ϭ 0.616; p ϭ 0.448)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this period, the mean phase synchrony at 50 -57 Hz over all electrode pairs was significantly higher for the visible than the invisible condition (F (1,14) ϭ 5.041; p ϭ 0.044)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the patterns of phase synchrony were markedly different”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the patterns of gamma activity were spatially homogeneous and similar for the two conditions”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Activity patterns related to perceptual awareness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioral results showed that, in the experimental condition in which sample words could be perceived, 94.5% of the words were classified correctly (F (1,14) ϭ 904.5; p Ͻ 0.001), the mean dЈ being 3.85, which implies a highly significant difference from chance (F (1,14) ϭ 192.2; p Ͻ 0.001).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, in the experimental condition that rendered sample words invisible, performance dropped to chance level (52.2%;F (1,14) ϭ 2.097; p ϭ 0.170), and the mean dЈ value did not differ from zero (dЈ ϭ 0.16; F (1,14) ϭ 2.598; p ϭ 0.129)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In control conditions, the success rates were 92.50 and 86.17%, and the respective dЈ values were 3.27 and 2.50, indicating that participants were able to detect the control words.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Behavioral measures of visibility
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, there was a significant increase in phase synchrony in the frequency band from 63 to 83 Hz in the interval 185-240 ms after test-word presentation (visible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 22.869, p Ͻ 0.001; invisible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 18.720, p ϭ 0.001; visible vs invisible conditions: F (1,14) ϭ 0.199, p ϭ 0.663)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third and more delayed difference between the visible and invisible conditions was observed immediately after test-word presentation.Here, both phase synchrony and gamma power were significantly higher during the visible than the invisible conditions.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there was a significant increase in power of gamma oscillations in a broad frequency range (36 -85 Hz) during the interval of 155-230 ms after test-word presentation (visible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 63.524, p Ͻ 0.001; invisible vs baseline: F (1,14) ϭ 52.626, p Ͻ 0.001; visible vs invisible condition: F (1,14) ϭ 2.030, p ϭ 0.180).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
- Rests on an assumption: The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the interval of enhanced phase-locking, neither the ERPs nor the induced gamma oscillations differed between conditions”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results show increased neural synchrony for the visible condition, which lasts ϳ100 ms but reaches significance only during a short time window (ϳ50 ms)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our experiment, the phase angles at which synchronization occurred were not centered on zero and exhibited considerable scatter (Ϯrads)”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, the induced synchronization occurred with much longer latency (ϳ200 ms) and was in the range described in previous experiments.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(2) an enhancement of a P3a-like component of the ERP and of sustained theta oscillations over frontal areas”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Late correlates of conscious processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prime words, although not perceived, had a clear behavioral effect indicating that the unconsciously perceived words are processed.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second peaks occur only in the visible condition.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the window between 180 and 330 ms, the pattern of phase synchrony lateralizes over the left hemisphere and restricts to occipitoparietal electrodes.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stimuli that are masked and presented so briefly that they cannot be reported can still be highly processed and even activate motor responses (Marcel, 1983;Dehaene et al., 1998Dehaene et al., , 2001Dehaene et al., , 2004;;Naccache et al., 2005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marcel, 1983
- Not checked yetcites Dehaene et al., 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed,  and gamma frequency band phase synchrony is enhanced for consciously perceived stimuli (Meador et al., 2002;Gross et al., 2004;Nakatani et al., 2005;Palva et al., 2005) and correlates with conscious perception in binocular rivalry (Fries et al., 1997(Fries et al., , 2002;;Srinivasan et al., 1999;Doesburg et al., 2005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meador et al., 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Fries et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Doesburg et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The neural signature of unconscious perception would be local coordination of neural activity and propagation along sensory processing pathways, whereas conscious perception would require global coordination of widely distributed neural activity by long-distance synchronization (Dehaene et al., 2006).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dehaene et al., 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these studies have investigated synchronization in spatially restricted neural assemblies, or without distinguishing between local and global coordination.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The P3-like component has been related to the updating of contents kept in working memory (Donchin, 1981).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Donchin, 1981
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Frontal theta oscillations have been assigned a role in the maintenance of short-term memories (Jensen and Tesche, 2002;Schack et al., 2005).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jensen and Tesche, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Schack et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although it would have been interesting to see whether the theta enhancement started only after the episode of gamma phase-locking, the necessity to use long windows for the assessment of the low-frequency oscillations precluded determination of the precise onset of enhanced theta.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This contrast should remove any remaining luminance effects, and persisting effects should only reflect processes related to conscious perception of the sample word.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that neural synchronization could last longer but is nonetheless transient.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“experiments on the related phenomenon of change blindness show that unattended objects could be fleetingly represented and reported but that their representations disappear as soon as a new object is presented or if the eyes move to a new location (Landmann et al., 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Landmann et al., 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these results suggest that the brain can process information remarkably fast”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the fast stream of stimuli used in our experiment might have imposed pressure on the perceptual processes, leading to a shortening of the processing time devoted to each stimulus.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the sustained activity often reported using such experimental paradigms could reflect the transfer or maintenance of a stable representation in working memory and are not necessarily a correlate of conscious perception itself.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination of the different methods applied here allows for a more detailed temporal characterization of the putative EEG events differentiating between conscious and unconscious processing.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Late correlates of conscious processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“implying that this early wave of activation might be an essential correlate of conscious perception (Pins and Ffytche, 2003).”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Early wave of activation that distinguishes conscious from unconscious processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pins and Ffytche, 2003
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it seems as if the fast and transient large-scale synchronization enhances the saliency of the activation patterns sufficiently to permit access to consciousness and thereby triggers a sequence of processes such as perception stabilization, maintenance in working memory, and generation of expectancies that are associated with conscious awareness.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Late correlates of conscious processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, in the control experiment with the subliminal priming task, we evaluated the depth of processing of the unperceived word using the same protocol as in the main experiment.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we consider it likely that the key event mediating access to consciousness is the early long-distance synchronization of neural assemblies, rather than the mere depth of processing in the various cortical areas involved in written word processing.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The EEG response to the masking stimuli is equivalent in experimental and control conditions, so subtracting control from experimental traces isolates the response to the sample word.
“This design enabled us to isolate the response to the sample word by subtracting the response elicited by the masking stimuli.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The filter that eliminated the continuous 50 Hz AC component kept the biological 50 Hz signal intact.
“a filter was designed that eliminated only the continuous 50 Hz (AC) component but kept the biological 50 Hz signal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subjective report of word visibility is a valid index of conscious perception.
“Only words reported as perceived induced”
The paper relies on this without support.
The delayed matching to sample task involves language processing.
“which agrees with the fact that the task involves language processing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Enhanced synchronization can be mimicked by volume conduction if it occurs with zero phase lag.
“Enhanced synchronization can be mimicked by volume conduction if it occurs with zero phase lag.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If observed synchronization were attributable to activation or inactivation of one or several generators, it should show up as a difference in induced gamma activity or ERPs between experimental conditions.
“if the observed synchronization were attributable to activation or inactivation of one or several generators, it should show up as a difference in the induced gamma activity or in the ERPs between experimental conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Synchronization caused by volume conduction must occur with zero phase difference between electrodes.
“synchronization caused by volume conduction must occur with zero phase difference between electrodes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Phase synchronization caused by volume conduction should exhibit a distance-dependent gradient on the scalp.
“phase synchronization caused by volume conduction should exhibit a distancedependent gradient on the scalp”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of inter-region functional coordination can facilitate emergence of neural activity as conscious percepts.”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Abstract
“an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word.”
§ Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Synchronization of Neural Activity across Cortical Areas Correlates with Conscious Perception > Electrophysiological signatures of further processing of visible stimuli
“The increase in synchrony, averaged over all electrodes, occurred in the high gamma range (67-80 Hz) and during the interval 10 -40 ms after test-word presentation (visible vs invisible: F (1,14) ϭ 11.803; p ϭ 0.005).Interestingly, in this case the power of oscillations was also enhanced and in exactly the same frequency range”
Citations
Cites
Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009 · Cited by 24,371
The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration
Varela, F., Lachaux, J.-P., Rodriguez, E., & Martinerie, J. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35067550 · Cited by 4,761
Speed of processing in the human visual system
Thorpe, S., Fize, D., & Marlot, C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381520a0 · Cited by 3,538
Modulation of Oscillatory Neuronal Synchronization by Selective Visual Attention
Fries, P., Reynolds, J. H., Rorie, A. E., & Desimone, R. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1055465 · Cited by 2,786
Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework
Dehaene, S. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00123-2 · Cited by 2,498 · cited 1×
“This suggests that early large-scale synchronization could be the event that triggers ignition of the global workspace of consciousness, as postulated by Dehaene and Naccache (2001) and Dehaene et al. (2006).”
BackgroundConscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy
Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.-P., Naccache, L., Sackur, J., & Sergent, C. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.007 · Cited by 2,067
Donchin, E. (1981) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01815.x · Cited by 1,938
Perception's shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity
Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J.-P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B., & Varela, F. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/17120 · Cited by 1,915
Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition
Marcel, A. J. (1983) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(83)90009-9 · Cited by 1,391
Frontal theta activity in humans increases with memory load in a working memory task
Jensen, O., & Tesche, C. D. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01975.x · Cited by 1,379
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Burgess, 1999, Methodological advances in the analysis of event-related desynchronization data: reliability and robust analysis, Vol 6, 139
- Wolfe JM (1999) in Fleeting memories: cognition of brief visual stimuli, Inattentional amnesia, ed Coltheart V (MIT, Cambridge, MA), pp 71–91.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing
Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J.-P. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018 · Cited by 2,573
Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia
Uhlhaas, P. J., & Singer, W. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2774 · Cited by 2,120
Self-citationNeural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems
Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.22 · Cited by 1,600
A taxonomy of external and internal attention.
Chun, M. M., Golomb, J. D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427 · Cited by 1,472
Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction
Dumas, G., Nadel, J., Soussignan, R., Martinerie, J., & Garnero, L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012166 · Cited by 966
EEG and MEG: Relevance to Neuroscience
Lopes da Silva, F. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.017 · Cited by 900
Scaling Brain Size, Keeping Timing: Evolutionary Preservation of Brain Rhythms
Buzsáki, G., Logothetis, N., & Singer, W. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.002 · Cited by 886
Self-citationNeural synchrony in cortical networks: history, concept and current status
Uhlhaas, P. (2009) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.07.017.2009 · Cited by 758
Brain Dynamics Underlying the Nonlinear Threshold for Access to Consciousness
Del Cul, A., Baillet, S., & Dehaene, S. (2007) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050260 · Cited by 753
Prestimulus oscillations predict visual perception performance between and within subjects
Hanslmayr, S., Aslan, A., Staudigl, T., Klimesch, W., Herrmann, C. S., & Bäuml, K. T. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.011 · Cited by 689
Uhlhaas, P. J., Haenschel, C., Nikolic, D., & Singer, W. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn062 · Cited by 629
Self-citationThe Neural Correlates of Consciousness: An Update
Tononi, G., & Koch, C. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.004 · Cited by 627
Sitt, J. D., King, J.-R., El Karoui, I., Rohaut, B., Faugeras, F., Gramfort, A., Cohen, L., Sigman, M., Dehaene, S., & Naccache, L. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu141 · Cited by 608
Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness
Aru, J., Bachmann, T., Singer, W., & Melloni, L. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.003 · Cited by 589
Self-citationHuman hippocampal theta oscillations and the formation of episodic memories
Lega, B. C., Jacobs, J., & Kahana, M. (2012) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20937 · Cited by 485
Measuring consciousness: relating behavioural and neurophysiological approaches
Seth, A. K., Dienes, Z., Cleeremans, A., Overgaard, M., & Pessoa, L. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.008 · Cited by 458
“Several studies have reported an association between synchrony and consciousness, both in induced g-range activity [47, 48 ] and in steady-state visual‐evoked potentials (SSVEP) (‘frequency tags’ [49]).”
Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming
Voss, U., Holzmann, R., Tuin, I., & Hobson, A. J. (2009) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.9.1191 · Cited by 445
Converging Intracranial Markers of Conscious Access
Gaillard, R., Dehaene, S., Adam, C., Clémenceau, S., Hasboun, D., Baulac, M., Cohen, L., & Naccache, L. (2009) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000061 · Cited by 440
Cognitive effort drives workspace configuration of human brain functional networks
Kitzbichler, M. G., Henson, R. N. A., Smith, M. L., Nathan, P. J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0440-11.2011 · Cited by 427
Toward a computational theory of conscious processing
Dehaene, S., Charles, L., King, J.-R., & Marti, S. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.005 · Cited by 404
New insights into rhythmic brain activity from TMS–EEG studies
Thut, G., & Miniussi, C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.004 · Cited by 425
Ridder, D. D., Vanneste, S., Weisz, N., Londero, A., Schlee, W., Elgoyhen, A. B., & Langguth, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.021 · Cited by 412
Neural dissociation between visual awareness and spatial attention
Wyart, V., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4748-07.2008 · Cited by 391
Computational models of schizophrenia and dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex
Rolls, E. T., Loh, M., Deco, G., & Winterer, G. (2008) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2462 · Cited by 396
Discovering oscillatory interaction networks with M/EEG: challenges and breakthroughs
Palva, S., & Palva, J. M. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.004 · Cited by 395
The hippocampal indexing theory and episodic memory: Updating the index
Teyler, T. J., & Rudy, J. W. (2007) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20350 · Cited by 373
Occipital gamma activation during Vipassana meditation
Cahn, B. R., Delorme, A., & Polich, J. (2010) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0352-1 · Cited by 300
Kann, O., Papageorgiou, I. E., & Draguhn, A. (2014) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.104 · Cited by 295
A Review on the Computational Methods for Emotional State Estimation from the Human EEG
Kim, M., Kim, M., Oh, E., & Kim, S.-P. (2013) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/573734 · Cited by 304
Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: recent advances and future directions
Boly, M., Seth, A. K., Wilke, M., Ingmundson, P., Baars, B., Laureys, S., Edelman, D. B., & Tsuchiya, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625 · Cited by 291
Dynamic BOLD functional connectivity in humans and its electrophysiological correlates
Tagliazucchi, E., von Wegner, F., Morzelewski, A., Brodbeck, V., & Laufs, H. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00339 · Cited by 300
Thalamocortical Dysrhythmia: A Theoretical Update in Tinnitus
Ridder, D. D., Vanneste, S., Langguth, B., & Llinás, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00124 · Cited by 290
The interneuron energy hypothesis: Implications for brain disease
Kann, O. (2015) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.005 · Cited by 270
Abnormal resting-state cortical coupling in chronic tinnitus
Schlee, W., Hartmann, T., Langguth, B., & Weisz, N. (2009) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-10-11 · Cited by 264
Do gamma oscillations play a role in cerebral cortex?
Ray, S., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.002 · Cited by 272
Arthuis, M., Valton, L., Régis, J. M., Chauvel, P., Wendling, F., Naccache, L., Bernard, C., & Bartoloméi, F. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp086 · Cited by 270
A neural marker of perceptual consciousness in infants
Kouider, S., Stahlhut, C., Gelskov, S. V., Barbosa, L. S., Dutat, M., de Gardelle, V., Christophe, A., Dehaene, S., & Dehaene-Lambertz, G. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232509 · Cited by 235
Sound symbolism scaffolds language development in preverbal infants
Asano, M., Imai, M., Kita, S., Kitajo, K., Okada, H., & Thierry, G. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.08.025 · Cited by 240
Gamma band activity and the P3 reflect post-perceptual processes, not visual awareness
Pitts, M. A., Padwal, J., Fennelly, D., Martínez, A., & Hillyard, S. A. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.024 · Cited by 229
Interaction of language, auditory and memory brain networks in auditory verbal hallucinations
Ćurčić-Blake, B., Ford, J. M., Hubl, D., Orlov, N. D., Sommer, I. E., Waters, F., Allen, P., Jardri, R., Woodruff, P. W., David, O., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.002 · Cited by 224
“The application of FC analyses to the study of AVHs is motivated by a range of studies demonstrating that inter-region functional coordination plays an important role in determining whether neural activity is experienced consciously as percepts (Cosmelli et al., 2004; Sergent and Dehaene, 2004; Melloni et al., 2007; J…”
MethodTemporal Coherence in the Perceptual Organization and Cortical Representation of Auditory Scenes
Elhilali, M., Ma, L., Micheyl, C., Oxenham, A. J., & Shamma, S. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.005 · Cited by 223
Mapping cortical hubs in tinnitus
Schlee, W., Müller, N., Hartmann, T., KEIL, J. E., Lorenz, I., & Weisz, N. (2009) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/1741-7007-7-80 · Cited by 214
Vanneste, S., & Ridder, D. D. (2012) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00031 · Cited by 225
Rhythmic entrainment as a musical affect induction mechanism
J. Trost, W., Labbé, C., & Grandjean, D. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.004 · Cited by 209
Dehaene, S., Changeux, J.-P., & Naccache, L. (2011) · Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18015-6_4 · Cited by 209
The roles of gamma-band oscillatory synchrony in human visual cognition
Tallon‐Baudry, C. (2009) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3246 · Cited by 222
Distinct brain mechanisms for conscious versus subliminal error detection
Charles, L., Van Opstal, F., Marti, S., & Dehaene, S. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.054 · Cited by 208
“Not only can early visual processing be preserved under masking conditions (Del Cul et al., 2007; Melloni et al., 2007), but subliminal primes can modulate visual (Dehaene et al.”
Stimulus Dependence of Gamma Oscillations in Human Visual Cortex
Hermes, D., Miller, K. J., Wandell, B. A., & Winawer, J. A. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu091 · Cited by 209
Bifurcation in brain dynamics reveals a signature of conscious processing independent of report
Sergent, C., Corazzol, M., Labouret, G., Stockart, F., Wexler, M., King, J.-R., Meyniel, F., & Pressnitzer, D. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21393-z · Cited by 200
Uhlhaas, P. J., Pipa, G., Neuenschwander, S., Wibral, M., & Singer, W. (2010) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.10.004 · Cited by 206
Self-citationKing, J. R., Faugeras, F., Gramfort, A., Schurger, A., El Karoui, I., Sitt, J. D., Rohaut, B., Wacongne, C., Labyt, E., Bekinschtein, T., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.013 · Cited by 197
Kann, O., Huchzermeyer, C., Kovács, R., Wirtz, S., & Schuelke, M. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq333 · Cited by 189
Doesburg, S. M., Green, J. J., McDonald, J. J., & Ward, L. M. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006142 · Cited by 193
Event-related potentials (MMN and novelty P3) in permanent vegetative or minimally conscious states
Fischer, C., Luauté, J., & Morlet, D. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.005 · Cited by 182
How can we measure awareness? An overview of current methods
Timmermans, B., & Axel Cleeremans, B. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688890.003.0003 · Cited by 183
Railo, H., Koivisto, M., & Revonsuo, A. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.019 · Cited by 186
The Neurology of Consciousness
Tononi, G., Boly, M., Gosseries, O., & Laureys, S. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800948-2.00025-x · Cited by 178
Vanneste, S., de Heyning, P. V., & Ridder, D. D. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07793.x · Cited by 173
Automated quantification of neuronal networks and single-cell calcium dynamics using calcium imaging
Patel, T. P., Man, K., Firestein, B. L., & Meaney, D. F. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.020 · Cited by 178
Panksepp, J., Lane, R. D., Solms, M., & Smith, R. S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.010 · Cited by 182
Novelty P3 elicited by the subject’s own name in comatose patients
Fischer, C., Dailler, F., & Morlet, D. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.03.035 · Cited by 166
The thalamic dynamic core theory of conscious experience
Ward, L. M. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.007 · Cited by 176
Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., & Singh, K. D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.038 · Cited by 160
Kometer, M., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E., & Volleinweider, F. X. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7 · Cited by 169
Hoffman, R. E., Fernandez, T., Pittman, B., & Hampson, M. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.050 · Cited by 156
Language acquisition in premature and full-term infants
Peña, M., Pittaluga, E., & Mehler, J. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914326107 · Cited by 156
Cortical activity is more stable when sensory stimuli are consciously perceived
Schurger, A., Sarigiannidis, I., Naccache, L., Sitt, J. D., & Dehaene, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1418730112 · Cited by 155
Priming of microglia with IFN-γ slows neuronal gamma oscillations in situ
Ta, T., Dikmen, H. O., Schilling, S., Chausse, B., Lewen, A., Hollnagel, J., & Kann, O. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1813562116 · Cited by 157
Memory, autonoetic consciousness, and the self
Markowitsch, H. J., & Staniloiu, A. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.005 · Cited by 165
Supp, G. G., Schlögl, A., Trujillo‐Barreto, N. J., Müller, M. M., & Gruber, T. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000684 · Cited by 147
Canales-Johnson, A., Silva, C., Huepe, D., Rivera-Rei, Á., Noreika, V., Garcia, M. D. C., Silva, W., Ciraolo, C., Vaucheret, E., Sedeño, L., et al. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv076 · Cited by 146
Breakdown of the brain’s functional network modularity with awareness
Godwin, D., Barry, R. L., & Marois, R. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414466112 · Cited by 145
Bor, D., & Seth, A. K. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00063 · Cited by 143
Hypotheses relating to the function of the claustrum
Smythies, J., Edelstein, L. R., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00053 · Cited by 149
Deficits in high- (>60 Hz) gamma-band oscillations during visual processing in schizophrenia
Grützner, C., Wibral, M., Sun, L., Rivolta, D., Singer, W., Maurer, K., & Uhlhaas, P. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00088 · Cited by 140
Self-citationHearing loss, hyperacusis, or tinnitus: What is modeled in animal research?
Eggermont, J. J. (2012) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2012.01.005 · Cited by 147
Spontaneous High-Frequency (10–80 Hz) Oscillations during Up States in the Cerebral Cortex In Vitro
Compte, A., Reig, R., Descalzo, V. F., Harvey, M. A., Puccini, G. D., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2684-08.2008 · Cited by 134
Valencia, A. L., & Froese, T. (2020) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niaa010 · Cited by 140
Impact of Cannabis Use on the Development of Psychotic Disorders
Wilkinson, S. T., Radhakrishnan, R., & D’Souza, D. C. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0018-7 · Cited by 139
On the Variability of the McGurk Effect: Audiovisual Integration Depends on Prestimulus Brain States
KEIL, J. E., Müller, N., Ihssen, N., & Weisz, N. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr125 · Cited by 134
Steinschneider, M., Fishman, Y. I., & Arezzo, J. C. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm094 · Cited by 130
On the Neural Mechanisms Subserving Consciousness and Attention
Tallon‐Baudry, C. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00397 · Cited by 141
Causal density and integrated information as measures of conscious level
Seth, A. K., Barrett, A. B., & Barnett, L. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0079 · Cited by 135
Brain Oscillations during Spoken Sentence Processing
Peña, M., & Melloni, L. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00144 · Cited by 122
Self-citationReappraising the relationship between working memory and conscious awareness
Soto, D., & Silvanto, J. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.06.005 · Cited by 121
Visual Awareness, Emotion, and Gamma Band Synchronization
Luo, Q., Mitchell, D. G. V., Cheng, X., Mondillo, K., McCaffrey, D., Holroyd, T., Carver, F. W., Coppola, R., & Blair, J. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn216 · Cited by 121
Disconnecting Consciousness: Is There a Common Anesthetic End Point?
Hudetz, A. G., & Mashour, G. A. (2016) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000001353 · Cited by 121
The Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Attention: Two Sister Processes of the Brain
Nani, A., Manuello, J., Mancuso, L., Liloia, D., Costa, T., & Cauda, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01169 · Cited by 119
The Cortical States of Wakefulness
Poulet, J. F. A., & Crochet, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2018.00064 · Cited by 126
The Evolution of Meaning: Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Visual Object Recognition
Clarke, A., Taylor, K. I., & TYLER, L. K. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21544 · Cited by 125
Vanneste, S., & Ridder, D. D. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07778.x · Cited by 121
García-Cordero, I., Esteves, S., Mikulan, E. P., Hesse, E., Baglivo, F. H., Silva, W., García, M. D. C., Vaucheret, E., Ciraolo, C., García, H. S., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00411 · Cited by 115
Swettenham, J. B., Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., & Singh, K. D. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91044.2008 · Cited by 115
Distinct cortical codes and temporal dynamics for conscious and unconscious percepts
Salti, M., Monto, S., Charles, L., King, J.-R., Parkkonen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.05652 · Cited by 121
The ‘conscious pilot’ — dendritic synchrony moves through the brain to mediate consciousness.
Hameroff, S. (2010) · Journal of Biological Physics · doi:10.1007/s10867-009-9148-x · Cited by 107
From sensation to percept: The neural signature of auditory event-related potentials
Joos, K., Gilles, A., de Heyning, P. V., Ridder, D. D., & Vanneste, S. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.009 · Cited by 112
Cortical Oscillations in Health and Disease
Traub, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.001.0001 · Cited by 108
EEG activity in Carmelite nuns during a mystical experience
Beauregard, M., & Paquette, V. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.028 · Cited by 102
Cortical cores in network dynamics
de Pasquale, F., Corbetta, M., Betti, V., & Penna, S. D. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.063 · Cited by 108
The role of gamma band oscillations and synchrony on rubber hand illusion and crossmodal integration
Kanayama, N., Sato, A., & Ohira, H. (2008) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.05.001 · Cited by 105
Metadata
- Authors
- Melloni, L., Molina, C., Pena, M., Torres, D., Singer, W., & Rodriguez, E.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- ORCID
- Singer, Wolf
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-03-14
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2858-2865
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6672558
- OpenAlex
- W1983939506
- Semantic Scholar
- b2ac15db0b7829efcb8dcbda723039a3df2b6f11
- Cited by
- 716
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 27.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- conscious perception, subliminal perception, neuronal synchronization, gamma oscillations, phase synchronization, theta oscillations, P300, event-related potentials, delayed matching-to-sample, unconscious processes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness, Cortical Synchronization, Female, Humans, Male, Neurons, Perception, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
